Sought some useful points of Copenhagen

[sasas098]

AOA all aspirants,
Plz do share some useful points on Copenhagen Conference that what the world had achieved by conducting this conference? And at which point the conference ended?

[salman sial]

targets for copenhagen conference were
a.to form an agenda with consesus on environment which might set new bench marks.
B.to formulate a system which wud verify explicit emission pledged by all major n developing countries are being honoured or not.
C.to ensure the limit agreed by countries to 1.5-2.0 *c.
4.to create a fund to facilitate the developing countries to mitigate the environmental challenges.
Achievements:
positives
1.an agreement was shown by all participants to form an int.org.to verify that commitments are being honoured.
2.int.climate fund of 100b$ till 2020.
3.serious involvement of usa.
4.though conference proved inconclusive yet al member vowed to meet again and continue talks(now next meeting wil b held in mexico in short time perhaps 2011)
negatives:
1.it produced nthng novel.same targets are set by kyoto protocol.
2.no strict measures to bind dev.countries to cut usage of carbon.
3.similar type of promises regarding monetary assistance were commited in kyoto protocol.
Reasons of failure.
1.non-serious attitude of dev countries n their reluctance in adhering to climate control regime.
2.incompatability bw compulsion of industrialization & req.of enviroment agenda.
3.growing gulf bw dev & developing countries.
Results:overall the conference was marked by differences bw dev.&developing countries.undoubtedly these differences highlighted the increasing gulf bw 1st world & 3rd world.it left many que unanswere like who wil cut n how much(usage of Cfcs).who wil pay n how much n who wil manage these funds.
Conclusion.we can live without a new trade agreement bt we cant live without a new climate.

[Kamran]

Copenhagen Accord

1. We underline that climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time. We
emphasise our strong political will to urgently combat climate change in accordance with the principle of
common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. To achieve the ultimate objective
of the Convention to stabilize greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere at a level that would
prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, we shall, recognizing the
scientific view that the increase in global temperature should be below 2 degrees Celsius, on the basis of
equity and in the context of sustainable development, enhance our long-term cooperative action to
combat climate change. We recognize the critical impacts of climate change and the potential impacts of
response measures on countries particularly vulnerable to its adverse effects and stress the need to
establish a comprehensive adaptation programme including international support.

2. We agree that deep cuts in global emissions are required according to science, and as
documented by the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report with a view to reduce global emissions so as to hold
the increase in global temperature below 2 degrees Celsius, and take action to meet this objective
consistent with science and on the basis of equity. We should cooperate in achieving the peaking of
global and national emissions as soon as possible, recognizing that the time frame for peaking will be
longer in developing countries and bearing in mind that social and economic development and poverty
eradication are the first and overriding priorities of developing countries and that a low-emission
development strategy is indispensable to sustainable development.

3. Adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change and the potential impacts of response
measures is a challenge faced by all countries. Enhanced action and international cooperation on
adaptation is urgently required to ensure the implementation of the Convention by enabling and
supporting the implementation of adaptation actions aimed at reducing vulnerability and building
resilience in developing countries, especially in those that are particularly vulnerable, especially least
developed countries, small island developing States and Africa. We agree that developed countries shall
provide adequate, predictable and sustainable financial resources, technology and capacity-building to
support the implementation of adaptation action in developing countries.

4. Annex I Parties commit to implement individually or jointly the quantified economywide
emissions targets for 2020, to be submitted in the format given in Appendix I by Annex I Parties to
the secretariat by 31 January 2010 for compilation in an INF document. Annex I Parties that are Party to
the Kyoto Protocol will thereby further strengthen the emissions reductions initiated by the Kyoto
Protocol. Delivery of reductions and financing by developed countries will be measured, reported and
verified in accordance with existing and any further guidelines adopted by the Conference of the Parties,
and will ensure that accounting of such targets and finance is rigorous, robust and transparent.

5. Non-Annex I Parties to the Convention will implement mitigation actions, including
those to be submitted to the secretariat by non-Annex I Parties in the format given in Appendix II by
31 January 2010, for compilation in an INF document, consistent with Article 4.1 and Article 4.7 and in
the context of sustainable development. Least developed countries and small island developing States
may undertake actions voluntarily and on the basis of support. Mitigation actions subsequently taken and
envisaged by Non-Annex I Parties, including national inventory reports, shall be communicated through
national communications consistent with Article 12.1(b) every two years on the basis of guidelines to be
adopted by the Conference of the Parties. Those mitigation actions in national communications or
otherwise communicated to the Secretariat will be added to the list in appendix II. Mitigation actions
taken by Non-Annex I Parties will be subject to their domestic measurement, reporting and verification
the result of which will be reported through their national communications every two years. Non-Annex I
Parties will communicate information on the implementation of their actions through National
Communications, with provisions for international consultations and analysis under clearly defined
guidelines that will ensure that national sovereignty is respected. Nationally appropriate mitigation
actions seeking international support will be recorded in a registry along with relevant technology,
finance and capacity building support. Those actions supported will be added to the list in appendix II.
These supported nationally appropriate mitigation actions will be subject to international measurement,
reporting and verification in accordance with guidelines adopted by the Conference of the Parties.

6. We recognize the crucial role of reducing emission from deforestation and forest
degradation and the need to enhance removals of greenhouse gas emission by forests and agree on the
need to provide positive incentives to such actions through the immediate establishment of a mechanism
including REDD-plus, to enable the mobilization of financial resources from developed countries.

7. We decide to pursue various approaches, including opportunities to use markets, to
enhance the cost-effectiveness of, and to promote mitigation actions. Developing countries, especially those with low emitting economies should be provided incentives to continue to develop on a low
emission pathway.

8. Scaled up, new and additional, predictable and adequate funding as well as improved
access shall be provided to developing countries, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the
Convention, to enable and support enhanced action on mitigation, including substantial finance to reduce
emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD-plus), adaptation, technology development
and transfer and capacity-building, for enhanced implementation of the Convention. The collective
commitment by developed countries is to provide new and additional resources, including forestry and
investments through international institutions, approaching USD 30 billion for the period 2010 – 2012
with balanced allocation between adaptation and mitigation. Funding for adaptation will be prioritized
for the most vulnerable developing countries, such as the least developed countries, small island
developing States and Africa. In the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on
implementation, developed countries commit to a goal of mobilizing jointly USD 100 billion dollars a
year by 2020 to address the needs of developing countries. This funding will come from a wide variety of
sources, public and private, bilateral and multilateral, including alternative sources of finance. New
multilateral funding for adaptation will be delivered through effective and efficient fund arrangements,
with a governance structure providing for equal representation of developed and developing countries. A
significant portion of such funding should flow through the Copenhagen Green Climate Fund.

9. To this end, a High Level Panel will be established under the guidance of and
accountable to the Conference of the Parties to study the contribution of the potential sources of revenue,
including alternative sources of finance, towards meeting this goal.

10. We decide that the Copenhagen Green Climate Fund shall be established as an operating
entity of the financial mechanism of the Convention to support projects, programme, policies and other
activities in developing countries related to mitigation including REDD-plus, adaptation, capacitybuilding,
technology development and transfer.

11. In order to enhance action on development and transfer of technology we decide to
establish a Technology Mechanism to accelerate technology development and transfer in support of
action on adaptation and mitigation that will be guided by a country-driven approach and be based on
national circumstances and priorities.

12. We call for an assessment of the implementation of this Accord to be completed by
2015, including in light of the Convention’s ultimate objective. This would include consideration of
strengthening the long-term goal referencing various matters presented by the science, including in
relation to temperature rises of 1.5 degrees Celsius.