Hypothesis

[sikander kalhoro]

1.What is the formulation of hypothesis? how many types of formulation are there?
2.Identify the following
Independent variables, dependent variables, mediating variable?

I promptly need descriptive answers of the above questions.

[Assiduous]

Originally Posted by sikander kalhoro

1.What is the formulation of hypothesis? how many types of formulation are there?
2.Identify the following
Independent variables, dependent variables, mediating variable?

I promptly need descriptive answers of the above questions.

hypotheses can be formulated in many ways depending on whether you are seeing cause and effect relationship between two variables or correlation etc. for example:
heightened self consciousness would cause memory deficit (for cause and effect)
nail biting and anxiety would be positively correlated (for correlation)

independent variable: which is manipulated b the experimenter. it is cause in cause and effect relationship. (eg. heightened self consciousness )
dependent variable: which is measured in an experiment. it is effect in cause and effect relationship (eg. memory)

[sikander kalhoro]

What are informal and formal means of social contract? are they as same as informal and formal sanctions ?

[Sulehrix]

In moral and political philosophy, the social contract or political contract is a theory or model, originating during the Age of Enlightenment, that typically addresses the questions of the origin of society and the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual.

You can read more about it here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contract

For further details: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/contractarianism/

I am extremely surprised because this question related to Philosophy