EXAMINATION 1991
Generally, European trains still stop at borders to change locomotives and staff. This is often necessary. The German and French voltage systems are incompatible. Spain — though not Portugal — has a broad gauge track. English bridges are lower than elsewhere, and passengers on German trains would need a ladder to reach French platforms, twice as high as their own. But those physical constraints pale in comparison to an even more formidable barrier — national chauvinism. While officials in Brussels strive for an integrated and efficiently run rail network to relieve the Continent’s gorged roads and airways, and cut down on pollution, three member countries —France, Germany and Italy—are working feverishly to develop their own expensive and mutually incompatible high-speed trains.


European trains had to exchange their engines and staff because of National chauvinism and differences in voltage system and broad guage. Brussal tried to run better rail network and control on pollution.France,Germany and Italy are working hard to develop their own expensive ad mutually high speed- train.

Title:National Chauvinism in Europe

Let me clear this point,precis should be in past tense.In above lines France,Germany and Italy what should be? are or were