Important terms and brief description:
Hydroponic culture:
It is the technique in which the plants are grown in aerated water to which nutrients and mineral salts have been added. The purpose of this technique is to test whether a certain nutrient is essential for a plant or not because it is not possible to conduct such experiments on nutrient requirements of plants grown in soil because soil is a complex medium. However, hydroponic farming is not feasible and may only be used for growing vegetables.
Amphipathic molecules:
When the molecules like lipids have both polar and non-polar characteristics, such molecules are called as amphipathic. For example, lipid molecules constituting the plasma membrane have the polar heads facing outwards and non-polar fatty acid chains towards the interior of the membrane.
Transpiration:
It is a specific terminology for water loss in plants. The loss of water from the Arial parts of the plants i.e. leaves and other aerial parts is called transpiration.such loss of water occurs through the stomata.
Evaporation:
The loss of water or the escape of water molecules from the surface of water without the process of boiling is called evaporation.the ultimate cooling behind is the consequence of evaporation because molecules with higher kinetic energy leaves the surface.
Sublimation:
The process that involves direct conversion of the solid into gas without transforming into a liquid is called sublimation.
Condensation:
The conversion of vapours or the gas into liquid form under pressurized condition is called as condensation.
Refrigerators use the technique of condensation to keep the things cold.
Transgenic organisms:
Organisms in which the piece of DNA has been inserted from the external source are called as transgenic organisms and such DNA is called as the recombinant DNA. The selected genes are inserted into the original DNA through cutting pasting to produce better varieties of organisms for various purposes including plants animals and bacteria.
Surface tension:
Liquid molecules have the property of cohesion. it the tendency of liquid to cling together .the molecules at the surface of water are attracted by many molecules below it so the molecules at the surface needs a net inward attraction. This attraction creates surface tension. The water surface acts as a continuous sheet or stretched piece of rubber.
In water the surface tension is credited to hydrogen bonding which build up cohesion forces.
Binomial nomenclature:
Carolus Linneaus first of all proposed the concept of binomial nomenclature in 1735.according to this, every living organism should be named on the basis of scientific standards containing two words, the genus name starting with capital letter followed by the species name starting with small letter. Both should be underlined separately or written in italics. the main purpose of this naming is, so that people belonging to different areas and speaking different languages may not be confused and can collectively discuss the organisms scientifically.
Human beings Homo sapiens
Frog Rana tigrina
Corn Zea mays

Symbiosis:
It is the intimate association in which both partners get benifit.it is also called as mutualism.one partner is called symbiont that forms association with the other called the Host.
For example.Trichonympha a protozoan is a symbiont that lives inside the gut of the termite obtain foods and lodging and in turn helps in the digestion of wood eaten by the termite.

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Saprophytes:
These are the organisms that feed on the dead and decaying material of plants and animals. Fungi are the best example of saprophyte. These are decomposers that decompose the dead organisms and derive nutrients from them.
Velocity:
The velocity of the body at any instant is defined as the change in displacement per second at that instant. It is a vector quantity and is measured as m/sec.
Acceleration:
The change of velocity per unit time is called acceleration. It is defined as the rate of change of velocity. It is measured as m/sec2.
Radiotherapy:
This is the technique that is administered to control cancer. In radiotherapy, the cancerous part is exposed to short wave radiation from the radioactive material repeatedly at regular intervals. In Pakistan there are many centers that are using the technique of radiotherapy to control cancer.
Chemotherapy:
This is also a cancer control therapy. Chemotherapy, as the name indicates involves the use of anticancer chemicals at regular intervals.however, these chemicals may destroy and kill the normal cells along with the cancer cells. Such therapies have a wide range of negative side effects including hair loss.
Clone:
A clone is defined as the cell and all its asexually produced offsprings.the characteristic of clone is that this group of cells is produced asexually and all the cells are genetically identical to each other. And the process by which the animals are produced in clones is called as cloning. In normal conditions, the animals are not produced by cloning, however, still there are certain animals that undergo reproduction by the process of cloning on regular basis like unicellular animals that undergo asexual reproduction.
Eukaryotes:
The word eukaryotic is derived from Greek word, where “eu” means true and “karyon” means nucleus. It is the type of cellular organization in which the cell consists of a distinct membrane bound nucleus containing the hereditary material together with other distinct membrane bound cytoplasmic organelles. Such cells have well defined nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum etc. kingdom animalia, plantae, fungi and protoctista are eukaryotic in organization.
Prokaryotes:
This word is derived from the Greek language where “Pro” means before and “karyon” means nucleus. these are called as the primitive types of cells and considered to be the origin of the eukaryotic cells. These cells don’t have the distinct membrane bound nucleus, and the area in the cytoplasmic matrix that consists of the hereditary material is called Nucleoid.the cytoplasmic matrix do not contain the proper membrane bound organelles and cytoskeleton.the constitution of plasma membrane and cell wall of prokaryotes largely differs from that of the eukaryotic cells.
It forms the kingdom monera consisting of all the archoebacteria, eubacteria and cynobacteria (blue green algae).
Herbivores:
As the name indicates, these are the group of animals that depend solely on the herbs and plant material for their food. Herbivores are also called as the primary consumers they form the second trophic level in the food chain, plants being the first as producers, that are consuming the producers. So these animals get energy directly from producers.Such animals have more developed incisors for gnawing and molars for grinding the food. Example includes all the cattle, birds feeding on seeds and grains, rabbit, squirrel, caterpillar etc
Carnivores:
The group of animals that depends on flesh of other animals for their food is called carnivores. The carnivores are usually categorized as secondary consumers and tertiary consumers in the food chain and food web. The secondary consumers feed on herbivores while tertiary consumers or larger carnivores feed on secondary consumers in other words,these animals get energy indirectly from the producers. They have more developed canines for tearing the flesh. Cats, dogs, shark, snakes, lion, falcon, crocodile, tiger all hunting for their prey are carnivores.
Omnivores:
The animals that depend on both plant and animal material for their food are called omnivores.
Examples includes crow, monkey and man.
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