Weights and Measures

[Sureshlasi]

Weights and Measures

Areas or Surfaces

1 acre = 43,560 square feet = 4,840 square yards = 0.405 hectare
1 are = 119.599 square yards = 0.025 acre
1 bolt length = 100 yards
1 bolt width = 45 or 60 inches
1 hectare = 2.471 acres
1 mile square = 1 section (of land)
1 square (building) = 100 square feet
1 square centimeter = 0.155 square inch
1 square decimeter = 15.500 square inches
1 square foot = 929.030 square centimeters
1 square inch = 6.4516 square centimeters
1 square kilometer = 247.104 acres = 0.386 square mile
1 square meter = 1.196 square yards = 10.764 square feet
1 square mile = 258.999 hectares
1 square millimeter = 0.002 square inch
1 square rod, square pole, or square perch = 25.293 square meters
1 square yard = 0.836 square meter
10,000 square centimeters = 1 square meter = 1,000,000 square millimeters
100 acres = 40.5 hectare = 405,000 square meters
100 hectares = 1 square kilometer = 1,000,000 square meters
100 square meters = 1 are
100 square millimeters = 1 square centimeter
144 square inches = 1 square foot
160 square rods = 1 acre = 4,840 square yards = 43,560 square feet
30 1/4 square yards = 1 square rod = 272 1/4 square feet
40 square rods = 1 rood
6 miles square = 1 township = 36 sections = 36 square miles
640 acres = 1 square mile
9 square feet = 1 square yard = 1,296 square inches










Capacities or Volumes

1 barrel liquid = 31 to 42 gallons
1 barrel, standard, cranberry = 5,826 cubic inches = 86 45/64 dry quarts = 2.709 bushels, struck measure
1 barrel, standard, for fruits, vegetables, and other dry commodities except dry cranberries = 7,056 cubic inches = 105 dry quarts = 3.281 bushels, struck measure
1 board foot = a foot-square board 1 inch thick
1 bushel (British Imperial) (struck measure) = 1.032 U.S. bushels struck measure = 2,219.36 cubic inches
1 bushel (U.S.) (struck measure) = 2,150.42 cubic inches = 35.239 liters
1 bushel, heaped (U.S.) = 2,747.715 cubic inches = 1.278 bushels, struck measure
1 cord firewood = 128 cubic feet
1 cubic centimeter = 0.061 cubic inch
1 cubic decimeter = 61.024 cubic inches
1 cubic foot = 7.481 gallons = 28.317 cubic decimeters
1 cubic inch = 0.554 fluid ounce = 4.433 fluid drams = 16.387 cubic centimeters
1 cubic meter = 1.308 cubic yards
1 cubic yard = 0.765 cubic meter
1 cup, measuring = 8 fluid ounces = 1/2 liquid pint
1 deciliter = 2.642 gallons = 1.135 pecks
1 dram, fluid (British) = 0.961 U.S. fluid dram = 0.217 cubic inch = 3.552 milliliters
1 gallon (British Imperial) = 277.42 cubic inches = 1.201 U.S. gallons = 4.546 liters = 160 British fluid ounces
1 gallon (U.S.) = 231 cubic inches = 3.785 liters = 0.833 British gallon = 128 U.S. fluid ounces
1 gill = 7.219 cubic inches = 4 fluid ounces = 0.118 liter
1 hectoliter = 26.418 gallons = 2.838 bushels
1 liter = 1.057 liquid quarts = 0.908 dry quart = 61.025 cubic inches
1 milliliter = 0.271 fluid dram = 16.231 minims = 0.061 cubic inch
1 ounce liquid (U.S.) = 1.805 cubic inches = 29.573 milliliters = 1.041 British fluid ounces
1 ounce, fluid (British) = 0.961 U.S. fluid ounce = 1.734 cubic inches = 28.412 milliliters
1 peck = 8.810 liters
1 pint, dry = 33.600 cubic inches = 0.551 liter
1 pint, liquid = 28.875 cubic inches = 0.473 liter
1 quart (British) = 69.354 cubic inches = 1.032 U.S. dry quarts = 1.201 U.S. liquid quarts
1 quart dry (U.S.) = 67.201 cubic inches = 1.01 liters = 0.969 British quart
1 quart liquid (U.S.) = 57.75 cubic inches = 0.946 liter = 0.833 British quart
1 tablespoon = 3 teaspoons = 4 fluid drams = 1/2 fluid ounce
1 teaspoon = 1/3 tablespoon = 1 1/3 fluid drams










Cubic Measure

1 cubic foot = 1,728 cubic inches
1,000 cubic centimeters = 1 cubic decimeter = 1,000,000 cubic millimeters
1,000 cubic decimeters = 1 cubic meter = 1 stere = 1,000,000 cubic centimeters = 1,000,000,000 cubic millimeters
1,000 cubic millimeters = 1 cubic centimeter
27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard









Lengths

1 angstrom = 0.1 nanometer = 0.0001 micrometer = 0.0000001 millimeter = .000000004 inch
1 cable's length = 120 fathoms = 720 feet = 219 meters
1 centimeter = 0.3937 inch
1 chain (engineers) = 100 feet = 30.48 meters
1 chain (Gunter's or surveyor's) = 66 feet = 20.1168 meters
1 decimeter = 3.937 inches
1 degree (geographical) = 364,566.929 feet = 69.047 miles = 111.123 kilometers
1 degree of latitude = 68.708 miles at equator = 69.403 miles at poles
1 degree of longitude = 69,171 miles at equator
1 decameter = 32.808 feet
1 fathom = 6 feet = 1.8288 meters
1 foot = 0.3048 meters
1 furlong = 10 chains (surveyors) = 660 feet = 1/8 statute mile = 201.168 meters
1 hand = 4 inches
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters
1 international nautical mile = 1.852 kilometers = 1.150779 survey miles = 6,076.11549 feet
1 kilometer = 0.621 mile = 3,281.5 feet
1 league = 3 survey miles = 4.828 kilometers
1 link (Gunter's or surveyor's) = 7.92 inches = 0.201 meter
1 link engineers = 1 foot = 0.305 meter
1 meter = 39.37 inches = 1.094 yards
1 micrometer = 0.001 millimeter = 0.00003937 inch
1 mil = 0.001 inch = 0.0254 millimeter
1 mile = 5,280 feet = 1.609 kilometers
1 millimeter = 0.03937 inch
1 nanometer = 0.001 micrometer = 0.00000003937 inch
1 pica = 12 points
1 point = 0.013837 inch = 0.351 millimeter
1 rod, pole, or perch = 16 1/2 feet = 5.029 meters
1 yard = 0.9144 meter
100 fathoms = 1 cable length
12 inches = 1 foot
3 feet = 1 yard
3 miles = 1 league = 5,280 yards = 15,840 feet
4 rods = 1 chain 40 rods = 1 furlong = 220 yards = 660 feet
5 1/2 yards = 1 rod, pole, or perch (16 1/2 feet)
6076.11549 feet = 1 International Nautical Mile
8 furlongs = 1 statute mile = 1,760 yards = 5,280 feet








Surveyor's Chain Measure

100 links = 1 chain = 4 rods = 66 feet
7.92 inches = 1 link
80 chains = 1 survey mile = 320 rods = 5,280 feet






Temperature Conversion

From °F to °C: subtract 32, multiply by 5, divide by 9
From °C to °F: multiple by 9, divide by 5, add 32






Weights or Masses

1 assay ton = 29.167 grams
1 bale = 500 pounds in U.S. = 750 pounds in Egypt
1 carat = 200 milligrams = 3.086 grains
1 dram avoirdupois = 27 11/32 or 27.344 grains = 1.772 grams
1 gamma = 1 microgram
1 grain = 64.799 milligrams
1 gram = 15.432 grains = 0.035 ounce, avoirdupois
1 hundredweight, gross or long = 112 pounds = 50.802 kilograms
1 hundredweight, net or short = 100 pounds = 45.359 kilograms
1 kilogram = 2.205 pounds
1 microgram = 0.000001 gram
1 milligram = 0.015 grain
1 ounce, avoirdupois = 437.5 grains = 0.911 troy ounce = 28.350 grams
1 ounce, troy = 480 grains = 1.097 avoirdupois ounces = 31.103 grams
1 pennyweight = 1.555 grams
1 pound, avoirdupois = 7,000 grains = 1.215 troy pounds = 453.59237 grams
1 pound, troy = 5,760 grains = 0.823 avoirdupois pound = 373.242 grams
1 ton, gross or long = 2,240 pounds = 1.12 net tons = 1.016 metric tons
1 ton, metric = 2,204.623 pounds = 0.984 gross ton = 1.102 net tons
1 ton, net or short = 2,000 pounds = 0.893 gross ton = 0.907 metric ton
1,000 kilograms = 1 metric ton
10 centigrams = 1 decigram = 100 milligrams
10 decigrams = 1 gram = 1,000 milligrams
10 dekagrams = 1 hectogram = 100 grams
10 grams = 1 dekagram
10 hectograms = 1 kilogram = 1,000 grams
10 milligrams = 1 centigram

[Sureshlasi]

The International System (Metric)

The International System of Units is a modernized version of the metric system, established by international agreement, that provides a logical and interconnected framework for all measurements in science, industry, and commerce. The system is built on a foundation of seven basic units, and all other units are derived from them. (Use of metric weights and measures was legalized in the United States in 1866, and our customary units of weights and measures are defined in terms of the meter and kilogram.)

Length. Meter. Until 1983, the meter was defined as 1,650,763.73 wavelengths in a vacuum of the orange-red line of the spectrum of krypton-86. Since then, it has been equal to the distance traveled by light in a vacuum in 1/299,792,45 of a second.

Time. Second. The second is defined as the duration of 9,192,631,770 cycles of the radiation associated with a specified transition of the cesium-133 atom.

Mass. Kilogram. The standard for the kilogram is a cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy kept by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Paris. A duplicate at the National Bureau of Standards serves as the mass standard for the United States. The kilogram is the only base unit still defined by a physical object.

Temperature. Kelvin. The kelvin is defined as the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water; that is, the point at which water forms an interface of solid, liquid, and vapor. This temperature is defined as 0.01°C on the Centigrade or Celsius scale and 32.02°F on the Fahrenheit scale. The temperature 0 K is called “absolute zero.”

Electric Current. Ampere. The ampere is defined as that current that, if maintained in each of two long parallel wires separated by one meter in free space, would produce a force between the two wires (due to their magnetic fields) of 2 × 10-7 newton for each meter of length. (A newton is the unit of force that when applied to one kilogram mass would experience an acceleration of one meter per second per second.)

Luminous Intensity. Candela. The candela is defined as the luminous intensity of 1/600,000 of a square meter of a cavity at the temperature of freezing platinum (2,042°K).

Amount of Substance. Mole. The mole is the amount of substance of a system that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12.

[Sureshlasi]

Miscellaneous Units of Measure

acre
An area of 43,560 square feet. Originally, the area a yoke of oxen could plow in one day.

agate
Originally a measurement of type size (51/2 points). Now equal to 1/14 inch. Used in printing for measuring column length.

ampere
Unit of electric current. A potential difference of one volt across a resistance of one ohm produces a current of one ampere.

astronomical unit (A.U.)
93,000,000 miles, the average distance of the earth from the sun. Used for
astronomy.

bale
A large bundle of goods. In the U.S., the approximate weight of a bale of cotton is 500 pounds. The weight varies in other countries.

board foot (fbm)
144 cubic inches (12 in. × 12 in. × 1 in.). Used for lumber.

bolt
40 yards. Used for measuring cloth.

Btu
British thermal unit. Amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit (252 calories).

carat (c)
200 milligrams or 3.086 grains troy. Originally the weight of a seed of the carob tree in the Mediterranean region. Used for weighing precious stones.

chain (ch)
A chain 66 feet or one-tenth of a furlong in length, divided into 100 parts called links. One mile is equal to 80 chains. Used in surveying and sometimes called Gunter's or Surveyor's chain.

cubit
18 inches or 45.72 cm. Derived from distance between elbow and tip of middle finger.

decibel
Unit of relative loudness. One decibel is the smallest amount of change detectable by the human ear.

ell, English
11/4 yards or 1/32 bolt. Used for measuring cloth.

freight, ton (also called measurement ton)
40 cubic feet of merchandise. Used for cargo freight.

great gross
12 gross or 1728.

gross
12 dozen or 144.

hand
4 inches or 10.16 cm. Derived from the width of the hand. Used for measuring the height of horses at withers.

hertz
Modern unit for measurement of electromagnetic wave frequencies (equivalent to “cycles per second”).

hogshead (hhd)
2 liquid barrels or 14,653 cubic inches.

horsepower
The power needed to lift 33,000 pounds a distance of one foot in one minute (about 11/2 times the power an average horse can exert). Used for measuring power of steam engines, etc.

karat (kt)
A measure of the purity of gold, indicating how many parts out of 24 are pure. For example: 18-karat gold is 3/4 pure. Sometimes spelled carat.

knot
Not a distance, but the rate of speed of one nautical mile per hour. Used for measuring speed of ships.

league
Rather indefinite and varying measure, but usually estimated at 3 miles in English-speaking countries.

light-year
5,880,000,000,000 miles, the distance light travels in a vacuum in a year at the rate of 186,281.7 miles (299,792 kilometers) per second. (If an astronomical unit were represented by one inch, a light-year would be represented by about one mile.) Used for measurements in interstellar space.

magnum
Two-quart bottle. Used for measuring wine, etc.

ohm
Unit of electrical resistance. A circuit in which a potential difference of one volt produces a current of one ampere has a resistance of one ohm.

parsec
Approximately 3.26 light-years or 3.08 × 1013 km (1.92 × 1013 mi). Term is combination of first syllables of parallax and second, and distance is that of imaginary star when lines drawn from it to both Earth and the Sun form a maximum angle or parallax of one second (1/3600 degree). Used for measuring interstellar distances.

pi (π)
3.14159265+. The ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. For practical purposes, the value is used to four decimal places: 3.1416.

pica
1/6 inch or 12 points. Used in printing for measuring column width, etc.

pipe
2 hogsheads. Used for measuring wine and other liquids.

point
.013837 (approximately 1/72) inch or 1/12 pica. Used in printing for measuring type size.

quintal
100,000 grams or 220.46 pounds avoirdupois.

quire
Used for measuring paper. Sometimes 24 sheets but more often 25. There are 20 quires to a ream.

ream
Used for measuring paper. Sometimes 480 sheets, but more often 500 sheets.

roentgen
International Unit of radiation exposure produced by X-rays.

score
20 units.

sound, speed of
Usually placed at 1,088 ft. per second at 32°F at sea level. It varies at other temperatures and in different media.

span
9 inches or 22.86 cm. Derived from the distance between the end of the thumb and the end of the little finger when both are outstretched.

square
100 square feet. Used in building.

stone
Legally 14 pounds avoirdupois in the U.K.

therm
100,000 Btus.

township
U.S. land measurement of almost 36 square miles. The south border is 6 miles long. The east and west borders, also 6 miles long, follow the meridians, making the north border slightly less than 6 miles long. Used in surveying.

tun
252 gallons, but often larger. Used for measuring wine and other liquids.

watt
Unit of power. The power used by a current of one ampere across a potential difference of one volt equals one watt.