Kindly point out any omissions, additions or changes thereof in the outline. Thanks in anticipation.

Means Justify Ends

1. Introduction:
Machiavelli’s doctrine introduces the world to the concept that if the objective is noble, whatever ways are employed in achieving it stand justified. This doctrine is heavily criticized but in all practicality, ends do justify the means and not the vice versa.

2.Micro-level Justification of Machiavelli’s Doctrine
a. A society gauges an individual by results delivered not the means; a failure excites no interest.
b. Instances like abortion: save the child or the mother?
c. The validity of the means is subjective e.g.: the legend of Robin Hood: A hero for the poor and a villain for the rich.
d. George Orwell’s Animal Farm: The animals break the fence for food at Farmer Jones apathy.

3. Macro-level Justification of the doctrine
a. Wars: They serve the objectives of states and are a reality.
b. Repression by state of its own people: Autocratic yet necessary for maintaining order.
c. States versus States:
i. Spying and Infiltrations for state security.
ii. Sanctions and blockades to achieve goals like nuclear disarmament of Iran or opposition to apartheid in South Africa

4.Anti-thesis
a. The use of unfair means lead to many side-effects such as humanitarian crisis due to wars, repression and blockades.
b. Studying the negative effects of one-child policy in China as a means for Population Control
i. Violation of Basic Human Rights.
ii. Increased female-fetus abortions leading to gender discrepancy.
iii. Psychological effects: The birth of “child emperors”.
c. Right ends can be achieved by right means as shown by the following people:
i. Martin Luther King Jr. and the struggle for Black Man’s Rights
ii. M. K. Gandhi and his philosophy of non-violence.

5.Synthesis
a. Instead of outright rejection of giving freedom to choose any means due to side-effects, making a cost-benefit analysis is a more balanced approach.
b. Winners and losers are parcel of every race and hence opportunity cost has to be borne.
c. Morals, laws and norms are subjective and dynamic with respect to time; hence a dynamic approach is to focus on ends than the means.

6.Conclusion
Though theoretically the ways chosen to achieve a good result must be positive but since desperate times require extraordinary measures, the ends should justify the means.