1. what are the uses of biotechnology in improving human health?
* In Vaccine :- tissues culture based vaccine can be produced in mass scale
- vaccines - highly effective & thermo stable.
- because of new technqui used in production, it will be avle to retain its potency in normal conditions.
- some vaccines where biotechnology used -- polio vaccines, plasma--derived hepatitis B vaccines, contraceptive vaccine, rabbies vaccine etc.

* In Diagnostics :- used for effective diagnosis of disease.
- techniques for detection of malaria, filariasis, typhoid, pregnancy, blood grouping etc.

* In Medicines :- recombinant --DNA techniques in production of protein pharmaceuticals, insulin, growth hormones, interferons, blood clothing factors.

* In Gene Therapy :- in replacing the defective gene with normal gene.


4. Name the different types of carbohydrates?
carbohydrate are 3 types . they are :
a) monosaccharides : - these are simple sugars, such as glucos & fructose.
- both have the same molecular formula C6H12O6, but the atoms are arranged differently in their molecule.
- monoccharides are found in honeu & most juicy fruits.
- glucose is also present in the blood of vertebrates
- glucose is the most common product of photosynthesis.

b) diasaccharides :are double sugar.ex : maltose, sucrose & lactose.
- sucrose is common in flowering plants .
- it is extracted from sugarcane & sugar beets.
- lactose is present in milk of mammals.
- maltose is formed by the breakdown of starch.
- mammals ingest their first carbohydrates as lactose present in their mother's milk.

c) Polysaccharides :
these are starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin.
- starch & cellulose are common in plants.
- glycogen & chitin are more common in animals.
- cellulose is the basic material of plant cell walls.

5. what is ELISA test?-
the standard 'screening test' for HIV is the enzyme linked immunosolvent assay (ELISA). this is an extremely good screening test with a sensitivity of 99.5%. most diagnostic laboratories use a commercial ELISA kit which contains antigents from HIV.

6. what is the function of incubator?-
in function is to help sustain the life of prematurely born babies who, because of their low weight & weak general constittution, have dimnished viability.

7. what is artificial blood?-
it is an emulsion of an oxygen carrying compound, a colloidal substance, plasma expander, electrolytes & a few other buffer compunds.

8. why is alcohol used in cough syrups?
most cough syrups contain menthol & natural extracts, for carminative & antitussive actions. these substances are water-insoluable & so alcohol is used as a solvent.

9. why does the lotus leaf not get wet?
lotus leaf does not get wet beacuse, due to outerlayers of cells in the epidermal layer of leaves. they contain cellulose, which get converted to cutin which is layer of wax-like substances which are simple lipids.

10. why are some potions of sugarcane is red?
it is due to fungal disease called red rot caused by the organism glomerella tucumanensis.

11. how does firefly emit light?
in glow-worms , a combination of ATP & oxidative energy is used in a set of reactions that convert chemical energy into light energy.
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