paper I 2009
Q4: Introduce the various theories of learning and Explain the concepts of classical conditioning.
paper I 2003
3. Give a comprehensive account of primary (major) and secondary parameters for including a desired response through Conditioning.
paper I 2006
2. What is AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING? Describe as to how, if at all, this can be used to reduce the alarming rate of road accidents.
paper I 2002
3. How is “Shaping” used to condition a new response? In what ways principles of operant conditioning can be used for improving educational techniques?
now perception is being done lets try these questions
show same interest in answering these
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paper I 2009
Q4: Introduce the various theories of learning and Explain the concepts of classical conditioning.
Theories of learning
There are 6 main theories
Behaviorism
Confined to observable and measurable behavior
Learning is defined by the outward expression of new behaviors
Focuses solely on observable behaviors
A biological basis for learning
Classical Conditioning - Pavlov
Operant Conditioning - Skinner
Cognitivism
Grew in response to Behaviorism
Knowledge is stored cognitively as symbols
Learning is the process of connecting symbols in a meaningful & memorable way
Studies focused on the mental processes that facilitate symbol connection
Bruner said anybody can learn anything at any age, provided it is stated in terms they can understand.
Meaningful Verbal Learning New material is presented in a systematic way, and is connected to existing cognitive structures in a meaningful way.
Social Learning Theory
Grew out of Cognitivism
Learning takes place through observation and sensorial experiences
Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery
SLT is the basis of the movement against violence in media & video games
Learning From Models -
Albert Bandura
1. Attend to pertinent clues
2. Code for memory (store a visual image)
3. Retain in memory
4. Accurately reproduce the observed activity
5. Possess sufficient motivation to apply new learning
Social Constructivism
Grew out of and in response to Cognitivism, framed around metacognition
Knowledge is actively constructed
Learning is…
1. A search for meaning by the learner
2. Contextualized
3. An inherently social activity
4. Dialogic and recursive
5. The responsibility of the learner
Lev Vygotsky
Social Learning Zone of Proximal Development
Multiple Intelligences
Grew out of Constructivism, framed around metacognition
H. Gardner (1983 to present)
All people are born with eight intelligences
Brain-Based Learning
Grew out of Neuroscience & Constructivism
D. Souza, N. Caine & G. Caine, E. Jensen (1980’s to present)
12 governing principles
Just to mention other theories of learning
Humanist
Learning is dependent upon meeting a hierarchy of needs (physiological, psychological and intellectual)
Learning should be reinforced.
Situated Learning (J. Lave)
Subsumption Theory (D. Ausubel)
Conditions of Learning (R. Gagne)
concept of classical conditioning
definition of classical conditioning
pavlov experiment
chart of
us---response ucr
cs--- no response
us +cs ---response
cs---- response cr
few implementation of classical conditioning
total pages may reach 6-7 for this answer,give main concept of theories with one to two examples
theories of learning can also be divide into behaviourism, cognitivism, social learning and humanist in a broad sense