Nobel Prizes 2007,2009

[sarfrazmayo]

NOBEL LAUREATES 2007

Physics:
Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg "for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance"

Chemistry:
Gerhard Ertl "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"

Physiology or Medicine:
Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells"

Literature:
Doris Lessing "that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny"

Peace:
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"

Prize in Economics:
Leonid Hurwicz, Eric S. Maskin and Roger B. Myerson "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"

NOBEL LAUREATES 2008

Physics:
Yoichiro Nambu "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics" Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature"

Chemistry:
Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"

Physiology or Medicine:
Harald zur Hausen "for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer" Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus"

Literature:
Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio "author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization"

Peace:
Martti Ahtisaari "for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts"

Prize in Economics:
Paul Krugman "for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity"