Here are My notes for Essays...I hope you find it helping..sources are mostly articles,Current affairs by Imtiaz Shahid,News paper.

CORRUPTION

 Introduction
 Economic rent:” arises when a person as something unique in possession which can be luxury in a posh neighborhood
 A person who owns such a special asset can charge more then normal for its use
 U-Miynt and Law Commission of Government of India drawing upon the concepts quoted a CORRUPTION equation
 Corruption =(Monopoly) + (Discretion)- Accountability or in abbreviated form as
 C= R + D – A
 About Pakistan, no structure, no tier and no office of public sector is immune from It
 Beyond executive, claws over judiciary and legislature
 Incidence is so frequent that Pakistan is ranked 139 in the ranks of corruption free countries
 HISTORY OF CORRUPTION
 South Asian countries have pulurist society with colonial legacy of bribery and nepotism
 Nepotism in colonial era included awarding of lands,titles and jobs
 Post partition, Nationalization, drug money,foreign aid made corruption more systematic
 Informal structure of economy
 Grew with relations between legislators and businesses
 Culture of corruption was promoted in colonial system of government
 Part of political bribery
 White collar crimes like refugee claims, industrial sanctions. Allotment of agriculture lands
 Till the second WW-II corruption was among revenue, police, excise and Public works
 REASONS OF CORRUPTION
 Reasons are country-specific
 Key drivers are visible by in-depth country studies
 Public servants lacking a service mentality
 Corruption flourishes where government is weak
 Reasons are rooted in a country’s political development, legal development, bureaucratic traditions, economic conditions and policies
 Interference of government in economy
 In-appropriate administrative strict
 Governmental monopolies
 Expansion of rent
 Unequal distribution of incomes
 Falling of many democratic governments were done on the basis of allegation of corruption 90,96,99
 Reasons
 Land awards
 Bloated Public sector
 Private sector cooperatives
 Drug money
 Foreign aid and investment
 Informal structure of National economy
 Institutional erosion
 RELATIONS WITH SOCITY
 Relations with free press
 Relation with democracy
 Relation with Materialism
 Relation with Low salaries
 Impact on social thinking

 FORMS OF CORRUPTION
 Transparency international states various forms ranging from nepotism to bribery
 Increase in acceptability of this bitter fact
 People feel less guilty
 Highest in development and procurement
 Bank loans write offs
 Rs. 200 billion loss per annum
 Most prominent sectors
1. Power sector
2. Tax and Customs
3. Police
4.Judiciary
5. Health
6. Land admin
 Public utilities WAPDA,SUI GAS and other public works department
 Tax regime lack of documentation… untaxed sectors… weak administrative capcity… 50% urban income unaccounted. Tax evasion going to 218 billion
 Public sector Banking
 public sector expenditure
 underground economy
 health Hospital MS.. financial mis management… hiring people without merit… corrupt practices of official staff… medico-legal certificates… favors from pharma companies…ignoring emergency call
 dire need to fight materialism through installation of high moral values
 ISSUES OF CORRUPTION
 Post independence settlement of refugees
 Interventionist economic policies
 Discretionary powers for Gas and textile quotas
 Inadequate compensation to civil servants
 Excessive aid flow without tackling corruption
 Economic projects like “Green tractor scheme” “yellow cab scheme”, Ghazi barotha, Motorway, Karachi Mass transit system, IPPs huge source of corruption
 Financial scams have severely damaged public trust
 Weak regulatory system… State Bank Unable to prevent disasters
 Politicization of civil servants
 Complete Breakdown of Structures, Government departments and Anti-corruption organization
 Delivery failure of Civil institutions
 Sociological factors… Favors on the base of ethnic, familial, religious and other social considerations are responsible

 CONSEQUENCES OF CORRUPTION
 Cost of corruption are high
 Distorts local resource allocation and government performance
 Countries having lesser portion of GDP to spend at social development like Education
 IN Pakistan Destroyed fabric of society
 Role of money inn politics brought money rich businessmen into politics to safeguard their economic interests
 Adil gillani from TI Pakistan said that Corruption is the reason of Pverty, illetracy , un employment, shortage of food and energy
Credibility at lowest level as no funding from FRIENDS OF PAKISTAN trust fund being managed by World Bank
CORRUPTION ACQUITTED of BIG WIGGS
 In corruption references, some of the witnesses backtracked in their statements, recorded against the accused. The influential accused persons in the high profile cases are still being exonerated, even in those cases in which the Supreme Court had taken suo motu notice and had remanded the cases to the trial courts.In the Haj corruption case, the then federal minister Hamid Saeed Kazmi was considered to be the main accused.The final challan submitted to the court by the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA), however, exonerated Mr Kazmi from other sections of 409,420,467,468,471and109 (related to fraud and abetment) of Pakistan Penal Code in which the convict may get life imprisonment and only charged him with section 5(2)47 of Prevention of Corruption Act (PCA) in which the maximum punishment is not more than 7 year.
acquittal of a member National Assembly from Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) Anjum Ageel Khan is another example of bigwigs getting off the hook. MNA Mr Khan was arrested in July last year in connection with his alleged involvement in Rs6 billion National Police Foundation land scam.fled Shalimar station but later released because he voluntarily surrendered next day. The 12 police officials from the ranks of sub-inspectors to constables, who were the witnesses of the prosecution and had earlier recorded their statements against the accused became `hostile witnesses`, and also backtracked from the allegation becoming the sole reason for acquaintance of MNA.
October 2011, a session court of Lahore acquitted a member Punjab Assembly of PML-Q, and son of former chief minister Pervez Elahi, Moonis Elahi in the National Insurance Company Limited (NICL) scam in which he allegedly forced NICL to buy land at a highly inflated price.In the Moonis case, bank officials had turned `hostile witnesses` and did not utter a single word against Moonis in their statements.
the primitive prosecution methodology, in which the eye-witness is the key, is the main reason of acquittals.
our law of evidence is based on the Police Act of 1861, which is in fact a pro-accused law, adding that the law is a reason in the rapid increase in organised crimes.
He suggested that the law of evidence should be proprosecution in which forensic evidence photographs, video/CCTV footage or mobile phone record-would be treated at par with the evidence of eye witnesses.
FORIEGN INVESTMENT had declined from $5.1 billion of 2007-2008 to $813biilions of 2011-2012
PIA-PRIME EXAMPLE OF MIS-MANAGEMENT AND CORRUPTION
the culture of nepotism had become so endemic in the airline that even duty rosters and lucrative routes were given to the crew on the basis of favouritism and contracts for repairs and spare parts were also awarded on the same consideration. `This becomes the basis of vices like smuggling and also reasons for frequent delays at the international airports.PIA had suffered a whopping loss of Rs119 billion last year alone.With only 26 aircraft in the PIA fleet operational and approximately 20,000 employees, the ratio of employees per aircraft was 570.the PIA representatives startled the court when they said that only three per cent of the employees were appointed on merit while the rest came through quota system as per government rules.PIA faced a financial loan of $565 million, adding that the airline straight away suffered a loss of Rs40 billion last year because of exchange rate difference after depreciation of the rupee which was beyond the control of PIA.

This is an airline which helped set up other carriers and trained their staff, yet now it is gasping for air, dependent on government bailouts for survival. Mismanagement is the single biggest factor behind the decline.

If the airline can be restructured and run by a professional, honest set of managers who give priority to aircraft safety and customer service, perhaps PIA can cruise to a more comfortable altitude.

 FACTS AND AMOUNT OF CORRUPTION
 Wealthy businessmen strive for saving personal benefit over national advantage
 Rs. 200 billion per annum
 70% Pakistani believe that current government is more corrupt then previous except people in Punjab
 Police and Power maintined their ranking as top two
 “Tendering” eats away 40% development budget
 Transportation of Suger by Trading Cooperation of Pakistan according to Public Procurement Rules 2004 saved Rs. 49.3 Mill 40% less then originaly paid
 Violaters of above Rules include WPADA,CDA, NHA, SBP, CUSTOMS, FIA, PCB, NLC, PID and Utility stores Cooperation
 In monetary most corrupt is Revenue collection staff giving a loss of USD 19 Billion accounting to 24% of GDP and 20% of which is received as kick backs
 PERVENTION
 For successful anti-corruption drive, anti corruption strategy to govern it, structure it ,drive it and above all right direction
 Prevention of Corruption Act at independence , Public representative (Disqual) Act1949 and Elected Bodies (Disqu) Ordinance 1959 were mere tools of political victimization
 FIA 1975… Ehtsaab Bureau 97 with Ehtsaab commission of 96 with Bureau to investigate and commission to prosecute
 No meaningful improvement
 Far lost credibility and Public trust so imperative for an anti corruption drive to succeed
 Many Governments failed in past to curb this Menace because of
 Misuse of Agencies by Governments
 Poor investigations and lack of professional expertise
 Misuse of mandate by agencies
 Weakness in the accountability system
 Incomplete judicial system
 Appointment of head of agencies
 In-adequencies and institutional weakness of Anti corruption agencies
 Fighting Corruption requires both leadership and partnership
 Leadership from local and national governments, tax collection agencies, judiciary, army, corporations, citizen in the community
 They all aim up to break Monopolies
 Private sector and civil society are the real players in this game
 Korean example: to obtain a corruption free society various anti- corruption program in 1999.
 Emphasis on prevention then punishment
 Comprehensive and systematic approach
 Feasibility must be given importance
 Following three stratagies to maximize effectiveness
 Infrastructure to fight corruption
 Administrative reforms in tax prone areas
 Building local and international partnerships
 CONCLUSION
 Universal phenomenon
 Difference is only level and degree
 Politicians in UK,Spain,Belgium and even whole European commission resigned due to it
 Corruption provides WINGS in Pakistan to capital to fly rather then wheels to move into the country
 Weak legal processes to fight it
 Widespread form within the society
 The state need to establish credibility by punishing highly visible corrupt
 Intention should be to eradicate it rather than gaining public support