• Regime change: Egypt, Tunisia, Libya and Yemen
• Regime Change On the way: Syria
• Major political reforms: Morocco
• Substantial reforms: Jordan, Bahrain and Algeria;
• Minor reforms: Saudi Arabia, Oman and the Palestinian Authority.

• Prolong Dictatorship
• Absolute monarchy
• Human rights violations
• Government corruption
• economic decline
• unemployment
• extreme poverty
• Famine
• Declining Education and increasing Illiteracy

• Bahrain
• Egypt
• Tunisia
• Syria
• Libya
• Yemen

• Oman
• UAE
• Qatar
• Saudi Arabia
• Jordan
• Algeria
• Iran
• Kuwait
• Morocco

Living standards
Literacy rates
Increased availability of higher education
Human development index
Better understanding between government and the people

• President of Tunisia- Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali, ruled Tunisia for over 25 years and forced from power
• Revolution
• Protestor’s suicide (angry with the governments neglect for human welfare)
• Over 300 citizens died during the revolution
• Revolution goals- to end poverty, unfair treatment of citizens, gain human rights and political power for the people
• Musical influence- El General
• President and jwife sentenced to 35 years in jail

• President Mubarak- ruled Egypt for 30 years
• Resigned Feb. 11th, 2011
• Country was governed by the military throughout his reign
• Revolt Againts
• High poverty rate
• Low literacy of population
• High unemployment
• 18 days of protest
• The Facebook Revolution of the Youth;
• Social networking, Internet, and Intranet;

• 1969- overthrow of the monarchy
• Led by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, in power for 40 years
• Dictatorship- only 1 political party allowed
• August 2011- Gaddafi fled Tripoli
• Captured in October and killed
• ational Transitional Council- revolution leaders and current government of Liyba
• Most people live in overcrowded cities
• 1 in 5 people are farmers, but only 1% of the land is farmable
• Government very controlling- little freedom

• President of Algeria- Abdelaziz Bouteflika
• Pressured to change the Constitution and limit Presidential power
• Issues with the government and the people had been brewing for over 19 years
• Revolution Triggered by high food prices, starvation
• Small population (elite) controlled the government
• Riots and protests occurred throughout the country
• In February, Bouteflika promised changes and freedom of the press.

• On March 20, 2011, Ali Abdullah Saleh fired his entire cabinet to try to appease protestors. Signed over power to his deputy on April 23 but refused to hand over power, after ruling for 33 years (took power in 1978).
• Saleh was injured in a rocket attack, sustained massive burns and was treated in Saudi Arabia.
• He did not formally step down until last week and new elections have not yet been held. Saleh's deputy Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi is the only candidate, in the future elections.

• Massive repression and death in the thousands as Bashir Al-Assad attempts to hold onto power.
• Cities of Homs, Damascus, and Hama saw the most intense fighting and deaths in the early days. The Syrian opposition received recognition by many in the world in 2013.
• Complications: Syria/Israeli borders. Role of Syria in Lebanon, and the Lebanon/Israeli borders (role of Hezbollah), floods of refugees into southern Turkey.

• UN : sanction to Libya
• Arab league : accept a mediation by Hugo Chavez
• NATO : attack in Libya are assimilated to a crime against humanity
• South Korea launched tracts on north Korea about the Arab Spring
• US : position of army near the Libyan coast
• EU : sanction on Libya, embargo