No statistical data, these are qualitative essays. We need to mention our sources in-text (like the idea we're getting from a particular book, journal paper, news reports or interviews)

There is an article by Pervez Hoodboy "Enough of PhDs" in Dawn. If you read it you'll know how much we lack in qualitative research and how HEC has failed. In Pakistan even PhDs don't know how to present a paper, Pervez says.