Caliph Al-farooq Hazrat Umar ibn Al Khattab (RA) - Page 6

imbindas · #51 Tuesday, May 24, 2011

Hazrat Daata Ganj Baksh , an 11th century scholar and Sufi saint writes in his famous Kashful-
Mahjoob that:

Hazrat ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab was the Commander of the Faithful (Ahl-eimna),
leader of those having the status of ihsan, the imam (leader) of those who
have realized the Truth (Ahl-e-tahqiq) and the guide of lovers gone deep into the ocean of Divine love. He is famous for his karamat (spiritual eminence) and farasat (spiritual insight), and had a large number of mystical truths to his credit.

The Holy Prophet said:
“Al Haqqu yantiqu ‘alaa lisaanil ‘Umar”
“God speaks through the tongue of ‘Umar.”

He has expressed such a great number of mystical truths that it is not possible to exhaust them in this book.

The Holy Prophet said:

“Al ‘uzlatu raahatun min khaltai-su”
“Solitude is safety from bad company”

‘Uzlah (solitude) is of two kinds:
1) disregard of mankind, and
2) total boycott
Disregard of mankind is a sort of retirement form public life to avoid bad
company and scrutinizing one's own faults for protecting oneself from others
and from oneself. But total boycott is something spiritual and involves mental
rather than physical detachment from the world. In that state although one is
living with people physically, one is alone spiritually. This is an extremely high
state and the person of this status follows exactly on the footsteps of Hazrat
Umar who found pleasure in solitude, although outwardly he was the
Commander of the Faithful and lived among them. Hazrat Umar said, “It is
not possible for a house found on corruption to be free from corruption.”
The Sufi community follows the example of Hazrat Umar , in wearing wool
and undergoing hardships of Islamic Life since he is the Imam of mankind. May
Allah be pleased with him.

imbindas · #52 Tuesday, May 24, 2011

The companions of the Prophet (S.A.W) are known as Sahabah Ikraam.

A Sahabi is a person who saw the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in the state of Imaan and died in the state of Imaan.

The Ummah of the Prophet (S.A.W) is ranked the highest, in comparison to all other Prophets Ummah. A Sahabi has the highest status in Prophet (S.A.W)’s Ummah.

There are Ten Sahabah Ikraam who were rewarded with Paradise during their lifetime.

These are blessed with the title of “Ashrah Mubashrah”.

The Sahabah sacrificed everything for the cause of Islam. They suffered extreme unimaginable torture at the hands of the non muslims. Many loosing their homes, wealth, livelihood, families and in majority of cases their lives in order to uphold the truth (Islam).

Although the Sahabah were few in number, facing a lot of struggle and hardship they stood tall, strong and united alongside the Prophet (S.A.W) and never tolerated any type of disrespect towards Islam or the Prophet (S.A.W).

May Allah (S.W.T) give us the ability to follow in the footsteps of the Sahabah Ikraam (R.A).

Prophet Muhammed Mustafa (S.A.W) has said “My Sahabah are like the stars, whichever one you follow, you’ll find guidance.”

imbindas · #53 Tuesday, May 24, 2011

Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, lover of the Messenger, was the product of the lessons he learned in the school of love, from love's teacher the Mentor of the Universe.

He is the gate of the City of Knowledge,

Tolerance and Love, just as 'Umar is the gate of the City of Justice,

Abu Bakr of the City of Veracity and '

Uthman of the City of Modesty. May Allah be pleased with them all.

imbindas · #54 Tuesday, May 24, 2011

1. Hazrat Jaffar-e-Tayyar (RA) and Hazrat Abu Bakar (RA)
Both of them were having brotherly terms. When Hazart Jaffar-e-Tayyar (RA) embraced martydom in Ghazwah-e-Mautah, Hazrat Abu Bakar (RA), married his widow i.e., Harzat Asma binte Amees (RA).

2. Hazrat Ali (KAW) and Hazrat Abu Bakar (RA)
After the demise of Hazrat Abu Bakar (RA), Hazrat Ali (KAW), married Hazrat Asma binte Amees (RA) and adopted Hazrat Muhammad bin Abu Bakar (RA) saying, "He is my son, although he is from the progeny of Abu Bakar (RA).

3. Hazart Ali (KAW) and Hazrat Umar (RA)
It is recorded that whenever Hazrat Umar (KAW) was faced with a problem, whether religious or otherwise, he would always ask for the advice of Hazrat Ali (KAW). At a number of times he said, "Had Ali (KAW) not been there, behold, Umar (RA) would have perished".

4. Hazrat Umar (RA) and Hazrat Imam Hassan (RA)
Once Hazrat Abdullah bin Umar (RA) was playing with Hazrat Imam Hassan and Hazrat Imam Hussain (RA). At that time Hazrat Imam Hassan (RA) passed a remark on Hazrat Abdullah bin Umar (RA) calling him the son of his slave. Hazrat Abdullah bin Umar (RA), went back home crying and when asked by Hazrat Umar (RA), narrated the whole story. Hazrat Umar (RA) started crying and asked his son to go back to Hazrat Imam Hassan (RA) and request him to write these same words for Hazrat Umar (RA) as a token of authentication to be placed in his coffin.

5. Hazrat Usman (RA) and Hazrat Ali (KAW)
During the Khilafat of Hazrat Usman (RA), the Fitna of Khawaraj was a menace for the Muslims. During this time, Hazrat Ali (KAW) made several attempts to save Hazrart Usman (RA) from the evils of Khawarij. The personal presence of Hazrat Imam Hassan and Hazrart Imam Hussain (RA) at the residence of Hazrat Usman (RA) to safeguard him against Khawaraij says it all.

6. Hazrat Imam Hassan (AS) and Hazrart Muawiyyah (RA)
Whatever the role of Hazrat Muawiyyah (RA) might have been, at least Hazrart Imam Hassan (RA) showed the ultimate sign of magnanimity by reconciling with him to save the Muslim Blood from shedding. He also proved right a Hadith of Holy Prophet (MPBUH) when he said, "This son of mine (Hazrat Imam Hassan (RA)), will unite two factions of my Ummah".

7. Hazrat Ali (KAW) and Hazrat Ayesha (RA)
After the Battle of Camel (Jang-e-Jamal) the reconciliatory dialogue between Hazrat Ali (KAW) and Hazrat Ayesha (RA) says it all, when both declared that incident to be a misunderstanding between a Bhabhi (Brother's wife) and a Dewar (Husband's younger brother). Moreover the respect with which Hazrat Ali (KAW) sent back Hazrat Ayesha (RA) to Madina also points to a reconciliation rather than animosity.

8. Hazrat Ayesha (RA) and Hazrat Fatima (RA)
Hazrat Jumai bin Umeer (RA) states that one day he, along with his aunty, met Hazrat Ayesha (RA). I asked her, "Whom amongst women was liked the most by Holy Prophet (MPBUH)?", She replied that it was Hazrat Fatima (RA). I asked again, "And among men?", and she replied that it was her husband Hazart Ali (KAW).

9. Hazrat Abdullah bin Umar (RA) and Ahle Bait (RA)
Once Hazrat Abdullah bin Umar was asked by someone, "Which Sahabi was respected the most in Holy Prophet's (MPBUH) time". He replied that it was Hazrat Abu Bakar (RA). The man asked again, "After him?". He replied that it was Hazrat Umar (RA). The man inquired again, "Who after him?". He replied that it was Hazrat Usman (RA). The man asked the fourth time, "What about Hazrat Ali (KAW)?". On hearing this Hazrat Abdullah bin Umar replied, "Don't you know that he is not from Ashab, but is from Ahle Bait".

10. Hazrat Imam Baqir (RA) and his wife
Hazrat Imam Baqar (RA), the 5th Shia Imam was married to Hazrat Umme Farwa (RA), who was a great grand daughter of Hazrat Abu Bakar (RA). Her pedigree goes like this, Hazrat Umme Farwa binte Qasim bin Muhammad bin Abu Bakar (RA). She was the mother of Hazart Jaffa-as-Sadiq (RA) the 6th Shia Imam.

AHADITH
These are just a few instances of the mutual respect among Sahaba and Ahle Bait. Now I will qoute a couple of Ahadith;

1. Hazrat Ali (KAW) and Momineen
This Hadith is present in Sahih Muslim, Jame Tirmazi, Masnad-e-Ahmad with slight variations. Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (MPBUH) said about Hazrat Ali (KAW), "Every Momin will consider Ali (KAW) as a friend and every Munafiq will consider Ali (KAW) as an enemy". Another variation with another sanad goes like this, "A Munafiq will not consider Ali (KAW) as a friend and a Momin will not consider Ali (KAW) as an enemy".

2. Hazrat Ali (KAW) and Hazrat Essa (AS)
This Hadith is from Masnad-e-Ahmad. Hazrat Ali (KAW) himself said, "Holy Prophet (MPBUH) said to me that you are like Hazrat Essa (AS) in that Jews maligned his mother (Hazrat Mariam (AS)) and Christian made him a diety to which he was not worthy of". After saying this Hazrat Ali said, "Two types of persons will be destroyed in relation to me; the one who over glorifies me out of love, and the one who maligns me out of hatred".

From the words written above, it is clear that Sahaba (RA) respected and loved Ahle Bait (AS). Similarlry, Ahle Bait (AS) loved and respected Sahaba (RA). A true Momin is the one who loves Holy Prophet and his Ahle Bait especially Hazrat Ali (KAW), no matter to which school of thought he belongs. And all the three righteous Caliphs (RA) loved and respected Hazrat Ali (KAW) and he (KAW) repected them (RA).

imbindas · #55 Wednesday, May 25, 2011

After receiving the surrender of Jerusalem and completing the tour of Syria when Caliph Umar was returning to Madina he led the prayer at Jabiah. On this occasion he delivered an address which is preserved in history. The major part of his address was:

"O ye people I counsel you to read the Qur’an. Try to understand it and ponder over it. Imbibe the teachings of the Qur’an. Then practise what the Quran teaches. The Qur’an is not theoretical; it is a practical code of life. The Qur’an does not bring you the message of the Hereafter only; it is primarily intended to guide you in this life. Mold your life in accordance with the teachings of Islam for that is the way of your well being. By following any other way you will be inviting destruction.

"Fear Allah (The One True God), and whatever you want seek from Him. All men are equal. Do not flatter those in authority. Do not seek favors from others. By such acts you demean yourself. And remember that you will get only that is ordained for you, and no one can give you anything against the will of God. Then why seek things from others over which they have no control? Only supplicate God for He alone is the sovereign.

"And speak the truth. Do not hesitate to say what you consider to be the truth. Say what you feel. Let your conscience be your guide. Let your intentions be good, for verily God is aware of your intentions. In your deeds your intentions count. Fear God, and fear no one else. Why fear others when you know that whatever sustenance ordained for you by God you will get under all circumstances? And again why fear when you know that death is ordained by God alone and will come only when He wills?

"Allah has for the time being made me your ruler. But I am one of you. No special privileges belong to ruler. I have some responsibilities to discharge, and in this I seek your cooperation. Government is a sacred trust, and it is my endeavor not to betray the trust in any way. For the fulfillment of the trust I have to be a watch-man. I have to be strict. I have to enforce discipline. I have to run the administration not on the basis of personal idiosyncracies; I have to run it in public interest and for promoting the public good. For this we have the guidance in the Book of God. Whatever orders I issue in the course of day to day administration have to conform to the Qur’an. God has favored us with Islam. He sent to us His Messenger (Muhammad, pbuh). He has chosen us for a mission. Let us fulfil that mission. That mission is the promotion of Islam. In Islam lies our safety; if we err we are doomed."

imbindas · #56 Wednesday, May 25, 2011

When he went to Palestine to receive the surrender of the city of Jerusalem the world witnessed the strange spectacle of his slave riding the camel, and he himself walking on foot holding the reins of the camel.

Hadrat Umar (Raziallah Anho) appointed Hadrat'Ali (Raziallah Anho) as his deputy and went to Jerusalem with his slave. They were having one camel on which each of them rode by turn. When Hadrat Umar (Raziallah Anho) was entering Jerusalem it happened to be the slave's turn to ride on the camel. Though the slave offered his turn to the "Khalifah" but Hadrat Umar refused and remarked: "The honour of Islam (i.e., being Muslim) is enough for all of us." He entered Jerusalem holding the rope of the camel on which was riding his slave. His clothes were dirty and there were several patches on them. Hadrat Abu 'Ubaidah, Khalid bin Walid and other commanders came some distance to receive him. They were wearing costly garments. This made Hadrat Umar (Raziallah Anho) angry. He threw some pebbles at his generals (to show his anger) and said, "Have you changed so much in just two years? The only way for the success is the way of the Holy Prophet (Sal Allaho Alehe Wassallam)."

Then Hadrat Umar (Raziallah Anho) signed the treaty under which the inhabitants of Jerusalem were granted complete security of their life and property. Their places of worship were secured and remained intact. All the people were allowed to follow their religion freely.

The gates of the city were then opened and the Muslims entered the Jerusalem in the year 16 A.H. (i.e., 635 A.C.) According to some history books the date given on the treaty signed by Hadrat Umar (Raziallah Anho) falls in the 17th year A. H. It is possible therefore that the Muslims conquered it early in 17th year A.H.

Hadrat Umar (Raziallah Anho) visited the city. The time of the "Salat" had reached. The Christians allowed the Muslims to perform Salat in the big Church but Hadrat Umar declined to do so that it might not be an excuse for the future generations to take over the Church from them. He offered the Salat with the Muslims on the steps of the Church. Even then he gave in writing to the Bishop that the steps would never be used for congregational prayers or for the Adhan in future.

imbindas · #57 Wednesday, May 25, 2011

Before the advent of Islam there was no tradition in Arabia of reading or writing. There were only seventeen people among Quraish who could read or write at the time when the Holy Prophet (Sal Allaho Alehe Wassallam) started to receive Divine revelations. Hadrat Umar was one of those seventeen persons. His writing and lectures are still found in some old books. The first address he gave as a Caliph is as under

"O Allah, I am strict, make me soft. I am weak give me power. The Arabs are like refractory camels, I will endeavour to bring them to the straight path"

He was also interested in poetry and sometimes he composed verses. Umar (Raziallah Anho) was one of the most fluent Quraish. Arabic knowing persons can appreciate the fluency of his writings and addresses. Many of his sayings became aphorisms of literature.

He was a great Jurist and Theologian of Islam. Because of the fear of making any mistake he did not quote many Ahadith (Sayings of the Holy Prophet) even though he was fully conversant with them. He never allowed a person (companion) to quote any Hadith which was not well known without producing any attestator in support of it. If somebody quoted a Hadith before him which he had never heard, he at once asked him to bring a witness failing which he would be punished. He was expert in deriving laws from the Holy Qur'an and the Hadith. A full volume could be complied out of the verdicts and judgements given by Hadrat Umar (Raziallah Anho). As a matter of fact he opened a new door of Ijtihad' "(Disciplined judgement of a Jurist) in the history of Islamic Law and Jurisprudence, and settled a number of disputable cases during his caliphate.

imbindas · #58 Wednesday, May 25, 2011

Hadrat Umar was an outstanding model for the succeeding Muslim rulers in administration. "During the thirty years that the Republic lasted", says Amir Ali, "the policy derived its character chiefly from Umar both during his life-time and after his death".

Hadrat Umar (Raziallah Anho) divided the whole Islamic Khilafat (i.e. Islamic State into various provinces each with a capital. The following were, the provinces and their governors in 23 A.H., i.e. near the end of Hadrat Umar's Caliphate.

1. Hijaz with Makkah as its capital; Governor -- Nafi' bin Abu Harith.
2. Syria with Damascus as its capital; Governor-- Mu'awiyah bin Abu Sufyan.
3. Iran with Basrah as its capital; Governor -- Abu Musa al-Ash'ari.
4. Iraq with Kufa as its capital; Governor -- Mughirah bin Shu'bah.
5. Egypt with Fustat as its capital; Governor -'Amr bin al-'As.
6. Palestine with Jerusalem as its capital; Governor -- 'Alqamah bin Majaz.
7. Jazirah (i.e. Mesopotamia) with Hims (Hems) as its controlling capital; Governor -- 'Umair bin Sa'd.
8. The central province of Arabia with Medina as its capital.

The Capital of the State was also Medina. The title of a Provincial Governor was "Wali", who was the chief administrator and generally the supreme commander of the armed forces of that province. In each province there were usually following officers besides the Governor: The Treasury Officer (Sahib-i-Baitul-Mal; the Revenue Collector (Sahib-i-Kharaj); the Chief Police Officer (Sahib-i-Ahdath); the Judge (alQadi). In those provinces where the governor was not holding the office of the commander of armed forces, a separate commander was appointed. For example, in the beginning in Kufa Hadrat Amaribn Yasir (Raziallah Anho) was the "Wali" (the Governor),'Uthman ibn Hanif(Raziallah Anho) was the Revenue Collector, Abdullah ibn Mas'ud (Raziallah Anho) was the Treasury Officer, Hadrat Shuraih (Raziallah Anho) was the Judge and 'Abdullah ibn Khaza'i (Raziallah Anho) was the Secretary of Defence (i,e., Diwan). Usually the officers were appointed after consultation with the "Shura" (the Advisory Council).

The provinces were divided into districts. Each district was administered by an officer called 'Amil. All the governors and the high officers of the province were called to Makkah every year on the occasion of Hajj when Muslims from the entire area gathered there. Complaints against them were recorded by the Khalifah. Enquires were made and grievances were removed.

All the officers were paid high salaries so that they may not indulge in bribery and corruption

imbindas · #59 Wednesday, May 25, 2011

The judicial functions were entrusted to Qadis (Judges). A Qadi was completely free of the executive administration. On a number of occasions the Khalifah (Hadrat Umar) himself appeared before a Qadi to defend himself in some cases. The provincial Qadis were completely independent of the provincial governors. The Qadis were paid good salaries so that there might not be even a slightest chance of bribery. The monthly salary of Qadis like Hadrat Salman, Rabi'ah and Shuraih (Raziallah Anho) were 500 Dirhams. The monthly salary of Hadrat Amir Mu'awiyah (Raziallah Anho) was 1000 dirhams. "Umar was the first ruler in Islam", says Amir Ali, "to fix salaries for judges and to make their offices distinct from the executive officers."

In a number of books like "Tabaqatul Fuqaha", and "Mawardi" an ordinance sent by Umar (Raziallah Anho) to various Qadis is quoted

"It is essential for a "Qadi" to be just in his decisions and should not give any preference to the persons considered eminent in the society. The complainants should produce proof in support of their case while the defendants are allowed to take an oath (depending upon the nature of the case). Agreement between the two parties is permissible except when such agreement makes unlawful act lawful or a lawful act unlawful. If truth is known after a decision has been given, you are allowed to reconsider the case and change the decision. When you do not find guidance in the Holy Qur'an or in the Ahadith (i.e., practices and the sayings of the Holy Prophet) for decision of a case ponder over it (on the basis of the broader principles of Shari'ah i.e., Divine Law) and search for its solution in the light of past decisions given by the righteous predecessors. (In case you do not get the solution in past decisions), then apply your own mind (i.e., do Ijtihad or Qiyas based upon the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah (i.e., the practices of the Holy Prophet)".

In another ordinance, given in "Kanzul'Ummal" Hadrat Umar told the Qadis

"Decide cases according to the Holy Qur'an. If you do not find any solution in it base your decision upon the Sunnah. In case you do not find an appropriate Hadith, search in the unanimity of the righteous predecessors (i.e., Ijma'), in the absence of Ijma', give your own verdict based upon the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah (i.e., do Ijtihad or Qiyas).

The Qadis appointed by Hadrat Umar were among the most pious, truthful and trustworthy Muslims of his period. Besides being pious, they were also great Jurists and scholars. The Qadi of Medina was Hadrat Zaid bin Thabit (the Scribe of "Wahy" -- Revelation). There were two Qadis at Kufa, Hadrat'Abdullah bin Mas'ud and Hadrat Shuraih (Raziallah Anho) Other Qadis during the caliphate of Hadrat Umar were: Salman bin Rabi','Abdur Rahman bin Rabi','Imran bin Hasin, Abu Maryam, and Jamil bin al-Umar etc. (Raziallah Anho)

The Qadis were instructed to be impartial and totally free from the executive. In a dispute between Hadrat Umar (the Khalifah) and Hadrat Ubayy bin Ka'b, Hadrat Umar went to the court of Hadrat Zaid bin Thabit at Medina. Hadrat Zaid wanted to stand up to show respect to the Khalifah, on which Umar (Raziallah Anho) remarked: "This is your first unjust behaviour." Then Hadrat Umar sat with Hadrat Ubayy, the complainant like an ordinary person. In the same case Hadrat Ubayy wanted Hadrat Umar to take oath, but Zaid wanted to spare him because of the dignity of his office. Seeing this Umar (Raziallah Anho) admonished him, "You cannot be a just Qadi until a common man is equal to Umar before you." Since Hadrat Umar was also a jurist, he also held courts, and sometimes as the Court of Appeal in a position which could be described as the Chief Justice now-a-days. Once he inflicted the Sharia punishment of eighty lashes for drinking on his own son Abu Sahmah which resulted in his death on the spot. There are a number of other examples which show the Islamic Justice prevailing at the time. Muslims and non-Muslims both were equal before his justice. Once a Muslim killed a Christian, Hadrat Umar inflicted capital punishment upon him.

imbindas · #60 Wednesday, May 25, 2011

Hadrat Umar took special interest in imparting Islamic knowledge to the Muslims. The Holy Qur'an was compiled in a Book form during the period of Hadrat Abu Bakr on Umar's (Raziallah Anho) insistence. He established schools for teaching the Holy Qur'an in all the conquered territories. Such schools were located in the Masjids. A number of writers like Ibn-i-Jauzi (see "Sirat Umar") have mentioned that the teachers of such schools received good salaries. Besides teaching the Holy Qur'an they also trained the people in reading and writing. The Huffaz (i.e. the Muslims who commit whole of the Holy Qur'an to their memory) were specially honoured.

In the provinces of Syria and Palestine following teachers were appointed: ‘Ubadah bin Samit, Mu'adh bin Jabal and Abu Darda (Rid. A.). They established schools in Hims, Palestine (Jerusalem) and Damascus.

Hadrat Abu Sufyan was appointed to teach Bedouins. He was asked to test the knowledge of the Muslims learning the Holy Qur'an. It was compulsory for every Muslim to memorise sufficient part of the Holy Qur'an especially Surahs al-Baqrah;an-Nisa,al-Ma’idah; an-Nisa, al-Ma'idah, al-Hajj and an-Nur (Chapters, 2, 4, 5, 22 and 24 of the Holy Qur'an). In these Surahs Islamic laws and principles are described elaborately. To know basic Islamic laws was compulsory. Thus the concept of compulsory education was introduced at a time when nobody knew about it. The students memorising whole of the Qur'an by heart were given scholarships and other facilities.

He also appointed teachers to teach Hadith and Islamic Law. Hadrat 'Abdullah bin Mas'ud (Raziallah Anho) was sent to Kufa; hia'qal bin Yair (Raziallah Anho), and 'Imran bin Hasin (Raziallah Anho) to Basra, Hadrat Ubadah bin Samit used to teach Hadith and Islamic Law as well in Syria besides the Holy Qur'an.

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