[B][SIZE=3] Public Relation [/SIZE][/B]

[SIZE=3]
[/SIZE] [FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]Every thing that is calculated to improve mutual understanding between organizations and to whom it contact with in and out side organization (stakeholders) is called public relation. Public relation department in an organization focuses on building a good image of department in general public and more specifically before the stockholders. It is basically an action to discover and eliminate sources of misunderstanding. Methods for removing confusion among the minds of people are adopted. Steps are taken to broaden sphere of influence of an organization by appropriate publicity, advertising, exhibition etc.[/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=3]
[/SIZE][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]Every thing directed toward improving communication between people and organization can be regarded as public relation.[/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=3]

[/SIZE] [FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]Public relation is not:[/SIZE][/FONT][LIST=1][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]a barrier between the truth and public as advertisement some times becomes.[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]a propaganda to impose a point of view regardless of truth, ethics and the public good[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]Publicity aimed directly at achieving sales.[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]composed of stunts or gimmicks[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]unpaid advertising[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]merely press relation[/SIZE][/FONT][/LIST][SIZE=3]
[/SIZE][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]Public relation in the central and local government is non political. It is to promote democracy and not to advance the policy of any party.[/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=3]

[/SIZE] [FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]Practical application:[/SIZE][/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]as positive step to achieve good will[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]as action to safeguard reputation[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]for strengthening internal relationship of organization[/SIZE][/FONT][/LIST][SIZE=3]
[/SIZE][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]Pre requisite of effective public relation:[/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=3]
[/SIZE][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3] Public relation is device to create and maintain effective relation between institutions and public.[/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=3]
[/SIZE][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]Following are the imperatives of effective public relation:[/SIZE][/FONT][LIST][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]There should be full time department of PR.[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]The PR Deptt. Should be aware of it environment and prevailing circumstances.[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]The PR deptt. Should identify the audience clearly to whom message is to be given.[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]Deptt. Should be aware of the problems and interest of public.[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]PR Deptt. Should be objective and clear about their aims.[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]Selection of best medium of mass communication[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]Evaluate the results carefully[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]Public relation officer shall be expert in his job i.e. well versed, vigilant and well educated.[/SIZE][/FONT][/LIST][SIZE=3]
[B][FONT=Arial Narrow]Purposes of PR:[/FONT][/B][/SIZE][LIST][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]To achieve good will[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]To minimize the opposition[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]To maintain the reputation[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]To create mutual understanding[/SIZE][/FONT][/LIST][SIZE=3]

[B][FONT=Arial Narrow]Functions:[/FONT][/B][/SIZE] [LIST=1][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]organization management[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]relationship between an organization and public [/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]Monitor inside and outside org.[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]Analysis of impact of organizational policies, procedures and actions on public.[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]adjust policies and procedures if in conflict with public interest[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3]counsel management on establishment of new policies[/SIZE][/FONT][/LIST]

[U][B][FONT=Times New Roman]SOURCES OF NEWS[/FONT][/B][/U]


[FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Following are the sources of news:[/SIZE][/FONT]
[LIST=1][*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Radio[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]TV[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Correspondents[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Reporters[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]News Agencies[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Police Stations[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Fire Brigade stations [/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Hospitals[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Courts[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Institutions[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Press Interviews[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Press conferences[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Press release[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Press Notes[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Handouts[/SIZE][/FONT][/LIST]

[B][U][SIZE=3] Mass communication [/SIZE][/U][/B]


[B][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3]Introduction[/SIZE][/FONT][/B]

[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3]Communication is the process of sharing our ideas, thoughts, and feelings[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3] with other people and having those ideas, thoughts, and feelings[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3] understood by the people we are talking with. When we communicate we[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3] speak, listen, and observe.[/SIZE][/FONT]

[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3]The way we communicate is a learned style. As children we learn from[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3] watching our parents and other adults communicate. As an adult we can[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3] learn to improve the way we communicate by observing others who communicate[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3] effectively, learning new skills, and practicing those skills.[/SIZE][/FONT]

[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3]Mass communication is a multi stage process by which an organization using technical devices or intermediate transmitters sends messages widely and rapidly to large, scattered, heterogeneous audience. The audience is unknown to sender and has limited opportunity to provide feedback.[/SIZE][/FONT]

[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3]Mass communication is made through mechanics or media involved. This is dissemination of ideas and thought but through mass media, media that targets large population.[/SIZE][/FONT]

[B][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3]Communication process[/SIZE][/FONT][/B]

[LIST][*][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3]Sender (encode) : Encodes message and send to other person[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3]Channel : The message passes through a medium[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3]Noise : disturbance created during communication process[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3]Message receiver ( decoder): person who receives message[/SIZE][/FONT][*][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3]Feedback : reaction of receiver on getting message from sender[/SIZE][/FONT][/LIST] [B][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3]Means of Mass Communication:[/SIZE][/FONT][/B]

[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][B]· [/B]News paper[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][B]· [/B]Radio[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][B]· [/B]Television[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][B]· [/B]Internet[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][B]· [/B]Books[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][B]· [/B]Pamphlets[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][B]· [/B]Posters[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][B]· [/B]Neon sign board[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][B]· [/B]Cyber journalism[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][B]· [/B]SMS- news alert[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][B]· [/B]Mobile internet[/SIZE][/FONT]

[B][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3]Barriers of communication:[/SIZE][/FONT][/B]

[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3]The message or the idea which is to be conveyed also must be in a language which is colloquial and understandable. Because if the message is misinterpreted communication would not be effective. [/SIZE][/FONT]

[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][COLOR=black]An effective communication barrier is one of the problems faced by many organizations. Many social psychologists opine that there is 50% to 70% loss of meaning while conveying the messages from a sender to a receiver. They estimate there are four basic places where communication could be interpreted wrongly. A few barriers of effective communication in an organization are given below. [/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT]

[COLOR=black][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][B]Physical Barriers[/B] - One of the major barriers of communication in a workplace is the physical barrier. Physical barriers in an organization includes large working areas that are physically separated from others. Other distractions that could cause a physical barrier in an organization are the environment, background noise

[/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR][COLOR=black][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][B]Language[/B] - Inability to converse in a language that is known by both the sender and receiver is the greatest barrier to effective communication. When a person uses inappropriate words while conversing or writing, it could lead to misunderstanding between the sender and a receiver. [/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR]

[COLOR=black][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][B]Emotions[/B] - Your emotions could be a barrier to communication if you are engrossed in your emotions for some reason. In such cases, you tend to have trouble listening to others or understanding the message conveyed to you. A few of the emotional interferences include hostility, anger, resentfulness and fear. [/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR]

[COLOR=black][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][B]Lack of Subject Knowledge[/B] - If a person who sends a message lacks subject knowledge then he may not be able to convey his message clearly. The receiver could misunderstand his message, and this could lead to a barrier to effective communication. [/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR]

[COLOR=black][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][B]Stress[/B] - One of the major communication barriers faced by employees in most of the organization is stress. When a person is under immense stress, he may find it difficult to understand the message, leading to communication distortion. At the time of stress, our psychological frame of mind depends on our beliefs, experiences, goals and values. Thus, we fail to realize the essence of communication[/SIZE][/FONT][/COLOR].

[B][U][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3] Magazine Journalism [/SIZE][/FONT][/U][/B]

[FONT=Arial Narrow]
[SIZE=3] [B]Introduction[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=3] [/SIZE] [FONT=Arial Narrow]

[/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3][COLOR=black]Magazine journalism uses the traditional journalism tools of interviews, background research and writing to produce articles for consumer and trade magazines. Magazine journalism differs from newspaper journalism in at least five ways.

Newspapers have a very broad audience with widely varying ages and interests confined to one metropolitan area. Magazines have a national audience who has a very specialized interest in one particular topic. Magazines are published monthly instead of daily. Therefore readers expect articles that are longer with much more in-depth analysis of issues and trends.[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow]

[/FONT] [FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]Magazine, a publication issued at regular intervals, usually weekly or monthly, containing articles stories , photographs, advertisement, and other features, with a page size that is usually smaller than that of a newspaper but larger that that of a book.[/SIZE][/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow]

[/FONT] [FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]Magazine today is an important source of information. It performs entertainment function very well and builds the opinion of reader on the other hand.[/SIZE][/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow]

[B][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]Brief History:[/SIZE][/COLOR][/B][/FONT] [FONT=Arial Narrow]

[/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]·[/SIZE] [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]First magazine was “review” in 1704 written for nine years by Daniel defoe. It consisted of four pages three times a week.[/SIZE][/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow]
[/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]·[/SIZE] [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]In 1709 “tattler “by Richard steel was published. It was edited by a fictitious editor called “isac Bickerstaff”.[/SIZE][/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow]
[/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]·[/SIZE] [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]In 1711 “spectator” by joseph Addison was published.[/SIZE][/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow]

[B][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]In sub continent:[/SIZE][/COLOR][I][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]

[/SIZE][/COLOR][/I][/B] [/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]·[/SIZE] [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]First magazine published in 1870 was “hickey gazette” . the editor was james augustus hickey. It was an English magazine.[/SIZE][/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow]
[/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]·[/SIZE] [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]After independence of Pakistan there was the birth of a new independent society in Pakistan.[/SIZE][/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow]
[/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]·[/SIZE] [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]Journalism played up role in information of society.[/SIZE][/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow]
[/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]·[/SIZE] [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]National press trust was created in 1963.[/SIZE][/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow]
[/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]·[/SIZE] [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]Due to NPT declaration of magazine was difficult to obtain.[/SIZE][/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow]
[/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]·[/SIZE] [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]General yahya relaxed restrictions but imposed later on.[/SIZE][/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow]
[/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]·[/SIZE] [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]General ziaulhuq lifted restrictions for a short period.[/SIZE][/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow]
[/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]·[/SIZE] [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]In 1988 interim government cancelled the press and publication ordinance and a new ordinance i.e. Registration of printing and press ordinance (RPPO) was made.[/SIZE][/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow]
[/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]·[/SIZE] [/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]RPPO is still running in Pakistan.[/SIZE][/COLOR][/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow]

[B][COLOR=black][SIZE=3]Types of Magazines:[/SIZE][/COLOR][/B][/FONT] [FONT=Arial Narrow]

[/FONT][FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3][COLOR=black]Following are the most common types of magazines.[/COLOR][/SIZE][/FONT]

[FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3][B]Magazines of general interest:[/B] these magazines cater the need of entire population and have large circulation. In Pakistan Lailo nihar, Zindagi, Urdu digest, Quomi Digest, Family, Akhbare jahan are the examples. The world famous reader digest is also in same category.[/SIZE][/FONT]

[FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3][B]News Magazine[/B]: these are periodicals which are produced weekly or fortnightly. Articles on situation, politics, Economics, Religon, industry, sports etc are published e.g. Herald, Weekly Pulse, and Times.[/SIZE][/FONT]

[FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3][B]High Class Magazines[/B]: These magazine are aimed at selected audience, they appeal to a particular class. These magazines are serious minded periodicals offering high level reporting with emphasis upon literacy, ethical, social, political or scientific problems.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3][B]Magazine of Men’s Interest[/B]: e.g. sports, love stories, fashion, photos[/SIZE][/FONT]

[FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3][B]Technical Magazines[/B]: these magazines are for specialized sections of society i.e. engineering, medicine, gardening etc.[/SIZE][/FONT]

[FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3][B]The House Magazine/ Journals[/B]: These are produced by companies, organizations etc and are distributed free of cost to employees, customers. The purpose behind is to present the products of a company. House journals are produced by the public relation department of any organization.[/SIZE][/FONT]

[FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3][B]Literary Magazine[/B]: before partition there were literary men like sirsyed, laulana zafar ali khan, hasrat muhani, mulana Muhammad ali jauhar etc. they were poets, writers and literary figures. They published literary magazines but after publication of general magazine their popularity suffered. At present news papers of Pakistan publish their literary weekly. Magazines e.g. humayun, nairang-i- khayal, were very popular but they were closed. At present fanon, naqoosh, sawara, nia dur are famous.[/SIZE][/FONT]

[FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3][B]Religious Magazine[/B]: tarjuman ul quran, turjuman ul hadith, iblagh, al Islam etc.[/SIZE][/FONT]

[FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3][B]Film Magazine[/B]: Shama, Musawar, Nigar, Roman, Shabab, Mumtaz are examples.[/SIZE][/FONT]

[FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3][B]Sports Magazine[/B]: cricketer, sports times etc[/SIZE][/FONT]

[FONT=Arial Narrow][SIZE=3][B]Magazine For Children[/B]: Phool, Taleem, Naunihal, bacho ka digest are examples.[/SIZE][/FONT]

[SIZE=4][U][B][FONT=Times New Roman]NEWS[/FONT][/B][/U][/SIZE]

[SIZE=3] [B][FONT=Times New Roman]Introduction:[/FONT][/B][/SIZE]

[SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman] News is a report of recent or current event or information published in newspaper or other periodicals.[/FONT][/SIZE]

[SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman] “News may be defined as any accurate fact or idea that will interest a large number of readers”[/FONT][/SIZE]

[SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman] Carl warren says that the word NEWS is not composed from the initials of compass points i.e. north, east, west and south. It is simply the plural of English word new.[/FONT][/SIZE]
[FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Lord North says that if a dog bites man it is not news but if reverse happens than it is news.[/SIZE][/FONT]

[B][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]Elements/ values of news OR Determinants of News:[/FONT][/SIZE][/B][B][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]

Proximity:[/FONT][/SIZE][/B][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Proximity means nearness in space. The news which is closer to reader or receiver is more valuable than that whose origin is father. E.g. for people living in Lahore will value news from Lahore more than any other city.[/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][B]

Timeliness[/B]:[/FONT][/SIZE][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]It means nearness in time. An event occurring latestly is more valued than any other previous news. People are more interested in updates.[/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][B]

Magnitude[/B]:[/FONT][/SIZE][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Magnitude means that how many people are affected from an event. The greater magnitude means highly valued news as it effects higher number of people. E.g. Earthquake, Assassination of benazir etc.[/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][B]

Significance[/B]:[/FONT][/SIZE][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]It debates on importance of the event which becomes news. It focuses on the consequences of a happening e.g. great medical discovery, national decisions (operation in swat) etc.[/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][B]

Policy[/B]:[/FONT][/SIZE][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Newspaper owner decides about the policy of news. He decides that what types of news will be published in that newspaper. Therefore the policy effects in determining news. E.g. pro labor or antilabour, pro government or anti government.[/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][B]

conflict[/B]:[/FONT][/SIZE][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]In human life conflicts takes place and they become news. Election, sports, man vs. man conflict news and stories are much important and are placed on front page.[/SIZE][/FONT][B][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]

Famous and important places:[/FONT][/SIZE][/B][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]News about famous places are valued more e.g. place like London, Karachi, Tokyo, Paris are important when determining a news.[/SIZE][/FONT][B][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]

Oddity: (The quality of being strange)[/FONT][/SIZE][/B][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Oddity plays important role for news determining. More oddity mean more value of news e.g. Lord North says that if a dog bites man it is not news but if reverse happens than it is news.[/SIZE][/FONT][B][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]

Suspense:[/FONT][/SIZE][/B][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Suspense is essential for news e.g. what will be the result of conflict between government and opposition e.g. condition after governor raj in Punjab in 2009.[/SIZE][/FONT][B][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]

Important Personality:[/FONT][/SIZE][/B][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]News about important personalities like any celebrity is valued and this factor determines news.[/SIZE][/FONT]

[B][U][SIZE=3] Press council ordinance 2002 [/SIZE][/U][/B]

[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3]General Pervaiz Musharaf in October 2002 promulgated the press council ordinance which provides for a press council for Pakistan professedly aimed at[/SIZE][/FONT]:

[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][FONT=Symbol]· [/FONT]Improving professional standards of all journalists.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][FONT=Symbol]· [/FONT]To insure press freedom in the country.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][FONT=Symbol]· [/FONT]The council allows for a mechanism to register complaints by the public in violation of an ethical code of practice.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3]The law states that the code which deals with such weighty issues as morality, plagiarism, fairness etc will let journalists perform their duty with responsibility. The council will be an independent entity.[/SIZE][/FONT]

[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][B]Functions[/B]:[/SIZE][/FONT]

[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]1. [/FONT]Preserve press freedoms by maintaining high professional and ethical standards of newspaper and news agencies.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]2. [/FONT]Helping newspaper and news agencies to maintain independence.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]3. [/FONT]Revise, update, enforce and implement the code for newspapers, news agencies, editors, journalists and publisher.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]4. [/FONT]Receive complaints about violation of codes by newspaper, editors, and journalist.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]5. [/FONT]Appoint inquiry commission to decide complaint.[/SIZE][/FONT]
[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][FONT=Calibri]6. [/FONT]Receive complaints by newspaper or journalists against government officials or organizations including political parties for hindering functions of press.[/SIZE][/FONT]

[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3][B]Composition[/B]:[/SIZE][/FONT]

[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3]The council comprises of 19 members.[/SIZE][/FONT]

[B][FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3]Conclusion:[/SIZE][/FONT][/B]

[FONT=Book Antiqua][SIZE=3]In Pakistan a voluntary code of ethics was adopted in 1972 by general assembly of the committee of the press and hence there was no reason a new code was required.[/SIZE][/FONT]

[B][U][SIZE="4"]Global Village[/SIZE][/U][/B]


Global Village is a term closely associated with Marshall McLuhan, popularized in his books The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (1962) and Understanding Media (1964). McLuhan describes how the globe has been contracted into a village by electric technology and the instantaneous movement of information from every quarter to every point at the same time. In bringing all social and political functions together in a sudden implosion, electric speed has heightened human awareness of responsibility to an intense degree.

Today, the term "Global Village" is mostly used as a metaphor to describe the Internet and World Wide Web. On the Internet, physical distance is even less of a hindrance to the real-time communicative activities of people, and therefore social spheres are greatly expanded by the openness of the web and the ease at which people can search for online communities and interact with others that share the same interests and concerns.

Therefore, this technology fosters the idea of a conglomerate yet unified global community.Due to the enhanced speed of communication online and the ability of people to read about, spread, and react to global news very rapidly, McLuhan says this forces us to become more involved with one another from countries around the world and be more aware of our global responsibilities. Similarly, web-connected computers enable people to link their web sites together. This new reality has implications for forming new sociological structures within the context of culture.

There is some disagreement in the consideration of the Internet as promoting the idea of a global village. Modern theorist Glenn Willmott says McLuhan's idea of the Global Village is a clichéd phrase that does not take into account the corruption of the Internet by government and corporate censorship and control over information on the web (news and entertainment information in particular).

The notion of the digital divide also signifies why the idea of global village is the problem is because we have more technical things these days. The idea of a Global Village is problematic; not all people are connected to the Internet equally (notably the economically disadvantaged) and those that lack web access are excluded from global news and participating in online communities, then modern communication technology does not truly promote a Global Village as McLuhan described it for all people.

Communication media can also be used to divide people within the sphere of online communities. For example, scholars Marshall Van Alstyne and Erik Brynjolfsson offer a contrasting view in their paper, "Electronic Communities: Global Village or Cyberbalkans?" They say that although modern communication technologies have the potential to create the unified communities reminiscent of McLuhan's idea of the Global Village, they also threaten to balkanize or fragment communities by allowing people to easily segregate themselves into geographic and special interest groups.

[B][U][SIZE="4"]Freedom of the press[/SIZE][/U][/B]


[I] Freedom of the press consists of constitutional or statutory protections pertaining to the media and published materials.[/I]

With respect to governmental information, any government distinguishes which materials are public or protected from disclosure to the public based on classification of information as sensitive, classified or secret and being otherwise protected from disclosure due to relevance of the information to protecting the national interest. Many governments are also subject to sunshine laws or freedom of information legislation that are used to define the ambit of national interest.

[B] "I fear the newspapers more than a hundred thousand bayonets."[/B]

— Napoleon Bonaparte

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference, and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers"

Without liberty of the press, there can be no free access to public information and the public opinion to which all free men are entitled. In a democratic society unless the press itself enjoys freedom it cannot defend and protect the rights and liberties of the citizens. Only free press can perform sacred task of fourth estate. Freedom of the press cannot be used as a license against any one.

Howsoever free the press may be it cannot be allowed the freedom to call in question the integrity of the judges of high court and Supreme Court or to defame them. Our constitution under article 19 has recognized the freedom of expression and speech of the citizens, which is the basis of freedom of the press, but this right is subject to any restriction imposed by law in the interest of glory of Islam or integrity or security of Pakistan, friendly relations with foreign states, public order, decency or morality, contempt of court, defamation an incitement to an office.

There has been a demand in Pakistan that such an amendment should be made in constitution so that in future no government is able to clamp censorship on the press.

There is no doubt that censorship on the press violates the freedom of speech and expression of the citizens. It violates the citizen’s rights to free flow of communication. Censorship is not justified except in times of war or internal insurrection.

[B][U][SIZE=3] Ethics of Journalism [/SIZE][/U][/B]

[FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]American society of newspaper editors (ASNE) prescribed the following canons of journalism in 1923 which are as follows.[/SIZE][/FONT]

[B][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]1. Responsibility:[/FONT][/SIZE][/B]

[FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The journalist should be a responsible man and perform his duties responsibly.[/SIZE][/FONT]

[SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][B]2[/B].[/FONT][B][FONT=Times New Roman]Freedom Of Press:[/FONT][/B][/SIZE]

[FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Freedom Of press shall not be used as a weapon against any one. Journalist shall report the news in its true sense and shall not try to make someone’s image.[/SIZE][/FONT]


[SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][B]3. Independence[/B][B]:

[/B][/FONT][/SIZE][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The policy of a newspaper should be independent and shall not favour any political or administrative figure. There shall be no bias and prejudices against any one.[/SIZE][/FONT]


[SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][B]4. Sincerity, Truthfulness And Accuracy[/B]:
[/FONT][/SIZE]

[SIZE=3][B][FONT=Times New Roman]5. [/FONT][/B][B][FONT=Times New Roman]Impartiality:[/FONT][/B][/SIZE]

[FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The newspaper editor shall show impartiality. He shall stand neutral in all cases.[/SIZE][/FONT]

[SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]6.[B]Fair play:[/B][/FONT][/SIZE][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]

The journalist shall show a fair play. They shall not misuse their position and shall work in the best interest of society.[/SIZE][/FONT]

[B][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]7.Decency:[/FONT][/SIZE][/B]

[FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]The journalist shall not give detail of any unethical crime.[/SIZE][/FONT]

[B][U][SIZE=3] Development made in pakistani journalism [/SIZE][/U][/B]

[FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Pakistani society, since freedom, is striving toward progress. A society and press are interrelated. Pakistani journalism particularly urdu journalism has made much progress in last decades. The developments are:[/SIZE][/FONT][B][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]

Supply of NEWS:[/FONT][/SIZE][/B][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]

Previously news reached late to office but nowadays it reaches in time. Installation of teleprinters has given much help in this regard. News is also gathered from radio and TV. Newspapers have their correspondents at different locations around the world who gather information and send it to office. Now days fax machines are used. Direct to home DTH technology is also available. Internet serves this purpose very well. Reports use mobiles. Live telecast is very easy nowadays.[/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][B]

Makeup[/B]:[/FONT][/SIZE][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]

Make up is process of assembling a page or the art of putting effectively and artistically matters on the page. Before partition the make up of the news papers was meeting standards. Imroze, jang, Nawa-e-waqt, Express now come with modern make up. Make up effects audience and increases the circulation of newspaper.[/SIZE][/FONT][B][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]

Changes in the topics of editorial:[/FONT][/SIZE][/B][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]

Previously the editorials were political in nature only. Now editorials are written on economic, social and cultural problems as well. Editorial is the soul of newspaper. The columns and opinions are also important.[/SIZE][/FONT][B][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]

The Authenticity of language:[/FONT][/SIZE][/B][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]

Before partition journalists of urdu like zafar ali khan, hasrat mohani and abdul kalam azad were poet, writer and journalist at the same time so there was no professionalism. Now we have journalists with masters degree in journalism from universities. They are now trained professionals.[/SIZE][/FONT][B][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]

The taste of the reader:[/FONT][/SIZE][/B][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Today newspapers are written keeping in view taste of readers.[/SIZE][/FONT][B][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]

Special Edition:[/FONT][/SIZE][/B][FONT=Times New Roman][SIZE=3]Every newspaper today publish special edition on subjects of wide area i.e political, education, literacy, films etc.[/SIZE][/FONT][LIST][*][B][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]Use of Computers[/FONT][/SIZE][/B][*][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][B]Humorous Columns[/B]: are also given place in newspapers nowdays.[/FONT][/SIZE][*][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][B]Pictures[/B]: pictorial journalism is a product of 20th century. Pictures attract reader and give more clarity of subject.[/FONT][/SIZE][*][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][B]Progress in printing[/B]: offset type has bee adopted instead of lithoprinting which brought revolution. Rotary machines have been installed which print from 20 to 25 copies at the same time. Now whole newspaper along with picture is printed at the same time.[/FONT][/SIZE][*][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][B]Increase in circulation[/B]: there is marked increase in circulation of newspaper in Pakistan as compared to past.[/FONT][/SIZE][*][B][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]Reference sections established at newspaper office:[/FONT][/SIZE][/B][*][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][B]Chains of Newspapers[/B]: A paper is published from several cities at same time e.g Jang is published from Karachi, Quetta, Lahore, Rawalpindi and London. Fax made this task easy.[/FONT][/SIZE][*][B][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]Increase in advertisement: [/FONT][/SIZE][/B][*][B][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]Mutual Competition Between Newspapers:[/FONT][/SIZE][/B][*][B][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman]Sunday Magazine:[/FONT][/SIZE][/B][*][SIZE=3][FONT=Times New Roman][B]Yellow Journalism[/B]: William Hearst was the founder of yellow journalism. Sensational news and stories are published in news papers to attract more people.[/FONT][/SIZE][/LIST]