Effects of Transfer of Payments on Social Mobility
 

I have attempted the following question of 2008. Seniors are requested to comments and highlight the flaws and shortcomings of mine. Rate my answer also.

Thanks in advannce




[LEFT][SIZE="3"][FONT="Book Antiqua"]QUESTION: WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY SOCIAL MOBILITY? DISCUSS, “DO TRANSFER OF PAYMENTS AID OR DISCOURAGE SOCIAL MOBILITY”. 2008
:thinking
INTRODUCTION:

The wish for a higher status and income than one’s parents is the demand of the present day modern world. Therefore, Man strives for attaining a prosper position in the society. The process whereby people achieve or fail to achieve this prosperity is called Social Mobility. In Pakistan, people are now moving towards cities for getting a high and well facilitated standard of life, this is an example of Social Mobility.

DEFINITION OF SOCIAL MOBILITY:

According to Fairchild, Social Mobility is a movement from one condition to another in a society. Whereas Bredemyer and Stephenson describes Social Mobility as moving of an individual or group of people in a society from one status to another.

Form the above definitions it is evident that Social Mobility is an act of movement from one condition to another or adoption of another condition for progressing. In other words, it is a rejection of a social class to adjust with the new ways of life. Social Mobility may be explained as the act of moving from one social class to another. An open class society is one in which mobility is high whereas closed class society is one in which there is little mobility. In modern world many countries are seeking to increase social mobility to make people happier and provide opportunity for the work, the members of society best suited.

FORMS OF SOCIAL MOBILITY

Social mobility can be divide in three forms according to the directions or progress of the individual or groups of people in a society in terms of mobility, as follow:-

VERTICAL MOBILITY

It is defined as any upward or downward change in the absolute or related rank of any individual or group. When an individual or group of people achieve a higher status in the society by income, profession, residence, job, education, marrying a woman of higher status, etc it is called upward mobility. When an individual or group of people lose its status in the society such as lost of job, physical handicapness is called downward mobility. Both, the downward and upward mobility can be summarized as Vertical Mobility.

HORIZONTAL MOBILITY

It is defined as no significant change up or down in the social status of individual or group. When an individual or group of people change its position without any change in status such as transfer of an employee in the same scale and salary is an example of Horizontal Mobility.

GEOGRAPHICAL MOBILITY

Movement of an individual or group of people from one area to another in a society is called geographical mobility. It can be both horizontal and vertical. Migration of people from one place to another is an example of geographical mobility. Geographical movement happens due to getting a job, for acquiring education, expansion in business, marriages outside the area.

EFFECTS OF TRANSFER OF PAYMENTS ON SOCIAL MOBILITY

Industrialized countries made a good deal of progress in terms of spreading prosperity. However, there is still a portion of population living in poverty. This grows in economically depressed times such as the depression of 1980 in United States of America. Government collects revenues from the taxpayers to run the affairs of its management and welfare of the people. In Pakistan, Public Sector Development Project is a very good example of transfer of payments. The government allocates a good amount of its revenue for this project. A big portion of the national income is consumed on the welfare of the poor class in cash or kind. Government subsidized education; housing projects, health and Medicare are the example of transfer of payments. However, poor class as well as middle is benefited from the same. Government extends subsidies on food items as wheat, sugar, ghee provided in the Utility Stores to help the poor class and move in the society. This progress the mobility of poor class towards upward mobility. On the other hand the poor class pays less tax on their income and receive a large part of earnings. In Pakistan, Benzair Income Support Programme is another example of mobility of poor class by transfer of Payments to change their status in the society.

CONCLUSION:

Given the above facts, Social Mobility is the change in the status of an individual or group of people in a society. From the beginning, man is always in pursuit of higher status in as society. Social Mobility in closed class is very low whereas in open class there is high rate of mobility. The industrialized as well as underdeveloped countries are trying to decrease the gap between the poor class and middle class through transfer of payments. Therefore, it subsidized different commodities to help the poor class but simultaneously the middle class profited at great extent for these subsidize. [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT]

[QUOTE=Officer_DMG;333940]I have attempted the following question of 2008. Seniors are requested to comments and highlight the flaws and shortcomings of mine. Rate my answer also.

Thanks in advannce




[LEFT][SIZE="3"][FONT="Book Antiqua"]QUESTION: WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY SOCIAL MOBILITY? DISCUSS, “DO TRANSFER OF PAYMENTS AID OR DISCOURAGE SOCIAL MOBILITY”. 2008
:thinking
INTRODUCTION:

The wish for a higher status and income than one’s parents is the demand of the present day modern world. Therefore, Man strives for attaining a prosper position in the society. The process whereby people achieve or fail to achieve this prosperity is called Social Mobility. In Pakistan, people are now moving towards cities for getting a high and well facilitated standard of life, this is an example of Social Mobility.

DEFINITION OF SOCIAL MOBILITY:

According to Fairchild, Social Mobility is a movement from one condition to another in a society. Whereas Bredemyer and Stephenson describes Social Mobility as moving of an individual or group of people in a society from one status to another.

Form the above definitions it is evident that Social Mobility is an act of movement from one condition to another or adoption of another condition for progressing. In other words, it is a rejection of a social class to adjust with the new ways of life. Social Mobility may be explained as the act of moving from one social class to another. An open class society is one in which mobility is high whereas closed class society is one in which there is little mobility. In modern world many countries are seeking to increase social mobility to make people happier and provide opportunity for the work, the members of society best suited.

FORMS OF SOCIAL MOBILITY

Social mobility can be divide in three forms according to the directions or progress of the individual or groups of people in a society in terms of mobility, as follow:-

VERTICAL MOBILITY

It is defined as any upward or downward change in the absolute or related rank of any individual or group. When an individual or group of people achieve a higher status in the society by income, profession, residence, job, education, marrying a woman of higher status, etc it is called upward mobility. When an individual or group of people lose its status in the society such as lost of job, physical handicapness is called downward mobility. Both, the downward and upward mobility can be summarized as Vertical Mobility.

HORIZONTAL MOBILITY

It is defined as no significant change up or down in the social status of individual or group. When an individual or group of people change its position without any change in status such as transfer of an employee in the same scale and salary is an example of Horizontal Mobility.

GEOGRAPHICAL MOBILITY

Movement of an individual or group of people from one area to another in a society is called geographical mobility. It can be both horizontal and vertical. Migration of people from one place to another is an example of geographical mobility. Geographical movement happens due to getting a job, for acquiring education, expansion in business, marriages outside the area.

EFFECTS OF TRANSFER OF PAYMENTS ON SOCIAL MOBILITY

Industrialized countries made a good deal of progress in terms of spreading prosperity. However, there is still a portion of population living in poverty. This grows in economically depressed times such as the depression of 1980 in United States of America. Government collects revenues from the taxpayers to run the affairs of its management and welfare of the people. In Pakistan, Public Sector Development Project is a very good example of transfer of payments. The government allocates a good amount of its revenue for this project. A big portion of the national income is consumed on the welfare of the poor class in cash or kind. Government subsidized education; housing projects, health and Medicare are the example of transfer of payments. However, poor class as well as middle is benefited from the same. Government extends subsidies on food items as wheat, sugar, ghee provided in the Utility Stores to help the poor class and move in the society. This progress the mobility of poor class towards upward mobility. On the other hand the poor class pays less tax on their income and receive a large part of earnings. In Pakistan, Benzair Income Support Programme is another example of mobility of poor class by transfer of Payments to change their status in the society.

CONCLUSION:

Given the above facts, Social Mobility is the change in the status of an individual or group of people in a society. From the beginning, man is always in pursuit of higher status in as society. Social Mobility in closed class is very low whereas in open class there is high rate of mobility. The industrialized as well as underdeveloped countries are trying to decrease the gap between the poor class and middle class through transfer of payments. Therefore, it subsidized different commodities to help the poor class but simultaneously the middle class profited at great extent for these subsidize. [/FONT][/SIZE][/LEFT][/QUOTE]


Hi ,
Although I am no authority on sociology but there are few suggestions that I would like to make. First of all , you must understand what the question demands from you.

WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY SOCIAL MOBILITY? DISCUSS, “DO TRANSFER OF PAYMENTS AID OR DISCOURAGE SOCIAL MOBILITY”

So two things are clear. You have to define mobility and then concentrate on transfer of payments as a source or hindrance in social mobility.

The examiner did not ask about forms of mobility , so no need to mention it.

What you did not discuss was , the factors that aid in mobility. And those factors that prevent mobility.

You did mention that in an open class society , there is a chance of mobility. But what is the difference between an open class and closed class society.

The next thing that you should discuss is a simple example.

Ahmad gets 5000 rupees from government and with the simple lifestyle of ahmad , it is not difficult to live on 5000 rupees. In that case transfer of payments is a total loss of money. The practical example is of many Bangladeshis and Pakistanis who are residing in uk and live on social welfare programs run by the government. Oscar wilde said that helping the poor by giving them money will only keep them poor. What we need to do is teach them skill or give them enough money that will allow them to run a business. So instead of giving subsidy on electricity the government decides to use the same amount of money to run a manufacturing unit that will add value to our agriculture products, this is a much better idea. This unit will give employment to people and also add to the national income of a country.

I can go on with this question. But what I wanted to make clear was , that you deviated from the main course of question. The aim should not be to write more , rather you should write to the point.

Moreover you also need to work on your English.

For example” Man strives for attaining a prosper position in the “ . this sentence is wrong. It would be better if you write it as , man strives hard to attain a prosperous position in life.


I hope these corrections will help you in refining your answer

Regards,

tnx brother.
I'm very happy to see my shortcomings. It is my first attempt of CSS preparation. Keep me guiding with your valuable views.


"All intelligent thoughts have already been thought; what is necessary is only to try to think them again"

well if you need any further help ..then i am always here ..no need to worry brother

Salam!
I again consulted my book of Horton for the said question. In the topic of Poverty there is a sub topic Transfer Payments which I reproduced in the above answer. Is Transfer of Payments and Transfer Payments is two different things. Plaz clarify.

waiting for reply.

[QUOTE=Officer_DMG;334688]Salam!
I again consulted my book of Horton for the said question. In the topic of Poverty there is a sub topic Transfer Payments which I reproduced in the above answer. Is Transfer of Payments and Transfer Payments is two different things. Plaz clarify.

waiting for reply.[/QUOTE]

Brother,as far as I understand that Transfer payment question was asked in Social Mobility ..

I think the topic you are telling might be related to Poverty ..

confirm me too If I am wrong ..

you need to understand what is transfer of payments? if you understand it . .then whether the examiner asks it in social mobility or poverty ...there should be no problem ...
in fact it is related to both of the issues...
people are poor so they need transfer of payments...but when they get transfer payments do they get rich ? or do they get used to it ? they get lethargic and do not work hard?
or transfer payments are completely useless ? since it only adds burden to the economy ?
these are the questions that you need to clear in your mind. once you understand it ..then you can write it in poverty or social mobility or anywhere else

thank you brother, now I got it.