A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes in front of the Sun causing a shadow to fall on certain portions of the Earth.
The eclipse is not seen from every place on earth, but only from locations where the shadow falls. From these locations it appears as if the Sun has gone dark.

There are three main parts of a moon's shadow during an eclipse called the
Umbra, penumbra and antumbra.

The umbra is the portion of the moon's shadow where the moon completely covers the Sun.

The area of the shadow beyond the point of the umbra is called the antumbra. Here the moon is completely in front of the sun, but doesn't cover the entire Sun.
The outline of the Sun can be seen around the shadow of the moon.

The area of the shadow where only a portion of the moon is in front of the Sun is known as penumbra.

There at three types of eclipse:
Total
Annular
And Partial.

A total eclipse is where the Sun is completely covered by the Moon. The portion of the earth that is in the umbra experiences a total eclipse.

An annular eclipse is when the Moon covers the Sun, but the Sun can be seen around the edges of the Moon. An annular eclipse occurs when the observer is within the antumbra.

A partial eclipse is when only a portion of the Sun is blocked by the Moon. It occurs when the observer is within the penumbra.