Thread: Repeated Questions of Geology
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Old Saturday, January 19, 2013
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Default Repeated Questions of Geology

Paper-I

Earth
  • Discuss the internal structure of the earth in the light of seismic velocities. (2012)
  • Describe the internal structure of the Earth and its relation to solar system. (2010)
  • What methods are available to determine the age of the Earth? Describe its internal structure. (2004)
  • How Earth came into being? Briefly discuss theories about its origin. (2003)

Earthquakes

  • How the Earthquake is located? How the destruction was made by earthquake in 2005 in Pakistan? Discuss briefly.(2013)
  • In the context of earthquake, define epicentre and focus. Using P and S waves how the epicentre of an earthquake is located? (2011)
  • What is the difference between magnitude and intensity of an earthquake? What are earthquake resistant structures? (2005)
  • How do you locate the epicenter of an earthquake? What measures are necessary for those areas of Pakistan which are seismically active(2004)
  • What are EARTHQUAKES? How are these produced? What measures need to be adopted to mitigate the damage caused by the earthquakes(2002)


Plate Tectonics

  • Discuss three types of collision of Plate boundaries with reference to Plate system of Pakistan. (2013)
  • Briefly describe the theory of plate tectonic. Also comment on the Indian-Eurasian Collision and formation of Himalayas(2012)
  • How many Tectonic Plate Boundaries are found? Describe them briefly with emphasis to Indian Plate. (2009)
  • What is meant by continental drift and plate tectonics? Discuss various tectonic elements of the Earth. (2003)


Fault and Folds

  • Short Note - Types of fold (2014)
  • Differentiate Structural Geology and Tectonics. Enlist classification of fault based on Slip and attitude of fault and attitude of strata with brief description and diagrams.(2013)
  • What are faults, how they are recognized in field? Give the classification of faults based on Slip types. (2011)
  • How do you classify Folds? Discuss the types of Folds in the mountains of Balochistan. (2005)
  • How do you classify Faults? Discuss the importance of chaman fault in the geology of Pakistan. (2004)

Volcanism

  • What are volcanoes, how they are formed? Discus their elationship with orogeny and plate tectonics. Also describe the types of eruptions related with various types of volcanoes . (2014)
  • Describe volcanic processes in detail with emphasis to volcanic activity in Indus and Baluchistan Basins. (2009)
  • What is a Volcano ? Where are Volcanoes located on Earth? What are different types of Volcanic Eruptions? Where does Calk-Alkaline magmatism occur? (2008)


Weathering and Erosion

  • How many kinds of Geomorphic Cycles are possible? Discuss process of chemical weathering in detail. (2007)
  • Discuss the process of weathering and erosion. What is the importance of these processes? (2005)
·

Sedimentary Structures

  • What are Deltas, how they are formed? Describe deltaic landforms and give the characteristics of deltaic sediments. (2014)
  • With the help of a diagram give the clasifcation of sandstones proposed by Dot orFolk. Describe the compositon of each class.(2014)
  • With examples, discuss the geological parameters which control the landforms of an area. Describe the landforms resulted by sedimentation through ice and melt water. (2011)
  • What are sedimentary structures? Describe its classification and discuss the deformational sedimentary structures(2010)


Fossils

  • Discuss the process of fossilization in detail.(2012)
  • Define fossil, discuss various modes of fossilizations. Describe main morphological features of class Trilobita of Phylum Arthropoda. (2011)
  • What importance has micro fossils in stratigraphy? Give the Classification of Phylum Sarcodina up to Family level. (2009)
  • What is a Fossil? What are various requirements for the preservation of fauna and flora in rocks? (2008)
  • What is the importance of Fossils in Geology? Describe various processes of fossilization. (2007)
  • What are FOSSILS? How are these preserved? List the most important INDEX Fossils of Pakistan. (2003)
  • Describe the morphology of Brachiopods. What is their significance in the stratigraphy of Pakistan? (2005)
  • Describe the morphology of CEPHALOPODS. What is their significance in the stratigraphy of Pakistan? (2004)
  • Write an essay on the Foraminifera with special reference to their distribution in Pakistan(2002)


Stratigraphy


  • Diferentiate betwen Chronostratigraphic and Lithostratigraphic units. Which of these units are esentialy synchronous and why? Write the stratigraphic sucesion of Bara Nala Section of Sindh.(2014)
  • Short Note - Stratigraphy of Khewra Gorge (2013)
  • Describe the stratigraphy of Khewra Gorge (2012)
  • Define correlation, describe the principle of correlation with examples from the stratigraphy of Pakistan(2010)
  • Describe the Stratigraphy of Oceanic Crust?. (2008)
  • What is Stratigraphic Code of Pakistan? Describe the Paleozoic rocks of the Salt Range. (2005)
  • What is STRATIGRAPHY? Briefly describe various stratigraphic units? Summarize the Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Salt Rage. (2003)
  • What are the basic time stratigraphic units and their corresponding time units? Why did geologist find it necessary to establish these two kinds of units? (2001)


Salt Range

  • Discuss the occurrence,stratigraphy and the reserve of coal in salt range(Cis and Trans Indus). (2012)
  • Describe the morphological and structural characters of Salt Range. Discuss its importance in geology of Pakistan. Give the lithological characteristics of Salt Range Formation. (2011)
  • Describe the succession (Various Formations) of Mesozoic Era from Salt Range. (2009)
  • Enlist generalized succession of Paleozoic Era found in Salt Range and discuss the regional Unconformities established in Indus Basin of Pakistan. (2007)

Minerals

  • How orthopyroxenes can be diferentiated from clinopyroxenes under polarizing microscope? Name the members of ortho-and clinopyroxenes. Write al optical properties of orthopyroxenes. (2014)
  • Short Note - Hardness of the minerals and scale (2013)
  • How minerals are classified? Discuss and en list the classification of minerals other than silicate.(2013)
  • Discuss the physical properties of minerals dependent on light. (2012)
  • How rock-forming minerals are classified on the basis of silicate structure? Give example of each class. Write down the physical properties of mica group. (2011)
  • How X-ray diffraction helps to determine the mineralogical composition of rocks? (2010)
  • What are various common rock-forming minerals of the Earth’s Crust ? Briefly describe their composition and structure(2008)
  • Define mineral, crystal and rock. Describe the Feldspar group of minerals(2005)
  • What is the significance of physical properties of mineral? Describe the PYROXENE group of minerals(2004)
  • What is a MINERAL? Discuss various ROCK-FORMING MINERALS with the help of examples(2003)
  • What are Feldspars? Keeping in view the Al/Si distribution over the non-equivalent tetrahedral sites in the structure of feldspar. What is a disordered feldspar? (2002)


Crystals

  • Describe various Crystal System briefly and give examples of two minerals at least for each system. (2007)
  • What is he base of division of crystals into Systems and Classes? What are the peculiarities of the “Normal class” of a system? Describe the symmetry of the normal class of the Hexagonal System. (2002)

Bedding

  • What is Bed Form ? Describe the variety of Bed Forms produced under varying conditions of Flow Regime? (2008)
  • Define bedding and stratification. Discuss various types of bedding. Which features are employed to check whether the beds are right side up or over turned? (2002)
Rocks

  • Short Note - Stages of deformation (2013)
  • Short Note -Kinds of unconformities (2013)
  • How do the sediments convert to sedimentary rocks? Describe a few elastic sedimentary rocks. (2005)
  • What are unconformities? Discuss various stages involved in their development and describe with the help of diagrams various types of unconformities. (2002)
  • Discuss the rock cycle and explain how it is related to plate tectonics.(2001)

Igneous Rocks
  • Discuss the origin of MAGMA in relation to plate tectonics. How different types of igneous rocks are formed from a single magma? (2012)
  • What is acidic igneous rocks ? Describe the petrology of granite in detail. (2010)
  • What are Rocks? Discuss igneous rocks and compare and contrast the intrusive and extrusive rocks. (2004)
Metamorphic Rocks

  • Describe principal types of metamorphic rocks in details. (2009)
  • Briefly Describe the classification of Metamorphic Rocks. (2008)

Plutonic and volcanic rocks

  • Differentiate between Plutonic and volcanic rocks in detail and give examples of rocks from Pakistan and at least five for each kind(2007)
  • Briefly describe the major plutonic and volcanic rocks with their composition. Give some examples from Pakistan(2001)


Miscellaneous


  • What do you understand with palaeocurent analysis? What are the tols used for this analysis? How palaeocurent direction is determined using a Rose diagram or a Vector Diagram?(2014)
  • Describe the tertiary succession of lower Indus Basin. (2013)
  • What do you understand by Sedimentary Environment? Discuss in details the Marine environment.(2013)
  • What is meant by Metamorphism? What are various agents /factors of Metamorphism? (2008)
  • Define Formation. Describe the Tertiary sequence of strata in Sindh. (2008)
  • Describe various kinds of primary sedimentary structures and their role in identification of top and bottom of a Bed surface.(2007)
  • Describe the Cretaceous sequence of Hazara Area and the Suleman Range. (2007)
  • Discuss the difference in the Petrography; chemistry and occurrence of the Alkali basalt and tholeiitc basalt. (2002)
  • What is incongruent melting? Draw Phase diagram of the binary system-Leucite-Silica. Describe the characteristic features of this system. (2002)

Short Notes


  • Interference figure (2014)
  • Metamophic facies (2014)
  • Suture in Cephalopods (2014)
  • Present is key to the past (2013)
  • Mechanism of metamorphism (2013)
  • Magmatic Differentiation (2011)
  • Diagenesis (2011)
  • Dolomitization (2011)
  • Metasomatism(2011)
  • Metamorphic zones and facies. (2001),(2010)
  • Earth Magnetic Field(2010)
  • Convergent Plate Boundary(2010)
  • Chemical weathering(2010)
  • Different weathering. (2001)
  • Primary structures of igneous rock(2001)
  • Geomorphic cycle(2001)
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Last edited by Amna; Saturday, January 17, 2015 at 03:48 AM. Reason: Updated
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