ii- Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development states:
(a) Children are egocentric during the stage of pre operational thought
(b) Object permanance is developed during stage of concrete operational thought
(c) When children proceed from the stage of pre operational thought to the stage of formal operations, they achieve sense of conservation and reversibility
(d) Child development is largely culturally determined



v- A gambler lost 1000 rupees at a racetrack but he was not upset. He said, "I would have spent the money on any other thing any way". Which defense mechanism does his statement involve?
(a) Reaction formation (b) Undoing (c) Denial (d) Rationalization

iv- Which of the following statements applies to the unconscious?
(a) Its elements are inaccessible to the conscious (b) Its closely related to the pleasure principle (c) Its closely related to instincts (d) All of these

x- In operant conditioning:
(a) Continuous reinforcement schedule is least susceptible to extinction
(b) Negative reinforcement is a type of punishment
(c) The process is related to trial and error learning
(d) Shaping occurs when responses are coincidentally paired to a reinforcer

xii- Positive reinforcement _______ the rate of responding; Negative reinforcement ______ the rate of responding:
(a) Increases; decreases (b) Decreases;increases (c) Increases;increases (d) Decreases;decreases

Note: In Negative Reinforcement, something unpleasant is removed e.g, using an ointment(negative reinforcer-because it is removing something unpleasant) to get rid of itching rash(unpleasant stimulus). So, neagative reinforcement is not a type of punishment and it increases the rate of responding-that the individual will again perform that action.

Regards,