1) “this world, “he declared”
is full of sorrow. Would that I
were dead!”

He declared that this world is full of sorrow and wished that he should have been dead.
2) he said to me, “come early; we shall be waiting for you.”
He asked me to early because they would be waiting for me.

3) “how delighted I am, “said he, “to meet my friends here by
my own fireside!”
He exclaimed with joy that he was very delighted to meet his friends there by his own fireside.

4) the man said that he was
quite sure he should succeed.
'I'm sure I will succeed', The man said.

5) John exclaimed with a sigh
that he was ruined.
John said, 'Alas! I'm ruined.'
6) The constable enquired of
the man where he was going
Constable said to him, 'Where are you going?',
7) The boy said that he would
walk.
'I'll walk', said boy

8) “what losses, “cried he,
“have I suffered? What anguish have I endured!”
He exclaimed with despair/sorrow that he had suffered alot of losses and (that he) had endured a lot of anguish.