Presidents of USA
 

[CENTER][B][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][COLOR=Navy]1 — GEORGE WASHINGTON[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/B]
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[FONT=Verdana][COLOR=#000000]George Washington[/COLOR] possibly named after George Eskridge, a lawyer who took care of Washington's mother after she was orphaned. [/FONT]

[FONT=Verdana][B]Born:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]February 22[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1732[/COLOR] at [COLOR=#000000]Westmoreland County[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Colony of Virginia[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]British America[/COLOR][/FONT] (1732-02-22)
[FONT=Verdana][B]Died:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]December 14[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1799[/COLOR] (aged 67) at [COLOR=#000000]Mount Vernon[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Virginia[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]United States[/COLOR][/FONT]
[FONT=Verdana][B]Nationality:[/B] British (at birth) American (at death)
[/FONT][B]Father:[/B] Augustine Washington
[B]Mother:[/B] Mary Ball Washington
[FONT=Verdana][B]Spouse:[/B] [/FONT] Martha Dandridge Custis (1732-1802), on January 6, 1759
[B]Education:[/B] No formal education
[FONT=Verdana][B]Occupation:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Farmer[/COLOR] ([COLOR=#000000]Planter[/COLOR]), [COLOR=#000000]Soldier[/COLOR] ([COLOR=#000000]General[/COLOR]) [/FONT]
[FONT=Verdana][B]Religion:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Anglican[/COLOR]/[COLOR=#000000]Episcopal[/COLOR][/FONT]
[FONT=Verdana][B]Took office:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]April 30[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1789[/COLOR][/FONT]
[FONT=Verdana][B]Left office:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]March 4[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1797[/COLOR][/FONT]
[FONT=Verdana][B]Party:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]No party[/COLOR] [Unaffiliated ([COLOR=#000000]Pro-Administration[/COLOR])]
[/FONT][B]Presidential Salary:[/B] $25,000/year
[FONT=Verdana][B]Vice President:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]John Adams[/COLOR][/FONT]
[FONT=Verdana][B]Preceded by:[/B] [I]None[/I][/FONT]
[FONT=Verdana][B]Succeeded by:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]John Adams

[/COLOR][/FONT][U][B]Other Government Positions[/B][/U][LIST][*]Member of Continental Congress, 1774-78[*]Commissioner to France, 1778[*]Minister to the Netherlands, 1780[*]Minister to England, 1785[*]Vice President, 1789-97[/LIST][B][U]Notable Events[/U] [/B][LIST][*][B]1789[/B]
The Judiciary Act specified the number of Federal courts and judges.[*][B]1790[/B]
Supreme Court met for the first time with John Jay as the Chief Justice.[*][B]1791[/B]
Federal capital established in swamplands on the Potomac.
A national banking system established by the Bank Act.
The Bill of Rights take effect.[*][B]1792[/B]
Post Office established by Congress as a separate entity.
New York Stock Exchange organized.
Coins are minted by the government as enacted by the Coinage Act.[*][B]1793[/B]
War breaks out between Britain and France. On April 22, U.S. declares neutrality.[*][B]1794[/B]
Whiskey Rebellion over excise tax in western Pennsylvania. Federal troops called to suppress the armed rebellion.[*][B]1795[/B]
The Jay Treaty ratified. British troops required to withdraw from the U.S.
Pinckney's Treaty with Spain opened navigation on Mississippi River.
Washington posed for Stuart's portrait, which is now on the one dollar bill.[*][B]1796[/B]
Washington delivered his Farewell Address.[/LIST][B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][U]Presidential Nicknames[/U][/SIZE][/FONT][/B][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]The [COLOR=#000000]Father of His Country[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]The Sword of the [COLOR=#000000]Revolution[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]The American [COLOR=#000000]Fabius[/COLOR]:[/B] For his [COLOR=#000000]military strategy[/COLOR] during the [COLOR=#000000]Revolutionary War[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]The American [COLOR=#000000]Cincinnatus[/COLOR]:[/B] Like the famous Roman, he won a war, then became a private citizen instead of seeking power or riches as a reward[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]The Old Fox:[/B] From a remark made by the British General, [COLOR=#000000]Lord Cornwallis[/COLOR], in January 1777[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B][COLOR=#000000]Town Destroyer[/COLOR]:[/B] Used by some [COLOR=#000000]Iroquois[/COLOR] after his forces destroyed some [COLOR=#000000]Seneca[/COLOR] towns in 1778[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]The Sage of Mount Vernon:[/B] Mount Vernon, Virginia, was his family estate[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]The Farmer President[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]The Surveyor President[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]His Excellency:[/B] An unofficial title used to honor Washington during his presidency, although he preferred the less exalted "Mr. President"[/SIZE][/FONT][/LIST][CENTER][IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/George_Washington_Signature.png[/IMG]
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[CENTER][B][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][COLOR=Navy]2 — JOHN ADAMS[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/B]
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[COLOR=#000000]John Adams[/COLOR] named after his father

[B]Born:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]October 30[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1735[/COLOR] (1735-10-30)at [COLOR=#000000]Quincy[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Massachusetts[/COLOR]
[B]Died:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]July 4[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1826[/COLOR] (aged 90) [COLOR=#000000]Quincy[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Massachusetts
[/COLOR][B]Father:[/B] John Adams
[B]Mother:[/B] Susanna Boylston Adams
[B]Spouse:[/B] Abigail Smith (1744-1818), on October 25, 1764
[B]Alma mater:[/B] Graduated from Harvard College (1755)[COLOR=#000000][/COLOR]
[B]Occupation:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Lawyer[/COLOR]
[B]Religion:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Unitarian[/COLOR]
[B]Took office: [/B][COLOR=#000000]March 4[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1797[/COLOR]
[B]Left office: [/B][COLOR=#000000]March 4[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1801[/COLOR]
[B]Party: [/B][COLOR=#000000]Federalist
[/COLOR][B]Presidential Salary:[/B] $25,000/year
[B]Vice President: [/B][COLOR=#000000]Thomas Jefferson[/COLOR]
[B]Preceded by:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]George Washington[/COLOR]
[B]Succeeded by:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Thomas Jefferson

[/COLOR][U][B]Other Government Positions[/B][/U][LIST][*]Member of Continental Congress, 1774-78[*]Commissioner to France, 1778[*]Minister to the Netherlands, 1780[*]Minister to England, 1785[*]Vice President, 1789-97[/LIST][B][U]Notable Events[/U] [/B][LIST][*][B]1796[/B]
E Pluribus Unum: "Out of Many, One"; added to American coins.[*][B]1797[/B]
Three anonymous French trouble makers brought France and the U.S. to the brink of war in what became known as the XYZ Affair.[*][B]1798[/B]
Federalists support the highly unpopular Alien and Sedition Acts. They would later be repealed.[*][B]1800[/B]
U.S. capital relocated to Washington, D.C. from Philadelphia.
Jefferson defeated Adams.
Congress established Library of Congress.[/LIST][B][U]Presidential Nicknames[/U][/B][LIST][*][B]The Duke of Braintree:[/B] A sarcastic reference to his grandiose airs[*][B]His Rotundity: [/B]Coined in response to Adams' suggestion that President Washington be addressed as "His Majesty"; mocks Adams' size.[*][B]The Atlas of Independence[/B][*][B]The Colossus of Debate:[/B] Given to him by Thomas Jefferson for his ability to argue a political case[*][B]Bonny Johnny[/B][*][B]The Father of the Navy:[/B] He built up the U.S. Navy during his presidency[*][B]Old Sink or Swim:[/B] For the speech in which he vowed "To sink or swim; to live or die; survive or perish with my country"[*][B]Your Superfluous Excellency:[/B] So called by [COLOR=#000000]Benjamin Franklin[/COLOR] when Adams was [COLOR=#000000]vice president[/COLOR][/LIST][CENTER][COLOR=#000000][IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/John_Adams_Signature.png[/IMG][/COLOR]
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[CENTER][SIZE=4][COLOR=Navy][B][FONT=Verdana][FONT=Book Antiqua]3 — THOMAS JEFFERSON[/FONT][/FONT][/B][/COLOR][/SIZE]
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[FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][COLOR=#000000]Thomas Jefferson[/COLOR] named after his paternal grandfather, Thomas Jefferson II[/SIZE][/FONT]

[FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Born:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]April 13[/COLOR] [[COLOR=#000000]O.S.[/COLOR] April 2] 1743 [COLOR=#000000]Shadwell[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Virginia[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Died:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]July 4[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1826[/COLOR] (aged 83) [COLOR=#000000]Charlottesville[/COLOR], Virginia[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Nationality:[/B] American
[/SIZE][/FONT][B]Father:[/B] Peter Jefferson
[B]Mother:[/B] Jane Randolph Jefferson
[FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Spouse:[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] Martha Wayles Skelton (1748-1782), on January 1, 1772
[FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Alma mater[/B]: [/SIZE][/FONT]Graduated from College of William and Mary (1762)
[FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Occupation:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Lawyer[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Farmer[/COLOR] ([COLOR=#000000]Planter[/COLOR])
[/SIZE][/FONT][B]Presidential Salary:[/B] $25,000/year
[FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Religion:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Deist[/COLOR] (although he has long been considered a deist, Thomas Jefferson has been known to hold multiple religious views).[/SIZE][/FONT]
[B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2]Took office: [/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][COLOR=#000000]March 4[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1801[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2] [/SIZE][/FONT][/B]
[FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Left office: [/B] [COLOR=#000000]March 4[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1809[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Party: [/B][COLOR=#000000]Democratic-Republican[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Vice Presidents: [/B][COLOR=#000000]Aaron Burr[/COLOR] (1801–1805), [COLOR=#000000]George Clinton[/COLOR] (1805–1809)[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Preceded by:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]John Adams[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Succeeded by:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]James Madison

[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][U][B]Other Government Positions[/B][/U][LIST][*]Member of Virginia House of Burgesses, 1769-74[*]Member of Continental Congress, 1775-76[*]Governor of Virginia, 1779-81[*]Member of Continental Congress, 1783-85[*]Minister to France, 1785-89[*]Secretary of State, 1790-93[*]Vice President, 1797-1801[/LIST][B][U]Notable Events[/U] [/B][LIST][*][B]1803[/B]
Supreme Court ruled in [I]Marbury v. Madison[/I] . Any law passed by Congress can be declared unconstitutional by the courts.
The Louisiana Territory was purchased from France for $15 million dollars. The price works out to three cents per acre for the 512 million acres.[*][B]1804[/B]
12th Amendment changed Presidential election rules.
Jefferson reelected.
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark began exploration of the Northwest.
Vice President Aaron Burr kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel July 11.[*][B]1807[/B]
Congress outlaws importing slaves from Africa, March 2.
Embargo Act, December 22, forbids American ships to leave American waters.[*][B]1808[/B]
Slave importation outlawed. Yet, another 1/4 million brought in by 1860.[*][B]1809[/B]
Non-Intercourse Act, March 1, repeals the Embargo Act, which didn't work.[/LIST][B][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][U]Presidential Nicknames[/U][/SIZE][/FONT][/B][LIST][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]The Father of the [COLOR=#000000]Declaration of Independence[/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]The Apostle of Democracy[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]The Pen of the Revolution:[/B] Complementing George Washington, who was called the "Sword of the Revolution"[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Long Tom: [/B]A reference to his height of 6"2-and-a-half[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]Mad Tom[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]The Negro President:[/B] For his victory in the [COLOR=#000000]election of 1800[/COLOR], won because of the [COLOR=#000000]three-fifths compromise[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]The Red Fox:[/B] For his red hair and political cunning[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]The Sage of [COLOR=#000000]Monticello[/COLOR]:[/B] Monticello was his Virginia plantation[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]The Moonshine Philosopher of Monticello[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Verdana][SIZE=2][B]The Man of the People[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][/LIST][CENTER][IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e5/ThomasJeffersonSignature.png[/IMG]
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[CENTER][B][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=4][COLOR=Navy]4 — JAMES MADISON[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/B]
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[COLOR=#000000]James Madison[/COLOR] named after his father

[B]Born:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]March 16[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1751[/COLOR](1751-03-16) [COLOR=#000000]Port Conway, Virginia[/COLOR]
[B]Died:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]June 28[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1836[/COLOR] (aged 85) [COLOR=#000000]Montpelier[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Virginia[/COLOR]
[B]Nationality:[/B] American
[B]Father:[/B] James Madison
[B]Mother:[/B] Nelly Conway Madison
[B]Spouse:[/B] Dolley Payne Todd (1768-1849), on September 15, 1794
[B]Education:[/B] Graduated from College of New Jersey (now Princeton University; 1771)
[COLOR=#000000][/COLOR] [B]Occupation:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Lawyer[/COLOR]
[B]Religion:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Episcopal[/COLOR]
[B]Took office: [/B][COLOR=#000000]March 4[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1809[/COLOR]
[B]Left office:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]March 4[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1817[/COLOR]
[B]Party: [/B][COLOR=#000000]Democratic-Republican
[/COLOR][B]Presidential Salary:[/B] $25,000/year
[B]Vice Presidents: [/B][COLOR=#000000]George Clinton[/COLOR] (1809-1812), [I]None[/I] (1812-1813), [COLOR=#000000]Elbridge Gerry[/COLOR] (1813-1814), [I]None[/I] (1814-1817)
[B]Preceded by:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Thomas Jefferson[/COLOR]
[B]Succeeded by:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]James Monroe

[/COLOR][U][B]Other Government Positions[/B][/U][LIST][*]Member of Virginia Constitutional Convention, 1776[*]Member of Continental Congress, 1780-83[*]Member of Virginia Legislature, 1784-86[*]Member of Constitutional Convention, 1787[*]Member of U.S. House of Representatives, 1789-97[*]Secretary of State, 1801-09[/LIST][B][U]Notable Events[/U] [/B][LIST][*][B]1811[/B]
Madison allows 20-year charter of Bank of the United States to lapse.
Willaim Henry Harrison fought Indians led by Chief Tecumseh at Tippecanoe, near Indianapolis, November 7.[*][B]1812[/B]
War declared on England on June 18 after England continued to attack U.S. ships headed to France.
Madison reelected.[*][B]1814[/B]
City of Washington captured and burned by British, August 24.
Francis Scott Key observed flag over Fort McHenry at Baltimore, September 14, inspiring him to write "The Star-Spangled Banner".
Treaty of Ghent ended War of 1812 on December 24, but fighting continued.[*][B]1815[/B]
Andrew Jackson defeated British at New Orleans January 8, after war ended.[*][B]1816[/B]
Second Bank of the United States chartered, April 10.[/LIST][B][U]Presidential Nicknames[/U][/B][LIST][*][B]The Father of the [COLOR=#000000]Constitution[/COLOR][/B][*][B]The Sage of Montpelier[/B][*][B]Withered Little Apple-John:[/B] So-called by [COLOR=#000000]Washington Irving[/COLOR][*][B]The Fugitive President: [/B]During the [COLOR=#000000]War of 1812[/COLOR], a British army occupied Washington and Madison was forced to flee the [COLOR=#000000]White House[/COLOR][*][B]Little Jemmy[/B] or [B]His Little Majesty:[/B] At only 5' 4", he was the smallest president ever. The average adult male American at the beginning of the 19th Century was about 5' 8" — an inch and a half shorter than today.[/LIST][CENTER][IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/James_Madison_Signature.png[/IMG]
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[CENTER][B][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=4][COLOR=Navy]5 — JAMES MONROE[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/B]
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[B]Born:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]April 28[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1758[/COLOR] (1758-04-28)[COLOR=#000000]Westmoreland County, Virginia[/COLOR]
[B]Died:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]July 04[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1831[/COLOR] (aged 73) [COLOR=#000000]New York City[/COLOR]
[B]Nationality:[/B] American
[B]Father:[/B] Spence Monroe
[B]Mother:[/B] Elizabeth Jones Monroe
[B]Spouse:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Elizabeth Kortright Monroe
[/COLOR][B]Education:[/B] Graduated from College of William and Mary (1776)
[B]Occupation:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Farmer[/COLOR] ([COLOR=#000000]Planter[/COLOR])
[B]Religion:[/B] nominal [COLOR=#000000]Episcopal[/COLOR]
[B]Took office: [/B][COLOR=#000000]March 4[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1817[/COLOR]
[B]Left office:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]March 4[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1825
[/COLOR][B]Presidential Salary:[/B] $25,000/year
[B]Party: [/B][COLOR=#000000]Democratic-Republican[/COLOR]
[B]Vice President:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Daniel D. Tompkins[/COLOR]
[B]Preceded by:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]James Madison[/COLOR]
[B]Succeeded by:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]John Quincy Adams

[/COLOR][U][B]Other Government Positions[/B][/U][LIST][*]Member of Continental Congress, 1783-86[*]United States Senator, 1790-94[*]Minister to France, 1794-96[*]Governor of Virginia, 1799-1802[*]Minister to France and England, 1803-07[*]Secretary of State, 1811-17[*]Secretary of War, 1814-15[/LIST][B][U]Notable Events[/U] [/B][LIST][*][B]1818[/B]
Congress fixed the number of stripes on the U.S. flag at 13 to honor the original colonies, April 4.
Anglo-American Conventionset the 49th parallel as the border with Canada.[*][B]1819[/B]
Florida ceded by Spain to the United States on February 22. In exchange the U.S. cancelled $5 million in Spanish debts.[*][B]1820[/B]
The Missouri Compromise, forbade slavery above 36 degrees 30 minutes latitude.
Monroe reelected.[*][B]1823[/B]
On December 2, Monroe Doctrine delivered to Congress.[/LIST][B][U]Presidential Nicknames[/U][/B][LIST][*][B]The Last of the Cocked Hats:[/B] He still wore a [COLOR=#000000]tricorne[/COLOR] long after it gone out of fashion[*][B]James the Second:[/B] His immediate predecessor, Madison, was also called James[*][B]James the Lesser:[/B] The suggestion being that James Madison was the more effective president of the two[*][B]The Era of Good Feelings President:[/B] "The [COLOR=#000000]Era of Good Feelings[/COLOR]" was the period following the War of 1812, during which America became less divided politically, to the extent that the only opponents of the ruling Democratic Republicans, the [COLOR=#000000]Federalist Party[/COLOR], went out of existence. It was not until resistance to Andrew Jackson's policies produced the [COLOR=#000000]Whig Party[/COLOR] that oppositional politics resumed in the United States.[/LIST][CENTER][IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/James_Monroe_Signature.png[/IMG]
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[CENTER][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=4][COLOR=Navy][B]6 — JOHN QUINCY ADAMS[/B][/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT]
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[COLOR=#000000]John Quincy Adams[/COLOR] named after his maternal great-grandfather, John Quincy

[B]Born:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]July 11[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1767[/COLOR](1767-07-11) [COLOR=#000000]Braintree, Massachusetts[/COLOR]
[B]Died:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]February 23[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1848[/COLOR] (aged 80) [COLOR=#000000]Washington, D.C.
[/COLOR][B]Father:[/B] John Adams
[B]Mother:[/B] Abigail Smith Adams
[B]Spouse:[/B] Louisa Catherine Johnson (1775-1852), on July 26, 1797[COLOR=#000000]
[/COLOR][B]Education:[/B] Graduated from Harvard College (1787)
[B]Occupation:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Lawyer[/COLOR]
[B]Religion:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Unitarian[/COLOR]
[B]Took office:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]March 4[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1831[/COLOR]
[B]Left office:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]March 3[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1829[/COLOR]
[B]Party: [/B][COLOR=#000000]Federalist[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Democratic-Republican[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]National Republican[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Anti-Masonic[/COLOR], and [COLOR=#000000]Whig
[/COLOR][B]Presidential Salary:[/B] $25,000/year
[B]Vice President: [/B][COLOR=#000000]John C. Calhoun[/COLOR]
[B]Preceded by:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]James Monroe[/COLOR]
[B]Succeeded by:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Andrew Jackson

[/COLOR][U][B]Other Government Positions[/B][/U][LIST][*]Secretary to U.S. Minister to Russia, 1781[*]Minister to the Netherlands, 1794[*]Minister to Prussia, 1797-1801[*]United States Senator, 1803-08[*]Minister to Russia, 1809-11[*]Peace Commissioner at Treaty of Ghent, 1814[*]Secretary of State, 1817-25[*]Member of U.S. House of Representatives, 1831-48[/LIST][U][B][B]Notable Events[/B] [/B][/U][LIST][*][B]1825[/B]
The appointment of Henry Clay as secretary of state, led to charges that the Clay and Adams made a bargain in the election of 1824.[*]Erie Canal completed.[*][B]1828[/B]
Baltimore & Ohio railroad, the first designed for passengers and freight.[*]Andrew Jackson defeated Adams.[/LIST][B][U]Presidential Nicknames[/U][/B][LIST][*][B]Old Man Eloquent:[/B] Comparing him to a character who featured in the works of the poet [COLOR=#000000]John Milton[/COLOR][*][B]King John II:[/B] Presumably making his father and predecessor King John the First[*][B]Publicola: [/B]Latin name referring to his dedication to public service[/LIST][CENTER][IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/John_Quincy_Adams_Signature.png[/IMG]
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[CENTER][B][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=4][COLOR=Navy]7 — ANDREW JACKSON[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/B]
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[COLOR=#000000]Andrew Jackson[/COLOR] named after his father.

[B]Born:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]March 15[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1767[/COLOR] (1767-03-15)[COLOR=#000000]Lancaster County[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]South Carolina[/COLOR]
[B]Died:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]June 08[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1845[/COLOR] (aged 78) [COLOR=#000000]Nashville[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Tennessee[/COLOR];
[B]Nationality:[/B] American
[B]Father:[/B] Andrew Jackson
[B]Mother:[/B] Elizabeth Hutchinson Jackson
[B]Spouse:[/B] Widowed. Rachel Donelson Robards (1767-1828), in August 1791 and in a second ceremony on January 17, 1794 (Niece [COLOR=#000000]Emily Donelson Jackson[/COLOR] and daughter-in-law [COLOR=#000000]Sarah Yorke Jackson[/COLOR] were [COLOR=#000000]first ladies[/COLOR])
[B]Education:[/B] No formal education
[B]Occupation:[/B] Prosecutor, Judge, [COLOR=#000000]Farmer[/COLOR] ([COLOR=#000000]Planter[/COLOR]), [COLOR=#000000]Soldier[/COLOR] ([COLOR=#000000]General[/COLOR])
[B]Religion:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Presbyterian[/COLOR]
[B]Took office: [/B][COLOR=#000000]March 4[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1829[/COLOR]
[B]Left office:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]March 4[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1837[/COLOR]
[B]Party: [/B][COLOR=#000000]Democratic-Republican[/COLOR] and [COLOR=#000000]Democratic
[/COLOR][B]Presidential Salary:[/B] $25,000/year
[B]Vice President:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]John C. Calhoun[/COLOR] (1829-1832), [I]None[/I] (1832-1833), [COLOR=#000000]Martin Van Buren[/COLOR] (1833-1837)
[B]Preceded by:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]John Quincy Adams[/COLOR]
[B]Succeeded by:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Martin Van Buren

[/COLOR][U][B]Other Government Positions[/B][/U][LIST][*]Member of U.S. House of Representatives, 1796-97[*]United States Senator, 1797-98[*]Justice on Tennessee Supreme Court, 1798-1804[*]Governor of the Florida Territory, 1821[*]United States Senator, 1823-25[/LIST][B]Notable Events: [/B][LIST][*][B]1829[/B]
Estate of James Smithson funded the establishment of the Smithsonian.
About 2,000 of Jackson's supporters given government jobs. Jackson also set up a "kitchen cabinet" of informal advisers.[*][B]1830[/B]
Jackson authorizes Indian Removal Act of 1830.[*][B]1831[/B]
Samuel F. Smith wrote "My Country, 'tis of Thee."[*][B]1832[/B]
Jackson reelected.
Jackson vetoed the rechartering of 2nd Bank leading to the creation of the Whig Party.
South Carolina attempted to nullify federal tariff laws. Federal troops sent to South Carolina on December 10.[*][B]1835[/B]
U.S. became debt free (briefly) for the only time in history.[*][B]1836[/B]
6000 Mexicans defeated 190 Americans in 12 days at the Alamo on March 6.
The Specie Circular ordered that gold and silver were the only currency acceptable for the purchase of federal lands, issued on July 11.[*][B]1835[/B]
Jackson signs Treaty of New Echota with unrecognized leaders of Cherokee Nation, which allows him to force the Cherokees to move to land in what is now Oklahoma. 4,000 Native Americans die on this journey, also known as the Trail of Tears.[/LIST][B][U]Presidential Nicknames[/U][/B][LIST][*][B]Old Hickory:[/B] During the [COLOR=#000000]Creek War[/COLOR] of 1813–14, neither illness nor injuries would stop him taking the field to lead his men against the enemy. His troops responded by comparing him to hickory, which is among the hardest of woods[*][B]The Hero of [COLOR=#000000]New Orleans[/COLOR]:[/B] Commemorating his victory over a British force in January 1815 during the War of 1812[*][B]King Andrew the First:[/B] His far-reaching programs seemed to some people excessive use of presidential powers[*][B]Mischievous Andy[/B][*][B][COLOR=#000000]Sharp Knife[/COLOR]: Given to him by the [COLOR=#000000]Creek[/COLOR] Indians whom he fought in 1814[/B][/LIST][CENTER][IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Andrew_Jackson_signature.png[/IMG]
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[CENTER][B][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=4][COLOR=Navy]8 — MARTIN VAN BUREN[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/B]
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[COLOR=#000000]Martin Van Buren[/COLOR] named after his paternal grandfather

[B]Born:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]December 5[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1782[/COLOR] (1782-12-05)[COLOR=#000000]Kinderhook, New York[/COLOR]
[B]Died:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]July 24[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1862[/COLOR] (aged 79) [COLOR=#000000]Kinderhook, New York[/COLOR]
[B]Nationality:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]American
[/COLOR][B]Father:[/B] Abraham Van Buren
[B]Mother:[/B] Maria Hoes Van Buren
[B]Spouse:[/B] Widowed Hannah Hoes (1783-1819), on February 21, 1807 (daughter-in-law [COLOR=#000000]Angelica Van Buren[/COLOR] was first lady)
[B]Education:[/B] Graduated from Kinderhook Academy (1796)
[B]Occupation:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Lawyer[/COLOR]
[B]Religion:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Dutch Reformed[/COLOR]
[B]Took office:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]March 4[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1837[/COLOR]
[B]Left office:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]March 4[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1841[/COLOR]
[B]Party: [/B][COLOR=#000000]Democratic-Republican[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Democratic[/COLOR], and [COLOR=#000000]Free Soil
[/COLOR][B]Presidential Salary:[/B] $25,000/year
[B]Vice President:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Richard M. Johnson[/COLOR]
[B]Preceded by:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Andrew Jackson[/COLOR]
[B]Succeeded by:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]William Henry Harrison

[/COLOR][U][B]Other Government Positions[/B][/U][LIST][*]New York State Senator, 1813-15[*]New York Attorney-General, 1815-19[*]United States Senator, 1821-29[*]Governor of New York, 1829[*]Secretary of State, 1829-1831 (under Jackson)[*]Minister to England, 1831[*]Vice President, 1833-1837 (under Jackson)[/LIST][B][U]Notable Events[/U] [/B][LIST][*][B]1837[/B]
Banks closed in Philadelphia and New York City on May 10. This was the beginning of the Panic of 1837. The depression that followed would last throughout Van Buren's term.[*][B]1838[/B]
Trail of Tears. Thousands of Indians forced from their homes and die.[*][B]1840[/B]
William Henry Harrison defeated Van Buren.[/LIST][COLOR=#000000] [/COLOR] [B][U]Presidential Nicknames[/U][/B][LIST][*][B]Machiavellian Belshazzar[/B][*][B]Old Kinderhook: [/B]His home town as Kinderhook, New York. Possible popularization of "[COLOR=#000000]OK[/COLOR]"[*][B]The Red Fox of Kinderhook:[/B] For his bright red hair and sly ways[*][B]The Little Magician[/B][*][B]Little Van:[/B] He was on the small side[*][B]Martin Van Ruin:[/B] The financially-ruinous [COLOR=#000000]Panic of 1837[/COLOR] took place during his presidency[*][B]The Sage of Lindenwald[/B][*][B]The Flying Dutchman[/B][*][B]The American Talleyrand:[/B] Comparing him to the French statesman, Prince [COLOR=#000000]Talleyrand[/COLOR], who was considered to be the last word in deviousness[/LIST][CENTER][IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Martin_Van_Buren_Signature.png[/IMG]
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[CENTER][B][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=4][COLOR=Navy][B]9 — WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON[/B] [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][/B]
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[B]Born:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]February 9[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1773[/COLOR] (1773-02-09)[COLOR=#000000]Charles City County[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Virginia[/COLOR]
[B]Died:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]April 4[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1841[/COLOR] (aged 68) [COLOR=#000000]Washington, D.C.[/COLOR]
[B]Nationality:[/B] American
[B]Father:[/B] Benjamin Harrison
[B]Mother:[/B] Elizabeth Bassett Harrison
[B]Spouse:[/B] Anna Tuthill Symmes (1775-1864), on November 25, 1795[COLOR=#000000]
[/COLOR] [B]Education:[/B] Attended Hampden-Sydney College
[B]Occupation:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Soldier[/COLOR]
[B]Religion:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Episcopal[/COLOR]
[B]Took office: [/B][COLOR=#000000]March 4[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1825[/COLOR]
[B]Left office:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]May 20[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1828[/COLOR]
[B]Party: [/B][COLOR=#000000]Whig
[/COLOR][B]Presidential Salary:[/B] $25,000/year
[B]Vice President:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]John Tyler[/COLOR]
[B]Preceded by:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Martin Van Buren[/COLOR]
[B]Succeeded by:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]John Tyler

[/COLOR][U][B]Other Government Positions[/B][/U][LIST][*]Secretary of Northwest Territory, 1798[*]Territorial Delegate to Congress, 1799-1801[*]Territorial Governor of Indiana, 1801-13[*]U.S. Congressman from Ohio, 1816-19[*]United States Senator, 1825-28[*]Minister to Colombia, 1828-29[/LIST][B]Notable Events: [/B][LIST][*][B]1841[/B]
Delivered the longest inaugural address on March 4. It was an extremely cold day and Harrison did not wear a hat while delivering the 105 minute speech. He contracted pneumonia and died in the White House one month later.[/LIST][B][U]Presidential Nicknames[/U][/B][LIST][*][B]Old [COLOR=#000000]Tippecanoe[/COLOR]: [/B]Commemorating the first of his two victories over [COLOR=#000000]Tecumseh[/COLOR][*][B]Granny Harrison[/B][*][B]General Mum: [/B]As in the expression, "keep it mum". Because of his avoidance of speaking out on controversial issues during his election campaign[*][B]The Log Cabin Candidate:[/B] The famous [COLOR=#000000]Log Cabin Campaign[/COLOR] that brought him to the White House contrasted Harrison the tough Westerner with Van Buren the effete [COLOR=#000000]patroon[/COLOR]. In reality, Harrison came from a more privileged background than Van Buren[*][B]The Cincinnatus of the West: [/B]Comparing him both to the original Cincinnatus and to George Washington, who was styled "The American Cincinnatus"[/LIST][CENTER][IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/William_Henry_Harrison_Signature.png[/IMG]
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[CENTER][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=4][COLOR=Navy][B]10 — JOHN TYLER JR.[/B][/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT]
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[COLOR=#000000]John Tyler[/COLOR] named after his father

[B]Born:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]March 29[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1790[/COLOR](1790-03-29) [COLOR=#000000]Charles City County, Virginia[/COLOR]
[B]Died:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]January 18[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1862[/COLOR] (aged 71) [COLOR=#000000]Richmond, Virginia[/COLOR]
[B]Nationality:[/B] American
[B]Father:[/B] John Tyler
[B]Mother:[/B] Mary Marot Armistead Tyler
[B]Spouse:[/B]Letitia Chrisitan (1790-1842), on March 29, 1813; Julia Gardiner (1820-1889), on June 26, 1844
[B]Education:[/B] Graduated from the College of William and Mary (1807)
[B]Occupation:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Lawyer[/COLOR]
[B]Religion:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]Episcopal[/COLOR] (possibly a [COLOR=#000000]Deist[/COLOR])
[B]Took office: [/B][COLOR=#000000]April 4[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1841[/COLOR]
[B]Left office:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]March 4[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]1845[/COLOR]
[B]Party: [/B][COLOR=#000000]Whig[/COLOR], [COLOR=#000000]Democrat
[/COLOR][B]Presidential Salary:[/B] $25,000/year
[B]Vice President:[/B] None
[B]Preceded by:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]William Henry Harrison[/COLOR]
[B]Succeeded by:[/B] [COLOR=#000000]James K. Polk

[/COLOR][U][B]Other Government Positions[/B][/U][LIST][*]Member of Virginia House of Delegates, 1811-16[*]Member of U.S. House of Representatives, 1816-21[*]Virginia State Legislator, 1823-25[*]Governor of Virginia, 1825-26[*]United States Senator, 1827-36[*]Vice President, 1841 (under W. H. Harrison)[*]Member of Confederate States Congress, 1861-62[/LIST][B]Notable Events: [/B][LIST][*][B]1841[/B]
Tyler's cabinet resigned after he vetoed banking bills supported by the Whigs.[*][B]1844[/B]
Far East opened to U.S. traders after a treaty with China signed.[*][B]1845[/B]
Texas annexed followed by war with Mexico.[/LIST][COLOR=#000000] [/COLOR] [B][U]Presidential Nicknames[/U][/B][LIST][*][B]His Accidency: [/B]He was the first V.P. to succeed to the presidency by the "accident" of his predecessor dying[*][B]The President without a Party:[/B] Soon after he took office, the [COLOR=#000000]Whig Party[/COLOR] disowned him and its members refused to work with him[*][B]Traitor Tyler:[/B] He was elected as a Whig vice president: but when William Henry Harrison died, it soon became clear that Tyler had no sympathy with that party's policies[/LIST][CENTER][IMG]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/John_Tyler_Signature.png[/IMG]
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