1. INDEFINITE TENSES
(a) Present Indefinite Tense
(i) For Positive Sentences
S + V1(s,es) + O + P.M.R.T. + (MPAs).
(ii) For Negative Sentences
S + do/does not + V1 + O + P.M.R.T. + (MPAs).
(iii) For Interrogative Sentences
(Wh...) + Do/Does + S + V1 + O + P.M.R.T. + (MPAs)?
(b) Past Indefinite Tense
(i) For Positive Sentences
S + V2 + O + P.M.R.T.+ (MPAs).
(ii) For Negative Sentences
S + did not + V1 + O + P.M.R.T. +(MPAs).
(iii) For Interrogative Sentences
(Wh...) Did + S + V1 + O + P.M.R.T. + (MPAs)?
(c) Future Indefinite Tense
(i) For Positive Sentences
S + will/shall + V1 + O + P.M.R.T. + (MPAs).
(ii) For Negative Sentences
S + will/shall not + V1 + O + P.M.R.T. + (MPAs).
(iii) For Interrogative Sentences
(Wh....) Will/Shall + S + V1 + O + P.M.R.T. + (MPAs)?
2. CONTINUOUS TENSES
(a) Present Continuous Tense
(i) For Positive Sentences
S + is/am/are + V1 + ing + O + P.M.R.T. + (MPAs)
(ii) For Negative Sentences
S + is/am/are + not + V1 + ing + O + P.M.R.T. + (MPAs)
(iii) For Interrogative Sentences
(Wh...) + Is/Am/Are + S + V1 + ing + O + P.M.R.T. + (MPAs)
(b) Past Continuous Tense
(i) For Positive Sentences
S + was/were + V1 + ing + O + P.M.R.T. + (MPAs)
(ii) For Negative Sentences
S + was/were + not + V1 + ing + O + P.M.R.T. + (MPAs)
(iii) For Interrogative Sentences
(Wh...) + Was/Were + S + V1 + ing + O + P.M.R.T. + (MPAs)
(c) Future Continuous Tense
(i) For Positive Sentences
S + will be/shall be + V1 + ing + O + P.M.R.T. + (MPAs)
(ii) For Negative Sentences
S + will/shall + not + be + V1 + ing + O + P.M.R.T. + (MPAs)
(iii) For Interrogative Sentences
(Wh...) + Will/Shall + S + be +V1 + ing + O + P.M.R.T. + (MPAs)
3. PERFECT TENSES
(a) Present Perfect Tense
(i) For Positive Sentences
S + has/have + V3 + O + P.M.R.T. + (MPAs)
(ii) For Negative Sentences
S + has/have + not + V3 + O + P.M.R.T. + (MPAs)
(iii) For Interrogative Sentences
(Wh...) + Has/Have + S + V3 + O + P.M.R.T. + (MPAs)
(b) Past Perfect Tense
(i) For Positive Sentences
S + had + V3 + O + P.M.R.T. + (MPAs) ..........+ (Past Indefinite Tense)
(ii) For Negative Sentences
S + had + not + V3 + O + P.M.R.T. + (MPAs) ..........+ (Past Indefinite Tense)
(iii) For Interrogative Sentences
(Wh...) + Had + S + V3 + O + P.M.R.T. + (MPAs) ..........+ (Past Indefinite Tense)
(c) Future Perfect Tense
(i) For Positive Sentences
S + will/shall have + V3 + O + P.M.R.T. + (MPAs) ..........+ (Present Indefinite Tense)
(ii) For Negative Sentences
S + will/shall + not + have + V3 + O + P.M.R.T. + (MPAs) ..........+ (Present Indefinite Tense)
(iii) For Interrogative Sentences
(Wh...) + Will/Shall + S + have + V3 + O + P.M.R.T. + (MPAs) ..........+ (Present Indefinite Tense)
4. PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES
(a) Present Perfect Continuous Tense
(i) For Positive Sentences
S + has/have been + V1 + ing + O + since/for + time/duration.
(ii) For Negative Sentences
S + has/have + not + V1 + ing + O + since/for + time/duration.
(iii) For Interrogative Sentences
(Wh...) + Has/Have + S + been + V1 + ing + O + since/for + time/duration.
(b) Past Perfect Continuous Tense
(i) For Positive Sentences
S + had been + V1 + ing + O + since/for + time/duration.
(ii) For Negative Sentences
S + had + not + V1 + ing + O + since/for + time/duration.
(iii) For Interrogative Sentences
(Wh...) + Had + S + been + V1 + ing + O + since/for + time/duration.
(c) Future Perfect Continuous Tense
(i) For Positive Sentences
S + will/shall have been + V1 + ing + O + since/for + time/duration.
(ii) For Negative Sentences
S + will/shall + not + have been + V1 + ing + O + since/for + time/duration.
(iii) For Interrogative Sentences
(Wh...) + Will/Shall + S + have been + V1 + ing + O + since/for + time/duration.
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS LESSON
S = Subject (I, We, You, He, She, It, They, Name, Names)
L.V. = Linking verb (is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had, will, shall)
H.V. = Helping verb (is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had, will, shall, can, could, may, might, etc)
V1 = First form of verb (go, write, eat, drink, walk, read, sleep, listen, etc)
V2 = Second form of verb (went, wrote, ate, drank, walked, read, slept, listened, etc)
V3 = Third form of verb (gone, written, eaten, drunk, walked, read, slept, listened, etc)
O = Object (me, us, you, him, her, it, them, Name, Names)
P = Place (where)
M = Manner (how)
R = Reason (why)
T = Time (when)
MPAs = Mid-position adverbs (usually, often, never, ultimately, probably, definitely, etc)
EXERCISE
Answer the following questions. Each answer should consist of at least ten sentences.
(i) What do you do everyday?
(ii) What did you do yesterday?
(iii) What will you do tomorrow?
(iv) What are you doing right now?
(v) What were you doing at this time yesterday?
(vi) What will you be doing at this time tomorrow?
(vii) What have you done since morning?
(viii) What had you done before you went to sleep yesterday?
(ix) What will you have done before you go to sleep today?
(x) What have you been doing since morning?
(xi) What had you been doing since yesterday?
(xii) What will you have been doing since today?
NOTES PREPARED BY: PROF. SHAHBAZ ASGHAR