The subject areas in the constitution of 1973 has been divided into three area:

1. Provincial subjects defined in List of Provincial Subjects:
2. Federal subjects defined in the List of Federal Subjects.
3. Concurrent lists that Lists overlapping areas.

1. Provincial subjects:

Education Education, Health Health, Agriculture, Agriculture extension
On-farm management, Soil conservation, Fisheries, Forests, Water Supply and water supply and sanitation, Sanitation sewerage, Sewerage, transport, Transport inter tehsil road, Street lighting Parks and playground, Parks and playgrounds Street light, Municipal regulation Municipal regulation, Irrigation, Police, Mines and mineral Development, Industrial and labor, Regulation (Source: VU notes of PA)

2. Federal subjects:
defense of the federation, external affairs, nationality, citizenship and naturalization, telecommunication, currency, foreign ex-change, civil aviation, international trade & international economic corporation. (Source: Dr. Sultan's "Public Administration" page # 75")


Reasons:
-restricted autonomy has been cause of much resentment among the provinces.
Even though federal in nature, the 1973 Constitution has a strong bias in favour of the centre. According to article 142- (c), a provincial assembly has the power to make laws “with respect to any matter not enumerated in either the federal legislative list or the concurrent list”. Significantly, the fourth schedule has only two lists — federal and concurrent — and does not have a provincial list.
The federal list contains 67 subjects (59 in Part I and eight in Part II).
The concurrent list consists of 47 subjects, leaving very little for the federating units (the Provinces)to legislate on. In other words, the provinces have the right to legislate on very small number of subjects “not enumerated either in the federal legislative list or in the concurrent list”.

In matters of tax collection especially, the Basic Law virtually denies the constituent units any worthwhile sources of revenue. As a perusal of taxation powers will show, the federal government has reserved for itself almost all sources of revenue. The federal taxes mentioned in the fourth schedule — points 43 to 54 — include virtually all taxes, except, very significantly, “taxes on income other than agricultural income”.

(Source: Dawn Sep, 12th 2005)



Regards,


FASEEH MUHAMMAD

[HOPE IT WILL BE USEFUL FOR YOU]