Originally Posted by sadafnoorelahi

green boy kindly evaluate my answers and suggest suitable improvements. @ all the rest criticism,suggestions,comments are strongly encouraged.

Q: 5 “Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is a form of psychotherapy and a philosophy of living created by Albert Ellis in 1950’s.” In your opinion to what extent can it be judged successful in the contemporary psychotherapies?

Psychotherapy:
non-invasive technique which presumes that psychological disturbances are a consequence of faulty behaviour and though process.
Or
Curative technique employed to minimize psychological disturbance

R.E.B.T: rational emotional behaviour therapy was introduced by albert allis. The therapy is a cognitive, emotive behavioural therapy. It uses empirical-logico system and scientific approach to understanding that nothing in the world is all sacred. It aims to help an individual to start desiring and stop demanding. It helps the individual to attempt to change that he can and to put up with that he cannot change.
Basically, albert ellis identified that sometimes when individuals are upset they self talk using irrational statements. These statements do more harm than benefit.

ABC of R.E.B.T:
Albert ellis used the concept of ABC in R.E.B.T. A is the activating factor so it is an event or any triggering factor, B are the core beliefs and C stands for the emotional upsetting consequences. Albert ellis wanted the individuals to identify that their emotional upsetting situation was not a result of A, activating factor rather it was B, their beliefs that led them from A to C.
A---B--C---D----E
Where A is activating experience
B is core beliefs
C is distressful consequence
D is disputations
E stands for the outcome and termination of the process

Core beliefs:
Core beliefs are the guidelines, rules and policies that individuals follow in their life. These core beliefs are the cause of most emotional disturbances. Some of the core beliefs are
• I cannot make mistakes
• I cannot take responsibility
• Individuals need a higher authority to assist them always
• Nothing wrong can happen with me
• I can lead the whole life without confronting troubles and problems.

Goals of R.E.B.T
• To leave the client at the end of therapy with reduction in emotional distress
• To help the client face negative aspects, situations in the life

Principles of R.E.BT:

R.E.B.T basically works on the objective of leaving the client at the end of therapy in a situation where he can make free choices of his lifestyle and behaviour. In this case, the therapist disputes an individual’s irrational beliefs and emphasizes on taking control of his life

Techniques of R.E.B.T

Cognitive therapies
These therapies are aimed at distinguishing irrational beliefs from the rational beliefs. Therapist helps the patient to dispute his irrational beliefs .

Emotive therapies:
To further help the client to dispute his irraritional beliefs, emotive techniques are employed. This includes role playing. Sometimes the therapist sets examples. In other cases he even exaggerates the client’s characteristics. In role playing an individual acts out in order to overcome the distressful situation.

Another commonly employed emotive technique is shame attack. in this case shame associated with certain behaviors is attacked in order to make the person feel confident of his moves. Sometimes, therapist makes a humor of the situation in order to help the patient overcome the stressful situation in a light mood.

Behaviour techniques:
The behaviour techniques ,often used by the therapist include mind imaging, muscle relaxation, breathing exercises. Such measures can be conducive in overcoming the stressful situation.

R.E.B.T in modern times
R.E.B.T in recent times has been used to manage depression, anxiety disorder, general stress disorders. It has also been found to be useful in resolving marital problems. In addition, adolescents can also be cured by using the therapy. The major advantage of this therapy is that it is a quick therapy and can be used for individuals as well as groups.

Criticism of R.E.B.T
• The technique has been criticized for its harsh treatment of the patient
• Often, it is humiliating experience for the clients particularly in shame attacking technique
• It cannot be used for the cure of seriously mental ill patients
• It requires cooperation from the client

Conclusion: R.EB.T of albert ellis is an important psychotherapy. It employs cognitive, emotive and behavioural techniques. It stands out among other techniques as it is fast and often efficient. However, it has been criticized for its harsh treatment and often humiliating impact on the clients.
Q5 list various therapies used in psychogical treatment and write about any two in detail.

Q6. Define therapy. List various therapies used in psychology and write about any one briefly.

Therapy : it is defined as a curative technique
Or
It may be defined as a methods employed which are aimed at relieving physical and emotional pain.
There are many types of therapies
• Art therapy
• Expressive therapy
• Group therapy
• Family therapy
• Gestalt therapy
• Humanistic therapy
• Client centrred therapy
• Psychoanalytic therapy.

Psychoanalytic therapy
Introduction: the therapy was designed by Sigmund freud. This therapy is based on the assumption that many psychological disturbances are a result of childhood experiences, mostly sexual experiences. Often, individuals are unable to recall them as they are not a part of the conscious mind. Through extensive probing, freud was able to identify the issue and then help the patient in sorting out the conflict.

Techniques
a) Free association:
In this method, the patient is asked to lie down on the couch and allow his mind to wander off freely. He is them asked to speak out whatever comes to his mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

b) Resistence: freud observed that often individuals use resistence in the process of free association as a defense mechanism. he believed that the conflict was present beneath such a resistence. Therefore, he probed further.

c) Interpretation: often psychoanalytic therapy involves interpretation of dreams and free association. The therapist then tries to give meaning to the dream or the words to understand the issue.

d) Dream analysis: freud focused a lot on dream analysis. As he believed that dream were the royal road to unconscious. In dreams there are manifest and hidden content. Freud held the view that often repressed feelings are expressed through dreams. Therefore, analysis of dreams can be beneficial in the process.

e) Transference: the most sensitive and inevitable aspect of psychoanalysis is transference. This is the condition, when the client begins to identify the therapist as his family or friend and opens up himself. This transference is very important for the process of psychoanalysis. This may be positive or negative.

In positive transference, client develops a rapport with the therapist and confides on him. In negative transference, he becomes hostile and aggressive towards the therapist.
Transference is critical for the process for if it is from the patient to the therapist it is benefial for the process, but if it vice versa then it mars the essence of the process.

f) Catharsis: after the outburst, an individual feels relaxed. This relaxation is called as the catharsis and it is the end point of the process of psychoanalysis.

g) Termination: after catharsis, the conflict is resolved. This marks the termination of the psychoanalytic process.

Advantages of the process

• The conflict can be resolved resulting in the reduction of distress
• Often, a positive relationship is built between the therapist and the client.

Criticism
Psychoanalytic method has been criticized for being very lengthy. Sometimes, the conflict may be resolved in a little time, but in other cases it may extend to weeks, months and even years. As a result, the process becomes expensive as well.
In addition, its efficiency has also been under criticism naom Chomsky has condemned the process for lacking scientific basis.