TERRORISM AND POLICY OPTIONS FOR PAKISTAN
Introduction
Definitions of Terrorism

a. The dictionary of International Relations.
b. The American Heritage Dictionary. "
c. League of Nations Convention (1937).
d. United Nations.

3. Root Causes of Terrorism
a. Political Oppression / Injustice.
b. Religious Intolerance.
c. Divine Revelation.
d. Resistance to Military Occupation.
e. Economic Deprivation.
f. Regional Disparities.
g. Foreign Support.




Objectives of Terrorism
a. To publicize the cause by means of wide and immediate publicity that would follow the terrorist act through media.
b. To win short term concessions such as release of fellow terrorists from jail, payment of ransom or change in government policies.
c. Assassinations to avenge the death of fellow terrorists.
d. Employ terrorism as a catalyst to arouse fierce repression by the authorities with a view to militarizing a political situation, leading to alienation of masses from the government.
e. To sow and further inter communal hatred and conflict.
f. To eliminate declared enemies of the terrorist group.
g. To punish a fellow member for infringement of discipline or an act of betrayal.
h. Use acts of violence and intimidation to achieve a desired social, political, or religious outcome.
j. Coercion.
k. Intimidation.
l. Provocation.
m. Insurgency Support.
Terrorism—A Threat to Security of Pakistan
a. Threats to the National Security of Pakistan.

Internal Threats to the Security of Pakistan
(1) Extremism.
(2) Weaponization.
(3) Islamization Inside Pakistan.
(4) Social Diversity in Pakistani Society.
(5) Sectarianism.
(6) Apathy of Past Governments.
b. External Threats to the State of Pakistan.
(1) Rogue State.
(2) Afghan Jihad
(3) Taliban Regime in Afghanistan.
(4) Freedom Struggle in Kashmir.
(5) 9/11 Incident.
Efforts Made to Combat Terrorism in Pakistan
a. Pakistan’s Efforts at International Level.
(1) Building of New Partnership with the US
(2) Revising Relations with Europe
(3) Cooperation with UN.
(4) Anti-Terrorism Conventions.
(5) Extradition Treaties.
(6) Cooperation with Coalition Partners in Afghanistan.
(7) Pak-Saudi Cooperation Against Terrorism.
(8) Pak-UK.
(9). Pak- China.
(10). Pak-Afghan Cooperation.
(11). Pakistan and Others Countries.
(12) Pakistan and SAARC
c. Response at National Level.
(1) Arrests.
(2) Anti-Terrorism Act.
(3) Anti-Terrorism Courts. terrorism.
(4) Disarming the Civil Society.
(5) Police Reforms
(6) Crisis Management Cells.
(7) Proscription of Militant Organizations.
(8) Religious Parties.
(9) Women Rights.
(10) Religious Schools.
(11) Troops Deployment.
d. Combating Terrorism at Army Level.
(1) Anti-dacoit Operations/Protection Duties.
(2) Counter-Insurgency Operations.
8. 9/11 and Military Operations.
Military Operations
9. Strategy.
a. Sealing of Borders.
b. FATA.
c. Waziristan

d. Balochestan.
11. Effects Achieved by Military Operations
a. Terrorist network has been broken.
b. Decrease in infiltration from Afghanistan.
c. All tribes on board less few dissidents/individuals.
d. Presence of army has provided strength to the fence sitters and locals
e. At present situation in FATA is stable
f. Situation in Baluchistan is stable now..
12. Situation After the Army Operation.
(1) They are operating now in smaller loosely net groups.
(2) Avoid presenting fixed targets/resistance.
(3) Focus on hit and run tactics. They are using standoff weapons with the aim of striking at vulnerable areas of the military.
(4) Intermittent flow of funds/logistics continue.
Recommendations to Address the Spread of Terrorism at UN Level53
Policy Options
(1) To strengthen coordination and cooperation with States
(2) To pursue and reinforce development and social inclusion agendas at every level as goals in themselves

Conclusion