Rationalism (Plato, Descartes, Spinoza); Empiricism (Locke, Berkeley, Hume); Transcendentalism (Kant); Intuitionism (Bergsonl)

Introduction (CHAPTER)
Intro: (Source of knowledge, it’s generation & process)
How we know, what we know! Basic problems of human life and their solution by answering with the approaches of the following approaches:
1-Rationalist (reason)
2-Empricist (experience)
PQ
QR
Therefore, PQ

III. Epistemology:
1. Introduction
Term: Greek word; “episteme”-knowledge & “logos”-study. Thus, “study of knowledge”
Study of knowledge & justified belief. It has 2 no of tasks:

i-Nature of knowledge, what we shall know?
ii-Limitation of knowledge, how much do we know?
Skepticism: an attitude of doubting that claims or statements are true or that something will happen.
Intuition: the ability to know something by using your feelings rather than considering the facts.
Empiricism: the use of experiments or experience as the basis for your ideas; the belief in these methods
Additional Epistemological Issues
 Virtue Epistemology
 Naturalistic Epistemology
 Religious Epistemology (Onto+Cosmo+logical issues) Though, evidentialists do not believe in the existence of God
 Moral Epistemology
 Social & Feminist Epistemology


1. Epistemology:
 Epistemologists focus on factual, proportional knowledge (2+2=4). Contrary, 2+2=7, killing people for fun etc
 Exploring more details about knowledge
 Thus it is, “what we can know about the knowledge itself”

2. Types of Knowledge
a-LOGICAL
A>B>C then C<A

b-SEMANTIC
Bachelor means un-married, & then is new born baby is unmarred?
Thus, dictionary defines the meaning of Bachelor word.

c-SYSTEMIC
Scientific, Mathematics knowledge
2+2=4, triangle=180

d-EMPIRICAL
Knowledge through 5 senses by (JTB) Justified True Belief


It is the nature of proportional knowledge:
Belief (about sth, salary increases, etc
Truth (changeable
Justification (might be false some times

However, some times, matters and coincidence makes the true knowledge as false:

The Gettier Problem (JTB) 1963
Publish an article in 1963 for epistemological problem about the (JTB) Justified True Belief
11:56 pm night
11:56 noon, though justified but false due to matter of luck