Some among beloved farooq-e-azam Umar(ra) the great, innovations

1. Establishment of Bayt al-mâl or public treasury.

2. Establishment of courts of justice and appointment of judges.

3. The determination of the Hijra calendar which continues to this day.

4. Assumption of the title of Amîr al-Mu’minîn.

5. Organization of the War Department.

6. Putting army reserves on the payroll.

7. Establishment of the Land Revenue Department.

8. Survey and assessment of lands.

9. Census.

10. Building of Canals.

11. Founding of the cities of Kufa, Basra, al-Jazira, Fustat, and Musal.

12. Division of conquered countries into provinces.

13. Imposition of customs duties.

14. Taxation of the produce of the sea and appointment of officials for its collection.

15. Permission to traders of foreign lands to trade in the country.

16. Organization of jails.

17. Use of the whip.

18. Making rounds at night to inquire into the condition of the people.

19. Organization of the Police Department.

20. Establishment of military barracks at strategic points.

21. Distinction of pedigree and non-pedigree horses.

22. Employment of secret reports and emissaries.

23. Rest-houses on the way from Mecca to Madina for the comfort of travellers.

24. Provision for the care and bringing up of foundlings.

25. Organization of guest-houses in different cities.

26. The ruling that Arabs, whether Muslims or non-Muslims, could not be made slaves.

27. Stipends for the poor among the Jews and the Christians.

28. Establishment of schools.

29. Stipends for school teachers and public lecturers.

30. Persuading Abu Bakr to collect the Qur’an and execution of the work under his own care.

31. Formulation of the principle of qiyâs or judicial analogy.

32. More exact division of inheritance.

33. Insertion of the formula “Prayer is better that sleep” in the call to the dawn prayer. However, as stated before, the more correct report is that it is Bilal who first inserted the formula in the call to the dawn prayer and the Prophet retained it.[43]

34. Ordaining the holding of tarawih prayers in congregation.

35. Three divorces pronounced at one session declared binding

36. Provision of the punishment for drunkenness with eighty stripes

37. Levy of zakât on horses of merchandise

38. Levy of zakât on the Christians of Bani Taghlab in lieu of jizya

39. Method of rnaking trusts

40. Consensus of opinion on four takbîrs in funeral prayers

41. Organization of sermons in mosques

42. Giving salaries to imams and mu’adhdhins.

43. Provision of light in mosques at night

44. Provision of punishment for writing satires and lampoons

45. Probibition of the mention of women’s names in lyric poems although the custom was very ancient in Arabia.

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