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Friends i started study for the NSO post from the book of economics and banking and finance it will cover many topics like Public finance. economics. central banking, monetary policy.....

[B]Function of NSO[/B]
Core Objectives
o Generation of pool of funds for country
o Provide secure system of Borrowing
o Promotion of savings
o Mobilization of idle savings
o Motivation towards savings
o Provide assistance to SBP
o Establishment of a savings Banks


[B]Generation of pool of funds for country:[/B]
The basic function of this organization is to generate the pool of funds from the nation by a trusted and ensured govt. body.

[B]Promotion of savings[/B]:
The main and basic purpose of national savings was to collect the small amounts of savings from lower class & middle class of the society of Pakistan. Because the amounts of savings in this segment of people are very low so they often try to avoid the investment of this amount. National saving’s prime purpose
was to create confidence among these people and collect their small savings through its savings schemes.
[B]Mobilization of idle savings:[/B]
Mobilization of idle savings is necessary for the economic development of any country. So Pakistan is trying to do so through national savings, as said earlier, and to reinvest them in the required or desired segment/sector of economy.

[B]Motivation towards savings: [/B]
The objective of national savings was to create motivations towards savings among people of Pakistan. Now it is trying well for this objective. People are concentrating toward the schemes of national savings. National savings also, launched many schemes for the attainment of this purpose like prize bonds, certificates etc.

[B]Provide assistance to SBP:[/B]
The other objective was to provide assistance to stat bank of Pakistan in controlling the quantity of money in the country. Because suppose in inflationary Conditions. SBP has to launch securities and it feels difficulties to do so in the absence of national savings.

[B]Establishment of a savings Banks:[/B]
The last objective was to establish the savings bank in the country, which has performed all saving function. No doubt other commercial banks were doing and trying their best to act as savings bank but the speed of advancement was not satisfactory and people were not considering them.

[B]Public finance [/B]is the study of the role of the government in the economy.[1] It is the branch of economics which assesses the government revenue and government expenditure of the public authorities and the adjustment of one or the other to achieve desirable effects and avoid undesirable ones.

[B]Public Finance Management[/B] (PFM) basically deals with all aspects of resource mobilization and expenditure management in government. Just as managing finances is a critical function of management in any organization, similarly public finance management is an essential part of the governance process. Public finance management includes resource mobilization, prioritization of programmes, the budgetary process, efficient management of resources and exercising controls. Rising aspirations of people are placing more demands on financial resources. At the same time, the emphasis of the citizenry is on value for money, thus making public finance management increasingly vital. The following subdivisions form the subject matter of public finance.

Public expenditure
Public revenue
Public debt
Financial administration
Federal finance

[B]Economics Development [/B]
Development economics is a branch of economics which deals with economic aspects of the development process in low-income countries. Its focus is not only on methods of promoting economic development, economic growth and structural change but also on improving the potential for the mass of the population, for example, through health and education and workplace conditions, whether through public or private channels.

Development economics involves the creation of theories and methods that aid in the determination of policies and practices and can be implemented at either the domestic or international level. This may involve restructuring market incentives or using mathematical methods like inter-temporal optimization for project analysis, or it may involve a mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods.

Unlike in many other fields of economics, approaches in development economics may incorporate social and political factors to devise particular plans. Also unlike many other fields of economics, there is "no consensus" on what students should know. Different approaches may consider the factors that contribute to economic convergence or non-convergence across households, regions, and countries

[B]Central Banking..[/B]....
A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages a state's currency, money supply, and interest rates. Central banks also usually oversee the commercial banking system of their respective countries. In contrast to a commercial bank, a central bank possesses a monopoly on increasing the amount of money in the state, and usually also prints the national currency, which usually serves as the state's legal tender. Examples include the SBP Central Bank.

The primary function of a central bank is to manage the nation's money supply (monetary policy), through active duties such as managing interest rates, setting the reserve requirement, and acting as a lender of last resort to the banking sector during times of bank insolvency or financial crisis. Central banks usually also have supervisory powers, intended to prevent bank runs and to reduce the risk that commercial banks and other financial institutions engage in reckless or fraudulent behavior. Central banks in most developed nations are institutionally designed to be independent from political interference. Still, limited control by the executive and legislative bodies usually exists.

The chief executive of a central bank is normally known as the Governor, President or Chairman.
[B]Functions of a central bank may include:
[/B]
implementing monetary policies.
determining Interest rates
controlling the nation's entire money supply
the Government's banker and the bankers' bank ("lender of last resort")
managing the country's foreign exchange and gold reserves and the Government's stock register
regulating and supervising the banking industry
setting the official interest rate – used to manage both inflation and the country's exchange rate – and ensuring that this rate takes effect via a variety of policy mechanisms

Monetary Policy
 

Monetary policy is the process by which the monetary authority of a country controls the supply of money, often targeting a rate of interest for the purpose of promoting economic growth and stability. The official goals usually include relatively stable prices and low unemployment. Monetary economics provides insight into how to craft optimal monetary policy.

Monetary policy is referred to as either being expansionary or contractionary, where an expansionary policy increases the total supply of money in the economy more rapidly than usual, and contractionary policy expands the money supply more slowly than usual or even shrinks it. Expansionary policy is traditionally used to try to combat unemployment in a recession by lowering interest rates in the hope that easy credit will entice businesses into expanding. Contractionary policy is intended to slow inflation in order to avoid the resulting distortions and deterioration of asset values.

Monetary policy differs from fiscal policy, which refers to taxation, government spending, and associated borrowing

MCQs
 

MCQs for Central banking, Economics development ,Public finance etc

[url]http://www.geekmcq.com/css/economics/[/url]

Download MCqs and NOtes
 

[url]https://www.scribd.com/[/url]

IMF, world bank, ADB, etc are included in central banking??