Q.8 Write Short Notes on any two

1-Introduction :
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan These central asian countries became independent with the end of the Soviet Union in 1991,there are living almost 60 million people,they are one of the poorest regions of the world,it is also said that ,the international attention has been focused on these regions just because of economical potential,they have reserves of hydrocarbons and some other natural resources as well.

2-Problems facing central asia :
i) Johannes Linn says "Progress on the problems facing Central Asia, including a poor investment climate, threats from natural disasters, health epidemics and terrorism, is hindered by corruption, poor administrative capacity and lack of accountability."
ii) International donors should help the five countries to reduce the barriers that separate them and create "borders with a human face," so that people can travel, trade and invest across borders without undue delay, harassment and cost. Donors are urged to strengthen their support for region-wide initiatives, such as on transport and transit, HIV/AIDS, disaster preparedness and drug trafficking in Central Asia.
iii)The cost of non-cooperation is continued deterioration in income distribution, social services and general living conditions, according to the Report of United Nations Development Programme,it is possibly a descent into the vicious cycle of economic crisis and corrupt governance that often leads to social unrest.
iv) There aremany challenges that confront Central Asia, including high trade costs, environmental devastation, increased inequality, rising migration, the rapid spread of HIV/AIDS and poor governance.

3-Recommendation :
i) Upgrade regional transport links; simplify and harmonize transit, customs and border management; and join the World Trade Organization (WTO).
ii) Work toward more efficient pricing and effective management of infrastructure at the national level.
iii) Establish a regional Water-Energy Consortium to manage the abundant regional water and energy resources for greater efficiency, human development and regional stability.
iv) Work together to address the risks from potentially catastrophic environmental hot-spots, strengthen the regional, national and civil society environmental organizations.
v) Create regional plans for disaster preparedness, especially for devastating earthquakes and floods.
vi) Control drug trafficking through better cross-agency coordination and a balance between enforcement and developmental approaches.
vii) Strengthen regional networks of governments, academic and civil society organizations in the areas of health, education and culture. Use regional benchmarking to measure progress on MDGs.
viii) Clarify the mandates and strengthen the capacity of regional institutions.


Conclusion :
It was proclaimed at tokyo on 7th december 2005 that.these central asian countries could as much as double their incomes over the next 10 years by strengthening regional economic cooperation,they should do corporate with eachother,and invite investors from all over the world to invest in their contries,Though Kazakhstan has wide-ranging energy potentials,she must help its neighbours, rather Kazakhstan’s trade with China in the first quarter of 2007 grew more than 55 percent compared to the same period in 2006,whereas other central countries have been suffering from hunger,poverty,economical crises and energy crises,although Visa-free travel between Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan were crossing the border between the two Central Asian states is free of hassles. Uzbeks and Kyrgyz traders alike complain that convoluted customs procedures and corruption are hampering commerce. there should be tight security which prevent those ,who try to do illigal trade activies around the border areas.

__________________
You are an eagle, flight is your vocation:
You have other skies stretching out before you.