Here is the abstract from my Thesis on Blackwater U can find my important things, history of Blackwater , working of CIA in Pakistan , information about ISI, American policy towards Pakistan, Pakistan's foreign policy , the agenda setting of newspapers in Pakistan etc. I hope i will be useful for u. Now i m sharing 1st two chapters and will share the rest of the thesis gradually.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Today we have more enemies than friends. We remained partner in various western military alliances and procured sophisticated weaponry but could not protect our country from dismemberment. We built nuclear bombs and missiles to secure the country’s integrity, but instead of its guarantying our sovereignty, today the nation is worried about the security of its nuclear assets, as the international community, particularly the west are openly expressing their so-called apprehensions that our nuclear assets may fall in some unsafe hands. In fact Pakistan became a training ground for all and sundry, without an iota of respect for its sovereignty and integrity.

Pakistan and U.S have been strategic allies in the Afghan war. The post 9/11 world compelled another strategic partnership between the two countries. As before, U.S interference in Pakistan’s policy matters created a great deal of resentment amongst Pakistani public, which is also reflected in the media (especially the print media). As Kheli (1982) concluded in his book that United States saw itself as the leader of the free world threatened by the world communism and sought global allies whose geographical location and proclivities were suitable for a joint enterprise in defense (Kheli, 1982, p.344). U.S.A has had a history of covert operation in the region, especially against the Soviet Union. The current situation however is quite different and U.S increasing demands over the current ‘war on terrorism’ is viewed as a serious threat by the people of Pakistan.

‘Black water’, in many ways symbolizes, a lot that is wrong with the American policy regarding the region. U.S.A is known to use different tactics to strengthen its position in the roots of Pakistan. Black water (Xe) is the example of U.S.A’s growing intervention in Pakistan.

Currently, Black Water operates under the name of “Xe”. The change in the name was prompted as an aftermath of the notorious events in the Iraq war. The company president Gary Jackson changed the name. It is uncertain what benefits the presence of US firms brings Islamabad. But certainly in terms of image and standing in the eyes of the people they inflict a great deal of harm. Pakistan’s interests may be better served by putting in place an internal security force capable of carrying out operations of various kinds. The assistance of allies in the west can be used for this in terms of offering equipment, support and training. We already have an elaborate security network consisting of a variety of services. There is no reason why their skills cannot be bolstered. In the longer run, this would serve a far more useful purpose than allowing US firms to operate within the country and adding to public perceptions against Washington and its actions in other countries.

Zaman (2009) wrote in his article that this is world’s biggest, richest, deadliest and most powerful mercenary army, which operates from United States of America.
It is common knowledge that Black water (Xe) has become a symbol of utter lawlessness and criminality that permeates the privatized wing of the US war machine.

Trapley (2009) further told that the CIA hired contractors from the US private security firm Blackwater as part of a secret program to track and kill top al-Qaeda figures. Meanwhile, the Washington Post reports that the assassination program was initially launched in 2001 as a CIA-led effort to kill or capture top al-Qaeda figures using the agency's paramilitary forces. But in 2004, after briefly terminating the program, the CIA decided to revive it using outside contractors, the Post quotes officials as saying. Leon Panetta - who became director of the CIA under President Obama's administration - is said to have learnt about the secret program in June.

Black Water in Pakistan has bolstered concerns with in the Pakistani public about the involvement of US in country’s affairs. The main hub of this firm is Peshawar and Islamabad. Many courageous journalists raise their voice against the presence of Black Water in these areas and asked the government to take proper measures against it. Rasheed (2009) revealed many facts about the presence of Xe in Pakistan in his article. He told that the blast in Peshawar on June 9, 2009 killed 4 agents of Black water. Many X members of intelligence agencies and military personals are now working with Xe and they are getting more than 400 dollars daily. It means that this firm is using the power of money to buy the people in Pakistan who can serve their benefits locally.

There are strong evidences of Black water’s existence in Pakistan and works American government through CIA contracts. It is also working in Pakistan to help CIA achieve certain goals. Black water (Xe) is not only helping CIA in arranging drone attacks but also helping them to spread chaos and fear among the people of Pakistan. This firm previously worked in Iraq and now it is helping the CIA in Pakistan and Afghanistan. It is the threat for the security of Pakistan and now it is playing main role to destabilize Pakistan. The government of Pakistan is ignoring this issue and they are trying to conceal the facts from the common people. The role of the government of Pakistan in this issue is very careless and if it keeps neglecting the presence of this fatal private intelligence company it can create further harm for the security and harmony of Pakistan.

Scahill (2009) wrote a very comprehensive book on Xe, previously known as Blackwater. In his book he revealed that the founder of Black water company Xe see his empire as the fifth branch of US military. The idea of Black water emerged into Prince’s mind during his time with SEAL Team 8, when he was deployed In Haiti, the Middle East, Bosnia, and the Mediterranean. He sent a letter to his father and told him that he wanted to make a private company to train these military personals (p.22).

Yusuf (2009) wrote in her article that, US officials have explicitly rejected Scahill’s claims that Blackwater is working in Pakistan. US accused him for spreading anti-American sentiment. Many Pakistanis believe any US military or government contract with such a security firm is a case of U.S.A being up to its old tricks, finding a way to have eyes and ears on the ground without having to acknowledge troop presence in Pakistan.

US press highly criticized Pakistani press for raising Balckwater issue. Naylor (2010) during US marine’s visa issue criticized Pakistani press wrote, this issue originated right around the time there was a lot of hysterical press in Pakistan about Blackwater under every rock and anybody coming in and out as an American [was] looking to establish permanent forward outposts for Blackwater. There was even some ridiculous, but very well-traveled, [rumor] about a Marine regiment coming into the heart of Islamabad.

The researcher intends to show the presence of this fatal private US army in Pakistan and its role to destabilize Pakistan and to analyze the coverage of this issue in the daily English newspapers of Pakistan. The researcher is analyzing how the enemies of Pakistan are using a proper machinery to harm the security, integrity and sovereignty of Pakistan. How the land of Pakistan is being used to kill the innocent residents of Pakistan and how the foreign powers are trying to penetrate and get hold of Pakistan.

The role of media is very important in this context because it is the responsibility of media to point out the factors which are trying to destabilize Pakistan. The media also portray the foreign policy of a country for a certain country or issue. Researcher intends to analyze whether the top Pakistani English newspapers represent the foreign policy of government or not.

The Foreign policy of a country means the attitude which is adopted in the selection of friends and foreign affairs. The more dynamic this attitude will be more stable and durable will be the foreign policy. Foreign policy is prepared in the light of problems faced by the country. Its purpose is that external problems should be resolved somehow. The guiding principle of a country’s foreign policy is to guarantee the protection of national objectives, interests and ideologies (Adeeb, 1987).

The foreign policy of Pakistani government regarding this issue is pro-U.S.
As, Rehman Malik told, in a televised press conference in Islamabad, “The media allegations regarding the presence of private US security contractors are totally wrong. The media should report sensibly and such allegations are disturbing our friendly relations with US”. People of Pakistan raised the questions, whether our foreign policy and security paradigms are is representing the national aspirations based on ground realties, or is the by-product of certain mentality? To come out of this rut, the elected representatives need to address the issues and the root causes of present predicament of Balckwater/ Xe at the policy level, as any cosmetic remedy or superficial attempt may further jeopardize the sovereignty and integrity of this country.

As mass media are responsible for portrayal of the national image at international level, therefore, it (media) transmits something more than mere information, especially in the matters related to the foreign policy issues (Rasul, 2007). There is no denying to the fact that media influences of framing of foreign policy in all societies. Mass media in general, are responsible for portraying social and cultural realties for the audience. McNelly and Izcaracy (1986) said that mass media can contribute to people’s understandings or misunderstandings of each others countries (cited in Rasul 2007). Lippman (1922) also concluded the same for media’s role; that people get their information about the world outside their community through the mass media (Lipppman, Cited in Rasul, 2007). Researcher selects three daily English Newspapers which have different policies. The researcher intends to analyze the relationship between media and Pakistani foreign policy towards Blackwater (Xe) presence issue in Pakistan.

CHAPTER 2
BACKGROUND

Under the pretext of securing her own strategic interests, the United Sates of America tries to manipulate and dabble in the affairs of other countries. Anything happens from the North Pole to South Pole or anywhere in the world, somehow becomes an American concern. Pakistan is thus no exception. Essentially, US policy configurations vis-à-vis Pakistan has been that of “master” and not of a friend. Oscillating between persuasion and coercion, the US trends to employ all available means to keep Pakistan under watch, pressure and diplomatic subjugation.
Pakistan’s geo-strategic position, nuclear capability, agricultural and technological potential as well as the Islamic ideology base are the vital concerns for the US policy makers (Adeeb, 1998, p. 16). The US will not and cannot allow Pakistan to govern her own affairs. While Pakistan was still in its infancy, the American hawk pounced upon and hijacked our national interest by building up an exaggerated threat of former Soviet Union expansionist designs against Pakistan and their so called ‘mad’ drive to warm the waters.
US-Pakistan relations have passed through many ups and downs. Alternating periods of cooperation and sanctions against Pakistan always evoked debate in both countries, reflecting varying degrees of distrust as well as convergence and divergence on bilateral, regional and global issues. Sahi (1988) described in his book that the American connection has constituted a fundamental factor in Pakistan’s foreign policy for the greater part of its existence (p.156). Given the sharp differences in the positions of the two countries in the global hierarchy, Pakistan’s political circles always found this relationship overwhelming. This perception became more conspicuous in the early 1980s when the United States, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and many other states joined hands to build an Islamic-Afghan resistance to the Soviet military presence in Afghanistan. The researcher has decided to divide this chapter in to two parts. First part would cover the U.S intervention through its State controlled intelligence agency CIA and second part would be covering the U.S intervention though private military contractor Blackwater/Xe.

2.1 U.S interference in Pakistan through CIA

Involvement of CIA in Pakistan began after Soviet Union attack on Afghanistan. The CIA and ISI worked together to train the Afghan Jihadi groups to fight with Russia.
Coll (2007) puts particular emphasis on the fact that the U.S. intelligence community wished to remain an invisible player in Afghanistan at that time. The United States feared that their actions and words of support for the Afghan people would instigate further animosity with the Soviet Union, perhaps even causing the two superpowers to clash militarily instigating a World War III.
Because the United States wished to remain an invisible puppet master, much responsibility was put into Pakistan’s hands. The U.S. funneled most of its money, arms, and negotiations for the region through Pakistan’s ISI. This gave the ISI incredible capability to run the war as it wished and favor factions which in the long-run would support Pakistan’s best interests. By 1988, the Soviet Union decided that Afghanistan had turned into a liability and was not worth the effort, money, and forces to sustain the Afghani occupation. The role of U.S. supported freedom fighters played a key part in the Soviets’ decision to leave. As the Soviets withdrew, the United States felt the battle was won, and interest in Afghanistan waned in American politics.
Since then, US policies towards Pakistan have had greater implications for Pakistan’s domestic context. There were Pakistani winners and losers from the American economic and military assistance and secret funding in the 1980s. In addition to General Zia-ul Haq’s military government, the major winners were Islamic groups and parties. The ISI and the CIA used American funds, material and weapons to strengthen Islamic orthodoxy and militancy to expel the Soviets from Afghanistan.
Starting from Liaqat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, and the successive governments allowed themselves to be brought to a situation where they entered into mutual defense and economic arrangements, more conducive to strengthen the American security interests than of Pakistan. In addition to economic and political means the US has always employed her secret terrorist arm, the CIA in foreign lands.
Tirmizi (1997) wrote in his book that the CIA is known for adopting various overt and covert means to undermine the integrity of other countries for achieving their own objectives and furthering their ‘nefarious’ design. It is equipped with colossal material resources and its men are canny and ruthless in executing their assignments. Their methods in madness include,
1- Espionage and penetration in all areas of interest like defense, foreign affairs, science/technology, development programs, economy, education and politics.

2- Propaganda, disinformation campaigns, subversion, terrorism, spy warfare, assassination, blackmail bribes, coercion and intimidation.

3- Arranging political advice and counseling a foreign government so that it adopts a pro- US policy.

4- Financial support to various pressure groups, including labor unions, student unions, minorities etc.

5- Subverting the minds of educated lot through lectures, films, seminars, and by sponsoring exchange programs for scientist, scholars, and intellectuals. Concerted efforts are made to purchase the loyalties of a selected few by offering them lucrative jobs and spouse.

6- Cultivating some important and promising politicians, journalist, government officers and other key personnel through bribes, gifts, monetary awards, favors etc.

7- Terrorism and sabotage through political support actions against an existing government to bring in to power a person or a party of their own choice.

8- Install CIA agents as presidents, prime ministers, ministers, generals and senior advisors etc.

9- To effect deeper penetration into the vital areas of any country, the CIA will offer to ‘cooperate’ and ‘assist’ the intelligence agencies or other law enforcing agencies of the target country. The CIA would ensure once the services of those agencies have been fully utilized, these are corrupted and ultimately destroyed or at least rendered unless an incompetent (pp.20-23).

Beg, (Cited in Tirmizi 1997) in one of his articles, wrote;

“The US has posted her agents on key positions during the past doctorial regimes in Pakistan and manipulated the entire system of the country, which always facilitated to implement her own designs. We must utilize our guts to get rid of old masters”.

The American intervention is Pakistan is not hidden phenomenon. The America always think that he is super power and it I the duty of America to interference in the internal matters of other countries. It is generally believed that America wanted to destabilize the democratic government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto because firstly, he framed and tried to restlessly pursue and secondly, for apprehensions he was influencing the minds and policies of number of Islamic and Third World countries. He posed a serious challenge to the US interest in the region. ‘He had to be eliminated’ (Tirmizi, 1997).
Tirmizi (1997) further added that on August 9, 1976, American Secretary of State, Dr. Henry Kissinger had a talk with ZAB, to dissuade him from acquiring the Nuclear Reprocessing Plant form France for which the deal had already been finalized after Pakistan had agreed to all the safeguard requirements laid down by the France and International Atomic Energy Agency. In their talk Dr. Kissinger found ZAB inflexible and determined to go ahead with the acquisition of the reprocessing plant and to make Pakistan a nuclear power. Infuriated, he warned ZAB, “We will make a horrible example of you,” adding menacingly, “When the railroad is coming, you get out of the way.” The US virtually mowed down ZAB. The political and economic crisis situation that started to develop during 1976-77 was fully exploited by the power broker US (pp 24-32).
From the start till now U.S always opposed nuclear assets of Pakistan and it always tried to destroy or get hold of them. U.S on the one hand announced Pakistan as a major ally in “War on terror”; on the other hand it always showed concerns about the nuclear assets and always tried to involve Pakistan in terrorist activates.
Salmon (2007) presented a report on the nuclear arms of Pakistan .The report deftly links proliferation to terrorism. “It highlights on the one hand the dangers posed by the al-Qa‘ida network and the terrorism threats emanating from the tribal areas of Pakistan. And on the other, it underscores the illicit smuggling network in nuclear know-how and materials run out of a nuclear armed Pakistan by the infamous A. Q. Khan, not to mention the recent erosion of nonproliferation regimes, in particular the precarious condition in which the actions of North Korea and Iran have placed the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons” (Salmon, 2007, p. 10).
Further adding to Salmon’s study in 2009, Ackerman’s report about the terrorism revealed that “the US should focus appropriate attention on Pakistan’s northwest frontier as one of the most likely origin points of a WMD attack against the U.S. by Al-Qa‘ida, which has become ensconced, together with other violent Islamist groups, in the region” (Ackreman, 2009, p. 5).
After 9-11 the U.S intervention in Pakistan grew up and not only CIA but other U.S private contractors like Blackwater and Dynacop start working in Pakistan. The situation is getting worse and the relations among CIA and ISI get complicated on these issues.
The ties between Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) agency and America’s Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) currently are at the lowest ebb, though the two have remained close allies for decades. Since the 1980s, the CIA — in close collaboration with its Pakistani counterpart — has first instigated and supported jihad against the Soviet invasion, and then conducted counter-insurgency operations against the Taliban and al-Qaeda after 9/11. The latter operations, however, have caused a major dent in their ties (Khan, 2008).
American military and intelligence officials suspect that some of the pro-Taliban elements in the ISI have links with and support the militants who are undermining US strategic interests in the region. Due to strategic imperatives, they believe, Pakistan joined the so-called ‘war on terror’, but its spy agency continued its policy of engagement with the Taliban.
Instead of removing the mistrust between the CIA and the ISI, the recent high-level talks between American and Pakistani military and intelligence officials ended in a fiasco, with allegations and counter-allegations being traded against each other. For example, Pakistan was critical of the US for disregarding foreign support to the Baloch resistance movement. It claimed that the CIA dossier on the ISI was based on “India-influenced intelligence inputs”. Privately, some of Pakistan’s security officials did not hide their concerns about the alleged US-India-Afghanistan nexus aimed at destabilizing Pakistan (Khan, 2010).
CIA has blamed the ISI for the July 7 bombing of the Indian Embassy in Kabul, while referring to communication intercepts between Pakistani intelligence officers and the militants who allegedly carried out this attack.
The leakage of highly confidential documents to the media and the validation of Indian allegations by the CIA are a cause of displeasure for the Pakistani policymakers. Pakistan strongly rejects these allegations and terms the reports of its intelligence officers’ links with the militants and their role in bombing of the Indian Embassy in Kabul baseless (Khan, 2010).

2.2 U.S interference in Pakistan through Blackwater/Xe

Blakwater/Xe is the private military contractor working in Pakistan for U.S interest. Blackwater was born just as the military was in the midst of a massive, unprecedented privatization drive that had begun in force during Dick Cheney’s time as Defense Secretary, from 1989 to 1993, under George H. W. Bush (Schaill, 2009).
Schaill (2010) gave the background of this fatal US secretive army in his article. From the first days of the launch of the so-called "war on terror," Blackwater has been at the epicenter of some of the most secretive operations conducted by US forces globally. It has worked on government assassination programs and drone bombings, operated covertly in Pakistan for both the CIA and the Joint Special Operations Command, assisted secret raids inside of Syria, trained foreign militaries and continues to bodyguard senior US officials in Afghanistan. The company also has a bloody track record of killing civilians in Iraq and Afghanistan.
For most people, the gruesome killings were the first they had ever heard of Blackwater USA, a small, North Carolina-based private security company. Since the Falluja incident, Blackwater has emerged as one of the most successful and profitable security contractors operating in Iraq. The company and its secretive, mega-millionaire, right-wing Christian founder, Erik Prince, position Blackwater as a patriotic extension of the US military, and its employees are required to take an oath of loyalty to the Constitution (Schaill, 2006).
Erik Prince might now see his empire as the fifth branch of the U.S military, but his design for Blackwater started off much more modestly, and they weren’t really his own designs. Prince has claimed the Blackwater concept came to him during his time with SEAL team 8, when he was deployed in Haiti, the Middle East, Bosnia, and the Mediterranean. Prince (Cited in Schaill, 2009)

“As I trained all over the world, I realized how difficult it was for unites to get the cutting-edge training they needed to ensure success. In a letter home while I was deployed, I outlined the vision that is today Blackwater.”

In April 2006, Prince quietly began building Total Intelligence Solution, which boasts that it “brings CIA-style” services to the open market for Fortune 500 companies.Erik Prince certainly isn’t losing sleep these days, not over the killings of Iraqi civilians by his forces or over his company’s future status in the U.S war machine and national security apparatus. Shortly after Nisour Square and facing a slew of Congressional, military, and Justice Department investigation over his company’s action (Schaill, 2009, p. 65).



Since President Barack Obama took office in January the State Department has contracted with Blackwater for more than $174 million in "security services" alone in Iraq and Afghanistan and tens of millions more in "aviation services." Much of this money stems from existing contracts from the Bush era that have been continued by the Obama administration. While Obama certainly inherited a mess when it came to Blackwater's entrenchment in Iraq and Afghanistan, he has continued the widespread use of armed private contractors in both countries (Schaill, 2009).
In one recent incident in Afghanistan, two contractors tied to Blackwater allegedly killed two Afghan civilians and injured a third. Despite of all these things Pentagon is considering Blackwater, now called Xe Services, for a new $1 billion deal to train Afghan police (Flaherty, 2010).

As a private mercenary firm Xe is famous for violating rules and using power to crush the enemy. An investigation into a unit of security contractor Xe, formerly known as Blackwater, shows the company didn’t properly vet the people it hired for a training contract in Afghanistan, employees recklessly used firearms they weren’t authorized to have and the Army didn’t provide sufficient oversight of those contractors when mistakes were reported. The 11-page statement summarized the findings of an investigation the committee started six months ago into armed contractors and a unit of Blackwater called Paravant. Paravant was hired as a subcontractor by Raytheon for weapons training for the Afghan National Army. Raytheon Technical Services Co., Raytheon’s training unit, hired Paravant as part of its $11.2 billion Warfighter FOCUS (Field Operations Customer Support) program to integrate all the Army’s live, virtual and computer-model based training. The investigation showed “reckless use of weapons by Blackwater/Paravant personnel, sloppy vetting by Paravant/Blackwater of their personnel, violation of the rules by Blackwater/Paravant personnel relative to obtaining weapons and carrying weapons in Afghanistan,” (Boessenkool, 2010).

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