Understanding Psychology by gencoe
Approaches to
Psychology . . . . . . . . 2
Chapter 1 Introducing Psychology . . . . . . . 6
1 Why Study Psychology? 7
2 A Brief History of Psychology 14
3 Psychology as a Profession 24
Chapter 2 Psychological Research
Methods and Statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1 What Is Research? 35
2 Problems and Solutions in Research 42
3 Statistical Evaluation 47
The Life Span . . . . . 58
Chapter 3 Infancy and Childhood. . . . . . . 60
1 Physical, Perceptual, and
Language Development 61
2 Cognitive and Emotional
Development 70
3 Parenting Styles and Social
Development 78
Chapter 4 Adolescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
1 Physical and Sexual Development 93
2 Personal Development 101
3 Social Development 109
4 Gender Roles and Differences 116
Chapter 5 Adulthood and Old Age . . . . . 128
1 Adulthood 129
2 Old Age 137
3 Dying and Death 144
The Workings of Mind
and Body . . . . . . . 152
Chapter 6 Body and Behavior . . . . . . . . 154
1 The Nervous System: The Basic
Structure 155
2 Studying the Brain 160
3 The Endocrine System 170
4 Heredity and Environment 174
Chapter 7 Altered States of
Consciousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
1 Sleep and Dreams 183
2 Hypnosis, Biofeedback, and
Meditation 191
3 Drugs and Consciousness 197
Chapter 8 Sensation and Perception . . . 206
1 Sensation 207
2 The Senses 214
3 Perception 223
Learning and Cognitive
Processes . . . . . . . 238
Chapter 9 Learning: Principles and
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
1 Classical Conditioning 241
2 Operant Conditioning 250
3 Social Learning 259
Chapter 10 Memory and Thought. . . . . . 272
1 Taking in and Storing Information 273
2 Retrieving Information 282
Chapter 11 Thinking and Language . . . . 294
1 Thinking and Problem Solving 295
2 Language 304
Table of Contents
Chapter 12 Motivation and Emotion. . . . 312
1 Theories of Motivation 313
2 Biological and Social Motives 319
3 Emotions 328
Personality and
Individuality . . . . . 340
Chapter 13 Psychological Testing . . . . . 342
1 Characteristics of Psychological
Tests 343
2 Intelligence Testing 348
3 Measuring Achievement, Abilities,
and Interests 359
4 Personality Testing 363
Chapter 14 Theories of Personality . . . . 374
1 Purposes of Personality Theories 375
2 Psychoanalytic Theories 378
3 Learning Theories 387
4 Humanistic and Cognitive Theories 391
5 Trait Theories 398
Adjustment and
Breakdown . . . . . . 410
Chapter 15 Stress and Health . . . . . . . . 412
1 Sources of Stress 413
2 Reactions to Stress 420
3 Coping With Stress 430
4 Stress in Your Life 437
Chapter 16 Psychological Disorders . . . 446
1 What Are Psychological Disorders? 447
2 Anxiety Disorders 455
3 Somatoform and Dissociative
Disorders 460
4 Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders 465
5 Personality Disorders and Drug
Addiction 474
Chapter 17 Therapy and Change . . . . . . 484
1 What Is Psychotherapy? 485
2 Psychoanalysis and Humanistic
Therapy 493
3 Cognitive and Behavior Therapies 499
4 Biological Approaches to Treatment 506
Social
Psychology . . . . . . 516
Chapter 18 Individual Interaction. . . . . . 518
1 Interpersonal Attraction 519
2 Social Perception 527
3 Personal Relationships 533
Chapter 19 Group Interaction . . . . . . . . 544
1 Group Behavior 545
2 Conformity and Obedience 555
3 Conflict and Cooperation 564
Chapter 20 Attitudes and Social
Influence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
1 Attitude Formation 577
2 Attitude Change and Prejudice 582
3 Persuasion 590
Chapter 21 Psychology: Present
and Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
1 Careers in Psychology 603
2 Psychology’s Contributions 610
Skills Handbook 620
Glossary 630
Index 644
References 659
Acknowledgments and Credits 673
Honoring America 674
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