Nobel Prize

Introduction:
The Nobel Prize is a set of annual international awards bestowed in a number of categories by Scandinavian committees in recognition of cultural and/or scientific advances. The will of the Swedish philanthropist inventor Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895. The prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace were first awarded in 1901. The related Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was created in 1968. Between 1901 and 2012, the Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 555 times to 863 people and organizations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 835 individuals and 21 organizations. There are six categories in total peace, literature, physics, economics, Chemistry and physiology/medicine

The Peace Prize is awarded in Oslo, Norway, while the other prizes are awarded in Stockholm, Sweden. The Nobel Prize is widely regarded as the most prestigious award available in the fields of literature, medicine, physics, chemistry, peace, and economics.

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Nobel Prize in Physics, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences; the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; the Swedish Academy grants the Nobel Prize in Literature; and the Nobel Peace Prize is not awarded by a Swedish organisation but by the Norwegian Nobel Committee.

The highest number of Nobel Prize wins goes to the International Committee of the Red Cross with three separate Nobel Peace Prizes in year 1917, 1944 and 1963.

Marie Curie: The leading light in a family that between them amassed a remarkable five Nobel Prizes in the fields of Chemistry (1903) and Physics (1911). She became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize in 1903 with the Physics award for their research into radiation. She later became the first person to receive two Nobel Prizes when she was given the Chemistry Prize in 1911 for her discovery of radium and polonium, and her further research into radium.

List of famous Noble laureate in Physics: Albert Einstein (1921), Sir James Chadwick (1935), Wilhelm C. Röntgen (1901), Pierre Curie (1903), Georges Charpak (1992), Andre Geim (2010)

List of noble laureate in Peace: Martin Luther King Jr. (1964), Nelson Mendela (1993), Mother Teresa (1993), Jean H. Dunant (1901), Theodore Roosevelt (1906), EU (2012), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (2005), Jimmy Carter (2002), Amnesty International (1977), Office of UN High Commission for Refugees (1954)

List of noble laureate in Chemistry: Sir William Ramsay (1904), Ernest Rutherford (1908), Fritz Haber (1918), Hans Fischer (1930), Otto Hahn (1944), Melvin Calvin (1961), Paul J. Flory (1974), Henry Taube (1983), Peter Agre (2003),

List of noble laureate in Literature: Rabindranath Tagore (1913), Jean Paul Sartre (1964 - declined), George Bernard Shaw (1925), T. S. Eliot (1948), Sir Winston Churchill (1953), Pablo Neruda (1971)

List of noble laureate in Physiology or medicine: Francis Crick, James Watson and Maurice Wilkins (1962), 6. Sir Alexander Fleming (1945), Sir Ronald Ross (1902), Robert Koch (Germany), Karl Landsteiner (1930), Hermann Muller (1946), Robert G. Edwards (2010), Sydney Brenner (2002)


List of noble laureate in Economics: Sir Clive Granger (2003), Paul A. Samuelson (1970), Milton Friedman (1976), Herbert A. Simon (1978), James Tobin (1981), Paul Krugman (2008), Amartya Sen (1998), Robert M. Solow (1987).

2014 Nobel Prize winner:

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014: Isamu Akasaki (JPN), Hiroshi Amano (JPN) and Shuji Nakamura (USA) - for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources"

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014: Eric Betzig (USA), Stefan W. Hell (Ger) and William E. Moerner (USA)- for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014: John O'Keefe (US & UK), May-Britt Moser (Norway) and Edvard I. Moser (Norway) - for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain.

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2014: Patrick Modiano (France) - for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation.

The Nobel Peace Prize 2014: Kailash Satyarthi (Ind) and Malala Yousafzai (Pak) - for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education.

The Nobel Prize for Economics 2014: Jean Tirole (French) - for his analysis of market power and regulation.