Conservation of strangeness:
a product of a proton collision with a nucleus was found to live for much longer time than expected: 10^-10 seconds instead of the expected 10^-23 seconds! This particle was named the lambda particle and the property which caused it to live so long was dubbed "strangeness" and that name stuck to be the name of one of the quarks(Quarks and Leptons are the building blocks which build up matter, i.e., they are seen as the "elementary particles".) from which the lambda particle is constructed. The lambda is a baryon(Proton,Neutron,Lambda,Sigma,Delta etc) which is made up of three quarks: an up, a down and a strange quark.

The shorter lifetime of 10-23 seconds was expected because the lambda as a baryon participates in the strong interaction, and that usually leads to such very short lifetimes. The long observed lifetime helped develop a new conservation law for such decays called the "conservation of strangeness". The presence of a strange quark in a particle is denoted by a quantum number S=-1.
Conservation of strangeness is not in fact an independent conservation law, but can be viewed as a combination of the conservation of charge, isospin, and baryon number. It is often expressed in terms of hypercharge Y, defined by:
Y=S+B=2(Q-I)
S=strangeness
B=Baryon number
Q=Electric charge
I=Isospin

Conservation of charmness:
The Psi meson is composed of a new quark c(for charm)and its antiquark C prim. The c quark has an electric charge of +2/3. just as the strange quark is assigned a strangeness quantum number of S=-1, the charmed quark is assigned a charm of C=+1. The decay of the Psi meson is slowed, because the c quark must decay into other quark (u,d, or s), all which have C=0. the decay thus involves a violation of the conservation of charm and therefore can’t occur through the strong interaction , which conserves the law….
u=up
d=down
s=strange