2. Epidemic & Endemic

Epidemic:

i) If at one place and times a great number of people suffer from a disease is known as epidemic.
ii) It can travel from one place to another.
iii) Examples: Influenza, Smallpox, Cholera etc.

Endemic:

i) If a disease persists in a particular locality, certain area or one region, it is known as endemic
disease.
ii) It cannot travel from one place to another place.
iii) Example: Goitre in iodine deficient areas.

3. Herbivores & Carnivores


Herbivores

i) The animals eating green plants, grass and fodder are known as Herbivores.
ii) Animals have specific digestive system to digest leaves, plants and fodder.
iii) The teeth are specifically designed to cut and chew leaves, plants and fodder.
iv) Jaw movement is specific for side motion.
v) Examples: goats, cattle, sheep, buffalo, cow etc.

Carnivores:

i) The animals eating flesh and meat are known as carnivores.
ii) Digestive enzymes are specific.
iii) Their teeth are short and to cut and chew leaves, plants pointed especially for flesh eating.
iv) Jaw movement is specific for up and down movement.
v) Examples: Tiger, dog, cat, lion etc.

4. Respiration & Photosynthesis

Respiration

i) Respiration is a catabolic process in which compounds are broken down.
ii) In this process carbohydrates are broken down into simpler compounds.
iii) The end-products for this process are CO2 and H2O.
iv) In respiration Oxygen enters the plant body and CO2 is released.
v) It occurs during both day and night. Light is not necessary for this process.
vi) In respiration energy is released from food material.

Photosynthesis

i) It is an anabolic process in which compounds are formed.
ii) In this process carbohydrates are manufactured.
iii) The end-product of this process is simple carbohydrates.
iv) In photosynthesis CO2 enters the plant and O2 is released.
v) It occurs during day time only. Light is essential for this process.
vi) It is energy consuming process.

5. Pollination & Fertilization

Pollination

i) It is a process involving transfer of pollens form male reproductive organ to female reproductive
organ of plants.
ii) It occurs in flowering plants.
iii) The products of pollination are seed.
iv) It takes place through animals, birds, insects, wind and water.

Fertilization:

i) In fertilization fusion of egg and sperm occurs.
ii) It occurs markedly in animals.
iii) The product of fertilization is zygote.
iv) It takes place by physical contact and mating of male and female.

Thermoplastics

i) Plastics that can be melted again and again are known as thermoplastics.
ii) They behave just like wax.
iii) These plastics can be shaped again and again.
iv) Examples: Nylon, PVC, Teflon etc.
Thermosetting Plastics:
i) Plastics that can be melted only once are known as thermosetting plastics.
ii) They become hard after melting.
iii) These plastics cannot be shaped again and again.
iv) Examples: Polyesters and Bakelite.

Lunar & Solar Eclipse

Lunar Eclipse

i) It occurs when the earth comes between moon and sun.
ii) Moon goes through series of partial eclipses when moon comes out of umbral region of earth‘s
shadow.
iii) Earth lies in umbral region at total eclipse when earth lies exactly between moon and sun and its
shadow covers the whole moon.

Solar Eclipse

i) It occurs when moon comes between earth and sun.
ii) Partial eclipse of sun occurs as in Penumbra can see a part of the sun.
iii) At the total eclipse of the sun, the shadow of moon which it throws on earth consists of an umbra
and penumbra people on earth who are in umbral region cannot see the sun.

Asteroid & Meteorite

Asteroid:

i) The small rocky objects which are orbiting the sun between orbits of Mars and Jupiter are known
as asteroids.

ii) Its origin is concentrated to the remains of planets that fell apart.
iii) Asteroid means star like but these are known as minor planets.

Meteorite:

i) Tiny chunk of material floating in space, which can also enter the earth‘s atmosphere and become
meteor are known as meteorites.
ii) It may originate by the disintegration of comet.
iii) A falling star (Meteor) is seen as a streak of light in sky.

Renewable & Non-renewable resources

Renewable Resources

i) Renewable resources are used continuously and can be used again and again.
original materials, causing the reactant's stored energy to decrease. (In scientific terms, the reactants
have "less total enthalpy" than the product.)
iii) The resulting product of the reaction is less stable because, the higher the energy bond, the less
strength its molecules possess.
iv) Most endothermic reactions are not spontaneous.
v) Example: Melting ice. In order for ice to melt, it needs to draw in the heat (energy) from its
surroundings. The ice becomes less stable as it responds to the increased heat. The ice stored energy
decreases. The end product
ii) Major examples are: air, water, soil, wildlife, forests, fish etc.
iii) These resources support millions of people all over the world.
iv) Renewable resources are constantly renewed by bio-geochemical cycles of nature.

Non-renewable Resources

i) Non-renewable resources cannot be used again and again after their consumption.
ii) Major examples include: Coal, oil, natural gas etc.
iii) These resources cannot support millions of people all over the world.
iv) Non-renewable resources are being exhausted day by day because their demand rises. Due to
worldwide demand of fossil fuels, its supplies are declining.
OR

Renewable resources-

1) the resources that can be renewed by reproduction are called renewable resources.
2) Renewable resources are inexhaustible.
3) Renewable resources are not affected by the human activities.
4) All biotic resources are renewable.
5) For example: air and water.


Non-renewable resources-

1) the resources that are present in fixed quantities are called non-renewable resources.
2) Non-renewable resources are inexhaustible.
3) Non-renewable resources are affected by human activities.
4) Some abiotic resources are non-renewable.
5) For example- fossil fuels and minerals.

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God has sent us to do something special,Life is once for all but not to be Repeated by a pendulum.