 Suicide (French: Le Suicide) was one of the groundbreaking books in the field of sociology. Written by French sociologist Émile Durkheim and published in 1897
 Egoistic suicide reflects a prolonged sense of not belonging, of not being integrated in a community
 Altruistic suicide: is characterized by a sense of being overwhelmed by a group's goals and beliefs. [2]
 Anomic suicide: reflects an individual's moral confusion and lack of social direction, which is related to dramatic social and economic upheaval. [3]
 Fatalistic suicide: the opposite of anomic suicide, when a person is excessively regulated, when their futures are pitilessly blocked and passions violently choked by oppressive discipline
 Functionalism addresses society as a whole in terms of the function of its constituent elements; namely norms, customs, traditions and institutions.
 functionalism reached its crescendo in the 1940s and 1950s, and by the 1960s was in rapid decline.[7] By the 1980s, its place was taken in Europe by more conflict-oriented approaches,[8] and more recently by 'structuralism'.
 Conflict theories are perspectives in social science which emphasize the social, political or material inequality of a social group, which critique the broad socio-political system, or which otherwise detract from structural functionalism and ideological conservativism.
 C. Wright Mills has been called the founder of modern conflict theory.
 Middle range theory, developed by Robert K. Merton
 Structuralism is an intellectual movement that developed in France in the 1950s and 1960s, in which human culture is analysed semiotically (i.e., as a system of signs).
 Book “Principles of Sociology” (1874-96) by Herbert Spencer
 social mobility refers to the degree to which an individual or group's status is able to change in terms of position in the social hierarchy.
 Ibn Khaldun (ĭ`bən khäld n`), 1332–1406, Arab historian, b. Tunis.
 Paul Lazarsfeld has been called the "founder of modern empirical sociology".
 “Class and class conflict” is written by German, Ralf Dahrendorf.