My essays

[stranger498]

Here are My notes for Essays...I hope you find it helping..sources are mostly articles,Current affairs by Imtiaz Shahid,News paper.

CORRUPTION

 Introduction
 Economic rent:” arises when a person as something unique in possession which can be luxury in a posh neighborhood
 A person who owns such a special asset can charge more then normal for its use
 U-Miynt and Law Commission of Government of India drawing upon the concepts quoted a CORRUPTION equation
 Corruption =(Monopoly) + (Discretion)- Accountability or in abbreviated form as
 C= R + D – A
 About Pakistan, no structure, no tier and no office of public sector is immune from It
 Beyond executive, claws over judiciary and legislature
 Incidence is so frequent that Pakistan is ranked 139 in the ranks of corruption free countries
 HISTORY OF CORRUPTION
 South Asian countries have pulurist society with colonial legacy of bribery and nepotism
 Nepotism in colonial era included awarding of lands,titles and jobs
 Post partition, Nationalization, drug money,foreign aid made corruption more systematic
 Informal structure of economy
 Grew with relations between legislators and businesses
 Culture of corruption was promoted in colonial system of government
 Part of political bribery
 White collar crimes like refugee claims, industrial sanctions. Allotment of agriculture lands
 Till the second WW-II corruption was among revenue, police, excise and Public works
 REASONS OF CORRUPTION
 Reasons are country-specific
 Key drivers are visible by in-depth country studies
 Public servants lacking a service mentality
 Corruption flourishes where government is weak
 Reasons are rooted in a country’s political development, legal development, bureaucratic traditions, economic conditions and policies
 Interference of government in economy
 In-appropriate administrative strict
 Governmental monopolies
 Expansion of rent
 Unequal distribution of incomes
 Falling of many democratic governments were done on the basis of allegation of corruption 90,96,99
 Reasons
 Land awards
 Bloated Public sector
 Private sector cooperatives
 Drug money
 Foreign aid and investment
 Informal structure of National economy
 Institutional erosion
 RELATIONS WITH SOCITY
 Relations with free press
 Relation with democracy
 Relation with Materialism
 Relation with Low salaries
 Impact on social thinking

 FORMS OF CORRUPTION
 Transparency international states various forms ranging from nepotism to bribery
 Increase in acceptability of this bitter fact
 People feel less guilty
 Highest in development and procurement
 Bank loans write offs
 Rs. 200 billion loss per annum
 Most prominent sectors
1. Power sector
2. Tax and Customs
3. Police
4.Judiciary
5. Health
6. Land admin
 Public utilities WAPDA,SUI GAS and other public works department
 Tax regime lack of documentation… untaxed sectors… weak administrative capcity… 50% urban income unaccounted. Tax evasion going to 218 billion
 Public sector Banking
 public sector expenditure
 underground economy
 health Hospital MS.. financial mis management… hiring people without merit… corrupt practices of official staff… medico-legal certificates… favors from pharma companies…ignoring emergency call
 dire need to fight materialism through installation of high moral values
 ISSUES OF CORRUPTION
 Post independence settlement of refugees
 Interventionist economic policies
 Discretionary powers for Gas and textile quotas
 Inadequate compensation to civil servants
 Excessive aid flow without tackling corruption
 Economic projects like “Green tractor scheme” “yellow cab scheme”, Ghazi barotha, Motorway, Karachi Mass transit system, IPPs huge source of corruption
 Financial scams have severely damaged public trust
 Weak regulatory system… State Bank Unable to prevent disasters
 Politicization of civil servants
 Complete Breakdown of Structures, Government departments and Anti-corruption organization
 Delivery failure of Civil institutions
 Sociological factors… Favors on the base of ethnic, familial, religious and other social considerations are responsible

 CONSEQUENCES OF CORRUPTION
 Cost of corruption are high
 Distorts local resource allocation and government performance
 Countries having lesser portion of GDP to spend at social development like Education
 IN Pakistan Destroyed fabric of society
 Role of money inn politics brought money rich businessmen into politics to safeguard their economic interests
 Adil gillani from TI Pakistan said that Corruption is the reason of Pverty, illetracy , un employment, shortage of food and energy
Credibility at lowest level as no funding from FRIENDS OF PAKISTAN trust fund being managed by World Bank
CORRUPTION ACQUITTED of BIG WIGGS
 In corruption references, some of the witnesses backtracked in their statements, recorded against the accused. The influential accused persons in the high profile cases are still being exonerated, even in those cases in which the Supreme Court had taken suo motu notice and had remanded the cases to the trial courts.In the Haj corruption case, the then federal minister Hamid Saeed Kazmi was considered to be the main accused.The final challan submitted to the court by the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA), however, exonerated Mr Kazmi from other sections of 409,420,467,468,471and109 (related to fraud and abetment) of Pakistan Penal Code in which the convict may get life imprisonment and only charged him with section 5(2)47 of Prevention of Corruption Act (PCA) in which the maximum punishment is not more than 7 year.
acquittal of a member National Assembly from Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) Anjum Ageel Khan is another example of bigwigs getting off the hook. MNA Mr Khan was arrested in July last year in connection with his alleged involvement in Rs6 billion National Police Foundation land scam.fled Shalimar station but later released because he voluntarily surrendered next day. The 12 police officials from the ranks of sub-inspectors to constables, who were the witnesses of the prosecution and had earlier recorded their statements against the accused became `hostile witnesses`, and also backtracked from the allegation becoming the sole reason for acquaintance of MNA.
October 2011, a session court of Lahore acquitted a member Punjab Assembly of PML-Q, and son of former chief minister Pervez Elahi, Moonis Elahi in the National Insurance Company Limited (NICL) scam in which he allegedly forced NICL to buy land at a highly inflated price.In the Moonis case, bank officials had turned `hostile witnesses` and did not utter a single word against Moonis in their statements.
the primitive prosecution methodology, in which the eye-witness is the key, is the main reason of acquittals.
our law of evidence is based on the Police Act of 1861, which is in fact a pro-accused law, adding that the law is a reason in the rapid increase in organised crimes.
He suggested that the law of evidence should be proprosecution in which forensic evidence photographs, video/CCTV footage or mobile phone record-would be treated at par with the evidence of eye witnesses.
FORIEGN INVESTMENT had declined from $5.1 billion of 2007-2008 to $813biilions of 2011-2012
PIA-PRIME EXAMPLE OF MIS-MANAGEMENT AND CORRUPTION
the culture of nepotism had become so endemic in the airline that even duty rosters and lucrative routes were given to the crew on the basis of favouritism and contracts for repairs and spare parts were also awarded on the same consideration. `This becomes the basis of vices like smuggling and also reasons for frequent delays at the international airports.PIA had suffered a whopping loss of Rs119 billion last year alone.With only 26 aircraft in the PIA fleet operational and approximately 20,000 employees, the ratio of employees per aircraft was 570.the PIA representatives startled the court when they said that only three per cent of the employees were appointed on merit while the rest came through quota system as per government rules.PIA faced a financial loan of $565 million, adding that the airline straight away suffered a loss of Rs40 billion last year because of exchange rate difference after depreciation of the rupee which was beyond the control of PIA.

This is an airline which helped set up other carriers and trained their staff, yet now it is gasping for air, dependent on government bailouts for survival. Mismanagement is the single biggest factor behind the decline.

If the airline can be restructured and run by a professional, honest set of managers who give priority to aircraft safety and customer service, perhaps PIA can cruise to a more comfortable altitude.

 FACTS AND AMOUNT OF CORRUPTION
 Wealthy businessmen strive for saving personal benefit over national advantage
 Rs. 200 billion per annum
 70% Pakistani believe that current government is more corrupt then previous except people in Punjab
 Police and Power maintined their ranking as top two
 “Tendering” eats away 40% development budget
 Transportation of Suger by Trading Cooperation of Pakistan according to Public Procurement Rules 2004 saved Rs. 49.3 Mill 40% less then originaly paid
 Violaters of above Rules include WPADA,CDA, NHA, SBP, CUSTOMS, FIA, PCB, NLC, PID and Utility stores Cooperation
 In monetary most corrupt is Revenue collection staff giving a loss of USD 19 Billion accounting to 24% of GDP and 20% of which is received as kick backs
 PERVENTION
 For successful anti-corruption drive, anti corruption strategy to govern it, structure it ,drive it and above all right direction
 Prevention of Corruption Act at independence , Public representative (Disqual) Act1949 and Elected Bodies (Disqu) Ordinance 1959 were mere tools of political victimization
 FIA 1975… Ehtsaab Bureau 97 with Ehtsaab commission of 96 with Bureau to investigate and commission to prosecute
 No meaningful improvement
 Far lost credibility and Public trust so imperative for an anti corruption drive to succeed
 Many Governments failed in past to curb this Menace because of
 Misuse of Agencies by Governments
 Poor investigations and lack of professional expertise
 Misuse of mandate by agencies
 Weakness in the accountability system
 Incomplete judicial system
 Appointment of head of agencies
 In-adequencies and institutional weakness of Anti corruption agencies
 Fighting Corruption requires both leadership and partnership
 Leadership from local and national governments, tax collection agencies, judiciary, army, corporations, citizen in the community
 They all aim up to break Monopolies
 Private sector and civil society are the real players in this game
 Korean example: to obtain a corruption free society various anti- corruption program in 1999.
 Emphasis on prevention then punishment
 Comprehensive and systematic approach
 Feasibility must be given importance
 Following three stratagies to maximize effectiveness
 Infrastructure to fight corruption
 Administrative reforms in tax prone areas
 Building local and international partnerships
 CONCLUSION
 Universal phenomenon
 Difference is only level and degree
 Politicians in UK,Spain,Belgium and even whole European commission resigned due to it
 Corruption provides WINGS in Pakistan to capital to fly rather then wheels to move into the country
 Weak legal processes to fight it
 Widespread form within the society
 The state need to establish credibility by punishing highly visible corrupt
 Intention should be to eradicate it rather than gaining public support

[stranger498]

BALOUCHISTAN

Introduction
Relative underdevelopment
 3rd illiterate province with 51%
 20% of total unemployed Pakistani especially when province have only 5% of total population
 lowest annual growth rates
 higher revenues
 9.5% Share in total revenue
 Ethanic compostion
 3 major: Baloch,pashtun,Brahvi
 Hazaras termed as “SETTLERS”
 Greater rift on ethnic basis between pashtun and baloch nationalist ideologies
 Pro Islamic parties
 Shia sunni divide with attacks on hazara
 55% baloch and 15% pashtun according to census of 98 but pashtun claims that new immigrants have put them equal in number to baloch
 RESOURCE RICH PROVINCE
 LARGE RESERVES of coal, gold, copper, silver, platinum and uranium
 36% of Gas production
 Potential transit zone
 Coastline provides economic zone rich in oil, gas and minerals on approx 180,000sq km
 Saindak Copper gold project with chineese investment of $350million… $5lakh rent and 50% share in sales… 1.5tons GOLD and 2.8 tons of Silver annually
 ReKo diq,Chagi…. Tethyan belt…gold and copper reserves worth USD 125 billion… 12.3 million tons of Copper and 20.9 million ounces of Gold
GAWADAR
On 8 September 1958, Pakistan purchased the Gwadar enclave from Oman for $3 million, and it officially became part of Pakistan.Gwadar is strategically located at the apex of the Arabian Sea and at the mouth of the Persian Gulf and is the location of Gwadar Port, a newly-built strategic warm-water, deep-sea port, which was developed by the Government of Pakistan at a cost of USD $248 million and inaugurated by the President of Pakistan on 20 March 2007.Another major game changer that has led to this situation was the construction of the Gwadar port. The construction of another port near the Straits was always going to be an international political concern. Added to that is it`s potential to supply energy from Central Asia. But suspicions were raised in western capitals particularly Washington with the involvement of China in the port.In this scenario the government has pressed on with its initiatives; the chief amongst which was the Aghaz-iHugoog-i-Balochistan package.The package included a basic three-point agenda, divided as confidence building measures, doables and strategic issues. The govemment insists that most of the work has been completed but for the common Baloch it is all too irrelevant.

 Geopoltical importance
Balochistan`s geographical location has always made it a strategically important pivot for the region. Its coastline runs up to the Iranian border ending just before the straits of Hormuz through which pass a good 30 per cent of the world`s oil supply. It shares borders with Iran and Afghanistan.
Nato officials have consistently stated that Balochistan is the main centre of Taliban recruitment and training and that the Taliban high council the fabled Quetta Shura operate out of the provincial capital. Additionally, Iran also accuses Sunni militants` group, Jundullah, of carrying out a series of bomb attacks in the neighbouring Sistan-Zahedan province.
 BRIEF OVERVIEW OF CONFLICTS
 1948 On matter of accession of Kalat with Pakistan
 One Unit… 1955
 1973… Bhutto dismissed Balochistan government… Mari and Mengal tribes rose…army intervention…
 Bugti tribe’s tension with provincial and fedral governments… greater autonomy asked by Nawab Akbar… armed conflict… death of Akbar made the constitution abiding leaders to deviate from that… conflict came out from 7% balochistan to all the province….
 BASIS FOR BALOCH UNREST:BALOCH NARATIVE
 Endemic and widespread perceptions of perpetual negelegnce in masses
 Resource rich province is being denied its lawful share in the resources and revenues
 Province doesn’t enjoy fair representation in federal services
 Royalty on natural gas
 Gas availability in own province as this cheap fuel triggered industrial activity in all provinces except balochistan…discovered 52,distributed 55 but came to quetta in 82 and perception is that only for cantonment
 No large scale industries and internation investment keeping local economy in sate of apathy. Discretion against Punjab and sindh
 Mega projects like Gawadar is to suck more out of the resources without giving locals benefits and employment going to non locals due to deficiency of technical expertise like SUI INSTALATIONS
 COUNTER NARATIVE
 Federal authorites consider reason to be mis management by local officials
 Lack of creative effort to raise local revenues
 Federal devel. Organizations maintain that Local tribal leaders hinder the way to development for personal gains

 NO SEAT AT TABLE
 MAJOR parties boycotted 2008 elections hence lack of political backing
 CONTINUING INSURGENCY
 Attacks on settlers and armed forces
 1500 attacks.1000 civilians and 100 armed person died
 Recent month new pattern of killing where young people with slight nationalist tilt go missing and after sometime there dead bodies are found dumped with bruises of torture
 Nationlist and insurgents blame FC while FC blames on these organization who killed those young people to save face and de face FC
 LABELLING PROSPECTIVE
 For army operation takes place with tanks and movement of forces.
 For locals extra judicial killings, disappearance is the “military operation”
 For government “DEVELOPMENT” means work at coal mines,establishment of cantonments and cadet colleges
 On the other hand Baloch term it as “usurpation” under the umbrella of “development”
ARMY,GOVERNMENT AND INSURGENCY
 Several insurgencies and several interventions
 Current insurgency started after death of Nawab akbar bughti
 Incumbent government made enough efforts like 7th NFC awards, aghaz-e-haqooq-e-balochistan , 18th amendment
 Despite initiatives, no concrete results
 Central as well as provincial governments not being able to sell the people the landmark developments
 4 n half years of insurgency with local claims of centre and local government lacking powers
 Army making efforts to curtail that impression
 Kayani withdrew forces from Sui claiming that any future intervention shall be on government demand
 FC was put under control of Provincial government but no use
 Double balouch representation from 2% to 4% in army in 2011
 Insurgency includes attacks on non balouch settlers and security forces
 Youth with extremist or nationalist views go missing
WRONG DIAGNOSIS
To be sure, Balochistan is a tempting arena for regional and extra-regional powers. It borders Iran and Afghanistan, is a vast, sparsely populated land, is endowed with untold wealth in the form of natural resources andis racked by internal security issues.However, there is also another reality, one perhaps far more pertinent: the state`s mishandling of Balochistan for decades, its policy of wielding the stick where engagement was needed, its fury unleashed where a soft touch was required, all of that and more is why Balochistan stands where it does today. Baloch militancy is extant not because foreign intelligence agencies supply explosives and triggers or train snipers but because there is a ready supply of alienated and angry young Baloch men who are willing to take the fight to the Pakistani state. Policies such as `kill and dump` and `killing the killers` are akin to standing at the end of a pipeline and shooting anything that comes tumbling out. Until the source is tracked and the supply shut down, such policies will never yield more than temporary lulls in insurgent violence. Militaries are not designed to develop and execute winning strategies in a province such as Balochistan. That is the job of the civilians.
 QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED
 DEVELOPMENT: current insurgency is in result of federal government’s efforts for development
need to address the grivenicies in depth which are not fulfilled even after 18th amendment ,7th NFC award, Haqooq package…. Major political stakeholders must be made party to the process
 Political solution:
rhetorical demand
“through dialouge”
foreign Hand
Immunity to Baloch Leaders by Rehman Malik
 Missing Persons
Seven prisoners presented by MI n ISI in SC
this is defining moment that can those who are MISSING be held under LAW?
 National Security
Military’s role in defining it?
crisis of Balochistan is knocking over Army’s hold over civilian matters
coordinated setup is need of the hour between political and military initiative
 Media and Balouchistan
interviews of Barahamdagh and hyrbiar marri are published with editorial control.
need of prospective for Media
Control of FC in Balouchistan over Media might be true but freedom shouldn’t be undermined by letting go of principles and ethics
 Free and Fair elections
level playing field for all in elections
2008 election in Balouchistan were not Free and fair elections due to military interventions
Free and Fair election with all parties participating in it is the best assurity for peace in the region
CONCLUSION
 What province today need is healing touch
 The best choice for us all will be to work jointly for the benefit of the downtrodden and uplift of the poor. After several decades of struggle we have been able to teach ourselves the benefit of consultation to solve problems. The system that has been put in place has started functioning and has great potential to improve. The possibility in the present system exists where we have the power to bargain for our rights. What we have achieved has a great contribution of the Baloch people too.

 I f we jointly try to make the correct system work and improve it why eliminate a possibility to live together as respectable citizens of a country and work for its progress. With the availability of the provincial autonomy the smaller provinces have a better chance of demanding the rights. There are hundreds of political and social workers in this country who do work for the betterment of underprivileged, these people will join you for your rights. We believe that the respective province should get the royalty for the mineral exploitation from that province. I would go a step further in demanding the compensation against the gas consummated by the entire country right from 1953.

[stranger498]

EDUCATION

“Come forward as servants of Islam, organise the people economically, socially, educationally and politically, and I am sure that you will be a power that will be accepted by everybody.''
(Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah)
 Introduction
 AIM OF EDUCATION IS TI PROVIDE EQUIPMENT AND TECHANIQUE FOR MEETING VARIOUS NEEDS OF LIFE
 Education the basic necessity
 Responsibility of state according to constitution of Pakistan
 Islamic teaching and emphasis
 Need of both tehnological and religious education
 Aims of education
 Development of thinking rather then acquisition of information
 Search for truth rather then technical proficiency
 Looks for lasting truth rather than mere opinion
 FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION
 Cultural transmission
 Social integration
 Future occupation
 Techaniques of learning skills
 Rational thinking
 Patriotism
 Character building
 EDUCATION AND OTHER WALKS OF LIFE
 Family and education
 Economy and education
 Politics and education
 Religion and education
 Pakistan's Education System as per 1973 Constitution
Educational and economic reforms in backward areas
Removing illiteracy
Promotion of technical education….. basic concern
Education…..access to all
Women participation, etc.
 Before going into the details let's have a look on the 1973 Constitution which is a much chanted slogan in Pakistan by almost all political elites. Article 25A of the 1973 Constitution says:

“The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of five to sixteen years in such manner as may be determined by law.”

The Constitution further goes on to make the state responsible for the education of its citizens in the following way:

Special care will be taken for educational and economic reforms in the backward areas. Illiteracy will be removed and secondary education will be made free and compulsory within minimum possible period.
People from different areas will be imparted training for agricultural and industrial development. Technical and general education is made generally available and higher education accessible to all on the basis of merit.
 CONDITION OF EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN
 Nearly 7 million students out of school
 Worrisome phenomenon… world bank report.. close to one-half of three million born will leave school unable to add, subtract, multiply or divide;unable to read and write simple sentences in urdu.
 Millennium Development goals focus on universal primary education but are silent on learning competency
 Much said and written over the years
 Complete overhaul recommended
 Several schemes and policies have failed to make a difference
 Universal primary education is still a dream as more than half drop out before reaching five
 Massive funding to Higher education and foreign scholarships but still the real essence missing in that too as single book focus is the core of that program too
 Discussions, assignments, library researching is a dream for Under-grades
 LANGUAGE BARRIER
 Policies fail to provide literate population by ignoring language issue
 English still the language of elite and poor teaching and learning still make it beyond reach of common man.
 “LANGUAGE CONTRADICTIONS” have resulted into generation of children unable to enjoy basic reading and writing skills in native urdu too
 TEACHING,PRVATE SECTOR AND TUTION CULTURE
 Teachers hired on the basis of experience rather then ability or motivation
 Teacher-the key player lagging behind
 Teacher’s efforts are primary factor in determining better learning outcomes
 Poor standards give rise to mushroom growth of private sector schools and their failure result in menace of tution which has become a norm for all income groups

 Where we went Wrong

 Nationalisation of schools by the Z.A. Bhutto administration
 education departments became overstretched.
 teachers left, rather thanbecome govemment employees
 Teachers do not come to classes
 their status as government employees prevents them from being penalised as they would be in the private sector
 Political pressures/ influences
Teacher absenteeism
Ghost schools
Less than 2% GDP, for education
Crippled economy, etc.

Suggestions
Decentralised system/ local government
Village
Council
Tehsil
District
At least 7% budget for education sector
Accountability and transparency in education department at all levels
Public-private partnership
Madrassa reforms
Registration of madaris
Introduction of English and technical subjects

Education Sector Reforms
Primary education for all
Making civil society vibrant
Female education…. A keystone
Promotion of technical education
Incentives for the teachers…. Increase in salaries
Revised and updated curriculum
PTC/CT replaced by Diploma in Education
Enhancing the role of Higher Education Commission
Expansion in universities
Virtual universities, etc.
 CONCLUSION
 ENROLLMENT and retention do not guantee actual learning.
 Targeting the youth for learning skills with a solid base is need of the hour
 Creative and motivated teachers from elimentary to matriculation can ensure difference in the approach of upcoming generation

[stranger498]

KARACHI

 KARACHI

 INTRODUCTION
 Multi faced violence claiming 7000 souls since 2008
 Political and economic Destabilization as city contributes 25% to GDP
 Armed wings of political parties
 Ethnopolitical violence
 Extremist groups consolidating power
 State initiative are ad hoc
 High level internetion of SC and ARMY temporary relief
 Karachi stability: power sharing agreement among the political parties
 54% OF Government taxes.70% of national income tax and 30% of industrial output
 Rs. 2 billion daily revenue
 Breaking down of violence of daily basis hampers this revenue collection
 Trade loss of USD 3 billion and industry USD 1.5 billion
 Serious implication for US-PAKISTAN bilateral relations as for the docking of NATO supply lines and afghan transit trade goods being processed here
 Violence is used as leverage in provincial and federal politics
 KARACHI’S MULTIFACED VIOLENCE
 EHTNOPOLITICAL VIOLENCE
 Rise in 2010,11,12
 1000 target killings in 2011 and 1891 in 2011.
 Mainly political arm groups
 Main rift between Mohajir representing MQM and pashtun representative ANP.
 ANP 2,PPP 6,MQM 34 of Provincial assembly seats in Karachi
 22% pashtun as compared to 12% in 1998
 300,000 pashtuns migrated after military operations
 Fear of MQM to lose grip over Karachi
 48% mohajirs
 MQM in a Rush to show power for upcoming elections
 PPP-MQM rivalry holds ground in sindhi mohajir rift since the time of partition
 Sindhi mohajir conflict has created a similar rift for local government system
 MQM supports SLGO distributing pwers facilitating one party control over Karachi
 Electoral violence eminent
 CRIME
 Overall apathy of law and order
 Official statistics gross under estimates
 Criminal gangs operating under the flagship of political parties
 Land mafia
 Sparking of ethnic violence for land acquisition
 Ittehad town clash of ANP and MQM 2011 for Christian land for twoo days and no business for a week in area
 Flags posted to make ethnic zones
 Most powerful gangs in Layari, stronghold of PPP. People Aman Committee being the major player and de facto arm wing of PPP due to huge funds created by PAC from criminal activities
 Despite Ban, PAC continues activities
 Death of reham n dakait in aug 2008 have generated leadership conflict an in turn GANG RIFTS in layari
 EXTORTION
 Political clash for huge funds through extortion
 Rs. 12 million daily collected from city
 SC hearing and Rehman Malik: MQM,PPPP,ANP , Sunni tehrik and jamat-e-islami main beneficiary
 Over the time brutal extortion techanqiues have been changed into fund raising and charities for poltical parties
 Traders complain that these campaigns are threat to their businesss
 MILTANCY
 AFGHAN TALIBAN
 Feb 2010,Mullah badar caught
 DOMESTIC SIDE
 LAND
 Struggle for land between sindhis, mohajir and pashtun
 Political ties of land mafia
 Illegal developments due to outside settlements
 POPULATION STRUGGLE
 18 million… 25 times then at the time of partition
 Growth b/w 1941-61 was 432%.. “a rate never achieved by anyother city ever in history
 Current growth rate of 5.4% make it fastest growing of modern times
 1million people migrate annually and slums growing at 1LAKH plots annually
 Poor urban planning
 Lack of government oversight
 Increased pace of land acquisition
 LACK OF LAW ENFORCEMENT
 32,524 police officers for 18 million out of which 12,000 are on VIP security duties leaving a ratio of 900 civilain for one officer
 Highly politicized police
 IG SINDH: 40% are politically appointed
 These political appointees unable to take action against criminal from their patron party
 fear of repercussions make officers reluctant to act
 since 1990’s rangers are deployed, governed by Major general and partially army men
 empowering of rangers with police power at high times of violence
 approx 7000 Rangers
 need of regular policing informed by hyper-local information
 WEAK JUDICIAL SYSTEM
 More than 200 suspected militants were released
 Most prominent criminals acquitted by district level or parallel Anit-terrorism courts
 Ajmal paharhi, a well know extortionist was set free as no witness appeared against him
 Lack of witness protection program
 Backlog of cases
 2012 start,320 cases pending in 3 ATCs of Karachi
 Some cases awaiting hearing for 8 years
 ATCs are chronically understaffed
 Frequent adjournments
 Flawed judicial appointment
 Salaries of prosecuters and ATCs drawn from home department
 Temprory nature of prosecutors
 Faulty evidence gathering
 Inadequate resources
 Flawed interior legislation
 The Anti-Terrorism act 1997 deeply flawed
 Not specified offenses as suicide bombing.
 Not applied to residents of FATA who are prosecuted under FRONTIER CRIMES REGULATION
 Act facilitates acts of human right violation
 MADRASAH AND EXTERMISM
 Spreading religious extremism and sectarian violence
 Government statistcs 1000 while civil society estimates are more than 3000
 Mushroomed in recent years with high enrollment due to lack of resources for government schools
 Jamia uloom islamia long supplied Deobandi miltants and help establish groups like harkat-ul-mujaheedin and jaish-e-Muhammad.
 Important for miltant fundraising
 No monitoring of funds moving in the name of charities
 Production and distribution of sectarian publications
 Sects see Madrasahs as the recruiting platform resulting in violent clashes for funds and land for madrasah
 SSP-ST clashes are actually rift for land and funds
 add to ethno-political tensions with immense street power
 YOUTH BULDGE
 Pakistan60% population is youth
 Haunted by illetracy, corruption and un employment and entertainment
 Criminal gangs are ultimate destiny
 Pitty crimes as mobile and car thefts being commited between age of 16-21
 TTP increasingly recruiting
 UN-EMPLOYMENT
 50% lives below poverty line
 3million daily wage earners
 Affected by the frequent closure of Karachi’s markets
 Ethanic dimension: employers only hiring his own people.
 SOCIOECONOMIC DISPARITIES
 Wealth gap
 Surge in crime rate
 Urdu speaking and Punjabis are riches where as pashtuns and balouch make the poors
 Great increase in pashtun wealth after NATO supply routes showing increase in influence of ANP
 ANTI-VIOLENCE INTITIVES
 Empowering rangers
 Greater political consensus needed
 In high times, given police pwers
 DG rangers asked to make those powers permanent but Government declined
 DEWEAPONIZATION OF KARACHI
 Easy availability of weapons fuels violence
 Rehman Malik, civil society, Major political parties have called for de weaponization since 2009
 MQM presented a bill for country wide ban.. same happened in 2013 when first ANP asked for Karachi while MQM followed with country wide Ban… all a game of political point scoring
 Many campaigns but not serious measures
 July 2011-jan 2012 16,631 arms licenses
 Digitization of arms license
 Nov 2011 launching of program
 Easier monitoring of illegal use
 Month later, delocalized local government system was closed and the program was put to halt
 Police recruitment
 Gov officials and SC hearings emphasized over newly trained and non-political appointment
 5 districts had new centers for anti-extortion but not budget
 Banning groups
 ASWJ and PAC banned
 Banning send strong political message but no practical use as new namesakes arise
 Army intervention
 now ISI chief and then corps commander of Karachi Zaheer-ul-Islam engaged with political leaders of Karachi to bring back peace
 aug 2011,Kayani said that army is ready to bring law and order in Karachi if asked by Government
 NATO’s transit through Karachi and economic importance is well understood by Army
 Army intervention not sustainable solutions
 Undermine political parties and already weak democratic setup
 Extra judicial killings and other human rights violation
 Armed resistance in long run
 Army might run shot term clean up operation but can’t conduct street-to-street policing
 THE CHALLENGE OF STABILIZING KARACHI
 Judiciary and army have reservations
 Political consensus needed
 Political actors dealing with city as feudal land holding
 Transparent census is MUST for determination of political might and representation
 Mohajir losing population in proportion and lacking a provincial base
 In 30 years, pashtun’s shall out number Mohajirs
 MQM rising to participate in national politics: Kashmir elections, new provinces, spoken against TTP
 18th amendment’s decentralization power fueled the tussle between the Karachi local government and provincial government
 Province-city quarrel need to be resolved
 No mechanism for discussion over contentious issues.
 Ethno-political rift strengthening TTP bases in Karachi in the areas of Orangi,SITE and Baldia… Huge pashtun base… Countring TTP in Karachi carries an Ethnic dimension
 CONCLUSION
 Revision of Pakistan’s national security Policy,madrassah reform, revision of anti-terrorism legislation.
 Good governance, political will and efficient police force without political constraints, power sharing is need of hour
 Attempts for new coalition Government after 2013 elections might trigger new wave of violence to be used as leverage for power sharing at federal and provincial level
 more space for TTP in current scenario
 arrival of militants fleeing drone attacks, counter terrorism activities, military operations
 socio-economic challenges and demographic pressures will fuel recruitment
 negative effect on econmy by ever increasing sectrainism. Ethnic militancy and extremism
 conduct transparent consensus
 establish a standing committee of political stakeholders to defuse ciolent clashes
 alternatives to political parties for access to resources
 Job creation program
 Streamline urban planning
 Accurate land survey
 Independence of police stations
 Improved intelligence gathering training
 Community policing
 Enhance legal system
 World class witness protection program
 Multiparty committees to help promote ethnic harmony
 Relocate budget of rangers to sindh police
 US counter terrorism initiative is highly at stake with karachi’s ongoing violent atmosphere
 City’s security situation hinder US contributions for a stable Pakistan

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MUSLIM UMMAH : Problems and Solutions

MUSLIM UMMAH
 Current situation
 Muslim world paradoxes and contradiction
 Resource rich but econimcally poor and weak
 Last 100 years tummbling from KHILAFAT USMANIYA to colonial servents
 Gradual change in condition with liberation and dependnce of world on Muslim owned resources
 LATIN AMERICA shifted from dependence over Natural resouces to services and industry
 US imports 5billions dollars from ARAB LEAGUE 50% of imports from HONG KONG
 NON Oil exports of northren african and Middle east are 40Billions equivalent to FINLAND
 Saudi Arabia’s oil exports make up 80% of total revenue
 Midd East population doubled since 1990,greater YOUTH which is unemployed..20% of population
 Less voice in developmental Projects
 Worse score in regard to reading habbits….websites,internet users
 A POSSIBLE HIKMAH
 Potential risiding in our ancient cultural and religious teachings
 Think out of the box,,,,revolutionary changes needed then evolutionary
 History tells us Medina flourished depsite being surroneded by super powers in north,west and east
 Poor postioning of OIC,the only viable forum of union which turns out to be the worst example of in-effectivenss

 TRADE
 Cementing factor from old times
 Empire was self sufficient
 Downfall when by passed by Europe via SEA,….CAPE OF GOOD HOPE
 Disrupted ties between FAR EAST and MIDDLE EAST…..reduced wealth and importance of muslim empire
 EDUCATION
 Oppresive colonial force dealt a deathly blow to islamic education system
 Gone was the inquitiveness
 Systematic propoganda replaced Islam’s glorious heritage with WEST’s enlightned knowledge
 Exaggerated diffenrces between Muslim schools of thoughts
 Materially and spirtually weakened
 Four Major fronts
 Economic weakening
 Destruction of balanced islamic educational approach
 Weakening of Muslim unity through propaganda
 Military weakening by discourging Muslim Military alliances
 HALT THE DECLINE
 re-establishing trade and islamic financial system
 re-structuring education system
 using stratagic geographical postioning
 INCREASE TRADE
 Trade was main tool for Dawah
 Defacto trading block due to use of Dinnar and dhirhim
 Total exports of OIC 10% to OIC
 Total imports 13% to OIC
 8 times more trade outisde OIC
 GOLD DINNAR PRINCIPLE
 Propsed by Malaysia
 Intra-OIC trade
 Domestic currencies not effected
 Not physical transfer intially
 Actual settlement by transfer of Gold through a reserve
 GREATER CAPITAL FLOWS
 USD 1 Trillion Middle Eastren Funds in West.
 USD 700BILLIIONS of saudi money In US
 Collective duty to build bridges for capital flow within MUSLIM conutries
 Pull and Push factors…better infrastructure for investment….level playing field…privacy,,,freedom and Security
 To ensure flow,trust of security of Funds
 Viable islamic financial system
 Westren financial system results unnecessary pain during Boom and bust cycles
 RESERVE CURRENCY VIA DOLLARS
 World trade is game in which dollars is the buying tool
 Built-in support for american economy
 Role for fiat currency for global oil transcations
 Dollars used to buy oil from OPEC
 Global oil trade provides subsidy to US economy
 PROPSED STRATGY
 Remove the role of Dollar as the reserve currency and petro-trade
 Muslim central banks.convert dollar resrves to EURO
 Oil trade in EURO by OPEC
 Muslims using EURO for trade within
 Particular system in which instead of geeting aid,poor countries send their capital to rich countries to be transferred in dollars
 Two main reasons why country hold foreign reserves
 To finance their imports
 To ensure stabilty of their currencies
 Solution in proposed Gold Dinnar mechanism of first thing
 For second step,,,setup monetry find among Muslim countries
 PROMOTE EDUCATION
 Investments on Education promises highest results on developmental spendings
BASIC EDUCATION
REAC OF EDUCATION
CONTENT EDUCATION
TERTIARY EDUCATION
send best student abroad
Develop centres of excellence
close interection between above two
greater linkages between acedmia and industry

 ISLAMIC UNION TO REPLACE OIC
 CONCLUSION
 Restructure OIC
 Strenghthen trade
 Promote greater investment
 Emhpasize education

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NEW PROVINCES

 New provinces
 Despite Fedration,voices for provincial autonomy and greater distribution of resources
 Demand for new provinces add new dimension to this tussle
 Creation only possible with national consensus and constitutional amendments
 Demand have been made from time to time on basis ethnic to socio-economic
 SOUTH PUNJAB
 Demand on socio economic basis
 Changed from Saraiki to South Punjab
 Saraiki province would have had 23 districs,again making a huge province unable to be manged
 48.5% area and 32% population of Punjab
 Allocation of funds increased from 17% of 2006 to 29% (2010)
 Social indicators: 43% live below poverty against 28% of total Punjab
 Agrarian economy and development lacks Industrial and urban development
 Controlled by Big land lords with Ancestral seats in Parliament
 BAHWALPUR PROVINCE
Demand of restoration…not on basis of ethnic or linguistic basis
 18,000 sq. miles 10.3% population(1998)
 Largest of states joining Pakistan 1951 on condition of being allotted status of Province within Federation
 Status ended with formation of ONE UNIT but when dissolved not restored
 CHALLENGES FOR AMENDMENT
not easy task

Political and economic Implications
 Article 239:Consent of Provincial assembly required
 Legal requirements are difficult to meet in coalition government
 CONFLICTS ON DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES
 Distribution of resources contentious issue
 Demand for greater political rights and share in resources
 Comprehensive recommendations to overcome technical and administrative impediments
 ECONOMIC IMPLICATION
 New provinces own budget
 More resources for under developed
 Exploring economic potential
 Cotton producing south Punjab
 KP hydroelectric potential
 Increase in non developmental budget shall be a burden on the Tax payers
 RISE OF ETHNIC AND LINGUSTIC IDENTITES
 Pakistan inherited provinces
 Renaming of KP resulted in the HAZARA uprising
 MOHAJIR province issue in Karachi n Hyderabad
 Dozen killed at the rallies for South Sindh province and Sindh lovers rally
 Demarcation on ethnic basis carries implications to escalate ethnic clash
 CONCLUSION
 Political parties taking as Political stunt
 Political point scoring
 More problems can be generated instead of solving
 real problem with centralization of power
 solution is to devolve powers then to create new provinces
 social secutiry and social facilities on doorstep
 national commission on distribution of resources
 special attenstion on actual aspiration of people
 referendum
 ultimate objective should be strengthening of federation

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poverty

• Introduction
• Poverty a crime today’s world
• Barnad Shaw “few people can affors to be poor”
• M. Alj Jinnah “war on nation changes maps.war on poverty maps changes”
• Leaders of French revolution excited the poor against the rich.this made the rich poor, but it never made the poor rich
• Formation of Soviet union carried promise of equal distribution of wealth but can’t either help the poors.
• Slogans raised from various part of world for food and shelter but proved merely slogans
• Complicated phenomenon
• Every walk of life effected
• Come to stay may be forever
• Surrounded in viscious cycle of poverty
• Basic cause of under-development
• Low capita income
• Little incentive or ability to save making savings less and hence lower investment
• Low investment leads to low productivity making income low
• UN-EVEN GROWTH
• Increased population
• Natural resources utilized by higher income dwellers
• OPPURUNITIES LOST
• Opportunities to alleviate poverty are lost all these years
• Shameful investment in the education sector
• Health and Job creation have never been the real focus of governments
• Malnutrioned masses of a country with 5th highest wheat yield
• FOREIGN INFLUENCE
• aid provided instead of much need trade
• instead of forcing for better Tax collection and increasing Tax to GDP ratio, government is forced to reduce subsidies
• apathy of condition reaches new highes with world economy forces… Importing raw material from third world,,,, refining it in own country with own man power and then exporting FINISHED products on higher prices to same countries
• investments only in primary industries
• profits taken to own countries
• SOCIOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS
• JOINT FAMILY SYSTEM…restraining mobility… stucking to less profit occupation… more eaters then earners
• Caste system
• Education spread is the need of the hour
• Higher value to spiritual growth than to material enjoyment
• Notions of fake prestige and honour
• FAILED ADMINISTRATION
• Centralization of powers
• Delay and redtapism
• Lack of developmental will
• Political point scoring
• Negative criticism
• Public servants puppets in the hand of government
• Corruption and lethargic attitudes
• Lack of political stability
• Lack of law and order
• Lack of Long term and fiasable economic polices
LAT FIVE YEARS

POVERTY
Ministry of Food Security told the Senate this week that 58 per cent of the population was food-insecure last year compared to the Sustainable Policy Development Institute`s figure of 49 per cent for 2009. It also pointed out that the SDPI`s estimate of 22 per cent of Pakistanis living in extreme poverty in 2009 was higher than a UNDP and World Bank number of 17 per cent living below the poverty line in 2007-08. By the government`s own admission, then, Pakistanis are poorer and hungrier today than they were when the current administration came to power.
The Planning Commission published its latest report on the food basket the minimum recommended intake of various food items which reveals that the monthly cost of the basket has grown by 81 per cent since 2007-2008, and that actual consumption is about 1,700 calories rather than the food basket`s prescribed 2,150 calories per person per day. A square meal is now clearly beyond the reach of the majorityof Pakistanis, leading to the demonstrated problems of undernourished and underdeveloped children, poor rates of mother and child survival, and a weak and ailing labour force. Add to this the following statistic: for the poorest Pakistanis, the cost of food now makes up 59 per cent of totalspending. Combine this with the lack of high-quality and accessible subsidised healthcare and education, and it is obvious that the average Pakistani is increasingly worse off when it comes to the basic necessities of life.
• BISP is considered successful on a particular front providing extra cash to the poorest families through women and has added some features, such as health insurance and small business loans, that should enable the poor to earn higher incomes. But the need for more and different interventions has only increased. Given the extent of the problem, these interventions don`t need to be brilliantly innovative. Plenty of models exist elsewhere. Making a dent in the poverty numbers in Pakistan is rather a question of political will, and of placing a value on the most basic human rights.
• MIDDLE CLASS
A growing middle nurtured by public institutions acts as a catalyst for development of the economy and the society>however in Pakistan,this class has not been provided with an enabling environment to realise its fulll potential.Constituting 60M of the total 180M making it highest percentage in the region of 33% as compred to 25% of India 22% Bangladesh and 18.5% of Srilanka bbut ssadly others have better represntation in the legislative assemblies unlike Pakistan.UNique chracterstices make it a helpful to economic growth.
elite follow much more mean and vesteed interest policies,formulating macroeconmic policies for the few and are less democractic then the middle class.While civil society is on a bumpy trajectory ,middle class is left without public institutions particularly schools,hospitals,universities,libraries,parks and public infrastructures is shrinking and are being repalced by mushroom growth of private/commercial educationla institutions and health care business
.This trend is restricting access to low cost,quality education and health care to majority of middle class which in turn is decreasing their purchasing power nad eroding savings
• NO TAX BY GOVERNMENT
• Deputy Prime Minister Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, Interior Minister Rehman Malik and Commerce Minister Makhdoom Amin Fahim were among the prominent cabinet members who did not file returns. Mr Fahim does not even possess a national tax number . Railway Minister Ghulam Ahmad Bilour, who had recently announced $1 million head money for an Egyptian-American producer of a blasphemous film, did not pay income tax.`It is strange that tax data are still classified information and once they are made public the country`s taxto-GDP ratio will improve automatically.`Former prime minister Yousuf Raza Gilani and his 25 cabinet members had acknowledged in their nomination papers for the 2008 general elections that they did not pay anything as income tax.Mr Gilani registered to pay tax in July 2010.The problem starts at the top. Those who make revenue policies, run the government and collect taxes, have not been able to set a good example for others.Only 260,000 out of 180 million citizens have paid tax consecutively for the last three years.78 members of parliament still did not have a national taxation number.Pakistan`s refusal to implement sweeping tax reform was instrumental in the collapse of an $11.3 billion IMF bailout programme in Nov 2010.

circular debt threaten economic growth
• With system losses as high as 39 per cent and generation capacity utilisation as low as 14 per cent in some of the power companies, the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority has found outages and circular debt threatening to `derail the feeble economic growth`.In its annual report 2011-12 submitted to the Council of Common Interests (CCI) It is estimated the country was losing 2-3 per cent of its GDP due to power shortage, which may increase. The deepening power crisis has forced many businesses to close down.

The regulator attributed the severe energy crisis to lack of integrated energy planning and demand forecasting, imbalanced energy mix with heavy reliance on oil and costly imports, non-utilisation of vast indigenous resources, lack of effect project structuring planning and implementation of identified and viable projects.As a result, the shortfall of power in Pakistan averaged 5,000MW as many power plants were generating electricity at half their capacity because of fuel-related issues. The country spends billions of dollars per year on import of crude oil and petroleum products which has increased the cost of generation and raised circular debt, leading to higher power rates.

`Further, the power system is afflicted with corruption and inefficiency. While oil and gas companies were not getting payments from power companies, it has become difficult to arrange fuel for electricity generation, the independent power producers have either minimised power production despite surplus capacity and have simply shut down because of non-payments. `All these factors have led to a situation where it is virtually difficult to attract new investment

• MISCLLANEOUS FACTORS
• Inflation
• Huge defence budget
• Backward agricultural techaniques
• Load shedding
• Illiteracy
• Foreign aid dependence
• ISLAMIC TEACHING FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH
•
• STEPS TO EREDICATE
• Cut in defense budget after sustaining strong bilietral ties with global community especially with neighbours and then shifting that budget to Education
• Linking export of raw material with export of manpower
• Education
• Private sector investment
•

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TERRORISM

 INTRODUCTION
 Global phenomenon affecting daily lives
 Communications development has made it effects global
 Remains conterversial with the cliché “one man’s terrorist is a another man’s freedom fighter”
 Palstine bomber is terrorist for Israel but FIDAI for Muslims
 Kashmir’s militancy is called terrorism by india but freedon fighting for Kashmiris
 Fundamental changes in concept after 9/11
 Both the state and non-state actors justify their acts
 DUNNE in WORLDS IN COLLISION defines :”Terrorism is method of poltical action that uses violence against civilians and civilian infrastructure in order to influence behavior, to inflict punishment or to exact revenge”
 TYPES OF TERRORIST
 Terrorism from above-state terrorism
 By government and quasi government agencies
 Against enemies threatening its interests or security
 “state sponsored” terrorism
 Secret, covert
 Form of proxy war
 Easy to deny
 Terrorism from Below
 Committed by non state actors
 To protest against foreign hand or internal repressive regimes
 GROUP LEVEL TERRORISM
 Group or organization carrying extreme importance
 Individual joins them
 Inspirational force is : “CAUSE” & “LEADER”
 INDIVIDUAL LEVEL TERRORISM
 A single person involved
 Outcome of significant events
 Psychological motivations from childhood experience
 Some studies psychological dimension
 DEFINATIONAL PROBLEM
 Various perspective
 Some common gorund on which states and scholars agree : poltical violence with an immediate motive to create fear.
 Ishtiaq hussain: ”the definitional despite is about the identity of perperator”
 Difference arises on point of views regarding Violence, political, legal and moral point of view.
 Further divided questions of “Right” and “Wrong”
 In modern world where states give pariority to National interest then Moral obligations, convergence of ethics and power seems imposible
 Pakistan’s definition reflects its demostic problems of dealing with sectarian and ethnic terrorism
 States define term in the context of their own domestic political scenario
 Fave major problem
1)relativist confusion on concept
2)contents of definition. violence against innocent or non-combatant. Soldier out of battlefield NON COMBATANT??
3)spreading fear aspect of terrorism without distinguishing between state and non state terrorism
4)historical continuity… French revolution
5) unethical means employed tarnish legitimacy of the cause
 UN not defining it correctly
 Post 9/11 UN Security Council resolutions gave freedom to state to define the term
 US used this vagueness to wage war against terror and forced other countries too,to join its war
 TERRORISM AND FREEDOM FIGHTING
 Difficult to distinguish
 Labeling becomes difficult when same group enters into negotiations with Gover. And sign peace accords
 Certain heinous acts must be condemned without perspective of intention
 International conventions recognize the Use of Torture against Human rights no matter what justification are given
 Mark Muller… Right of self rightness acceptable when
1) under colonial domination
2) distinct racial group denied equal rights
3) when subjected to alien military occupation
 Liberation movements dubbed as terrorism
 HISTORICAL CONTEXT
 Not new phenomenon
 Middle ages Christians belief of second coming of Christ raised idea to purify the world from sinners… Jews elimination was considered as pre-condition to arrival
 Protestants in UK, Germany and Netherlands Resorted to violence against Catholics and Lutherans
 17th and 18th century debates of liberation when reached from Europe to Colonial US,violence erupted in favour and formation of USA
 Worst example : French revolution… jacobin’s “REIGN OF TERROR”… stats terrorism to protect revolution
 19th century Nationalist movements for self government adopted vilent means
 Anti-monarchical popular sentiment gave rise to Marxism
 20th century… various aspects… from right wing to left wing
 During inter-war period “right wing terrorism”…. Italy and germany justified violence to consolidate power
 Post war decolonization, rural based guerilla warfare…left wing orientation…Success stories of Mao Tse Tung(china), CHO CHI MINH(VIETNEM)AND CHE GUVERA(CUBA)
 End of cold war,,, religious terrorism… USSR desoultion gave strength to Islamic movements and armed uprising…
 US neglect provided ground … discontent with Muslim supportive regimes… Osama resentment over Saudi’s approval for stay on Holly land
 Today,terrorism much more lethal with technological advancements
PAKISTAN AND WAR AGAINST TERROR
 Hit Pakistan when country was getting accoustmed to new poltical realites with recent coup by Gen. Musharaf
 Joining the war,brough Pakistan back to limelight
 NON-NATO ally of US
 Economic opporunites and economic gains
 War on terror quickly back fired making Mushraf “PATRIOT TURNED INTO TRAITOR” for deviating Pakistan from its National interest under US pressure
 Violence increased and militancy spewed
 Socio-political implications
 Economic surge can’t live upto long term demands
 Problems like Poverty,illiteracy,un-employment were not settled for good
 Income remained low as compared to price hikes
 “Enlightened Moderenation” failed without curing the deep rooted militancy and hard line public opinion
 Campaign against corruption and sectarianism failed due to selective approach
 American’s deeply in war in Iraq,asked more Pakistani Troops in birder tibal areas,,,Pakistan releuctant… signed accords and negotiations… Drone attacks… increased Hatred for US and Musharaf
 Acts of terrors targeting civilians and armed forces
 Pakistan Economic survey quote these attacks caused destruction of infrastructure, millions migrating, erosion of investment climate, nose diving of Production and growing un-employment
 Wave of suicide attacks
 2002-2011 283 attacks killing 4611 people
 Media adding up as Marget thathcer termed “oxygen of publicity”
 Radicalization of Society,…bearded and veiled youth then a decade
 Number of madarasahs increasing and TAblighi gatherings swelling
 Social unrest bringing strain over Family system
 ECONOMIC COST OF VOILENCE
 Disruptions in normal industrial and trading activities
 Law and order situation affected both foreign and local investment
 Deveploment slowed as funds for socio-economic devl were diverted to fighting terrorism
 Reduced import demand, reduced exports affected process of privatization
 Investment trends … 560Mill USD in 2002 raised to 8.4 bilion 2007 to 2billion USD in 2009
 NEED OF HOUR
 For World
 “New age of terrorism”… 3 factors
1.terrorist equipped with deadly weapons
2.Religious orientation
3.beoyund international boundaries
 Necessary to evolve a workable definition
 Comparison over national interest might not be possible but some staring point fixed to fight transnational religious terrorism
 No labeling but objective analysis
 States must stop defining the term on their own,,, two rival states having own definition
 No universal definition to define every act of political violence as terrorism. while analyzing, following steps must be kept in mind to define terroeism
1) if the motive are abstract
2) if the struggle is transnational
3)if the struggle is not recognized by UN
4) if the target is innocent people
5) if the violence is not aimed against repressive government
For Pakistan
 Muslim unity
 Sectarianism discarded
 Democracy must be made strong in pakistan
 Appropriate step for poverty allevation
 Increase in literacy rate
 Deviating Defense budget to Law enforcement
For Afghanistan
 Stabilization ofcurrent state of affairs
 Government contiaining representation of all ethnic groups
 Not repeating of episode post-Soviet withdrwal in 1990’s leaving country to civil war
 Collective effort for revival of country’s economy and social uplift.
 CONCLUSION
 Despite threats of hazards no consensus on definition
 Collective effort needed from international community
 Genuine understanding
 Drone and suicide bombers are new dimension to this war against terror
 Our national security policy is seriolusly threatened by poor governance,shaky economy, un-employment, lack of political will, increased racialism,ability of foreign intelegence agencies to penetrate in our society
 Greatest challenge for Armed forces is to resotre trust of public that they can be secured by their forces
 Ambiguity in whose war are we fighting created a dichotomy of affairs creating a threat of tearing apart whole fabric of state
 The dangerous scenario is seriously putting in the questions of patriotism
 The road to revival from apathy is throny and rocky
 Need of real and co-ordinated efforts
