OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION TO DEMOCRACY
ORIGIN OF DEMOCRACY IN PAKISTAN
NEGATIVE ROLE OF POLITICIANS
BUREAUCRACY A THREAT TO DEMOCRACY
PREVAILING FEUDAL SYSTEM
INEQUALITY,ILLITERACY
DEMOCRACY WITHOUT VIOLENCE
ACCOUNTABILITY A KEY TO SUCCESS
CONCLUSION
PAKISTAN AS A WELFARE STATE
Democracy is a form of government in which people elect their representatives themselves and the
representatives of the people form government and opposition. Counseling is the base of a democratic
state. The state ensures equality and equity for all citizens irrespective of their caste, color, language
and race. The government performs all duties, for the welfare of all the people and is accountable to
people in the performance of its obligations. The opinion of each citizen is respected and given due
importance. Every citizen has a right to vote to his favorite candidate, to contest election, to join any
party and form his own party. That is why it is defined as “Rule of the people, rule by the people, and
rule for the people”.
Democracy was the form of government which was thought to be implemented when Pakistan came
into being. Pakistan came into being as a result of a strong democratic movement under the leadership
of Quaid-e-Azam. The people of Pakistan, who faced all the problems and difficult circumstances,
showed their determination to defend the freedom. They boldly faced the situation and gradually solved
the problems. The Pakistani movement was based on Muslims` absolute rights of independence and
the real implementation of democracy was one of the objectives of establishment of Pakistan. It was
thought to adopt the democratic structure and enforce democratic values. Quaid-e-Azam described the objective of establishment of Pakistan in Sibi as “Let us promote “Democracy” according to the Islamic principles.” Unfortunately, it is a disheartening spectacle that within a period of 65 years, Pakistan has
not proved itself to be a democratic state in its true sense. Instead of becoming a model of democracy
as visualized by Quaid-e-Azam, Pakistan has become what may be best described as “lame
democracy” (Shaikh, 1) Pakistan was governed by civil and military bureaucrats during the early 20
years of it. The first democratic elections were held in December, 1970. In constitution of 1973, this
was for the first time in the history of Pakistan, democratic parliamentary government was formed. This
first phase of democratic government continued till 1979. Second and third democratic phases were
between 1988 to 1999 and 2007 to the present date respectively. In this way, Pakistan remained as a
democratic state for only 24 years. Democratic traditions are not yet developed in Pakistan and during
these 24 years, democracy proved itself nothing but a failure. Although implementation of democracy
was one of the objectives of Pakistan however, democracy cannot succeed in Pakistan because its
political leaders, bureaucrats and feudal landlords will never let democracy to be flourished. Moreover,
basic democratic traditions of equality and freedom are not followed in Pakistan
The main responsibility for the failure of democracy lies with politicians. Firstly, they are not sincere
with their jobs and are unfaithful to the state. Secondly, Pakistani political leaders are so incompetent
that their policies keep failing. People vote a set of politicians with a hope that their elected
representatives will act as their faithful leaders and will devote themselves wholeheartedly to the
services of the people. But to people`s dismay, Pakistani politicians do not act as honest leaders but as
corrupt and disloyal politicians whom ambitions lie in filling their own pockets with public money.
Political leaders are responsible for playing games with people for their own benefits. They have
destroyed the purpose of creating an independent homeland of Pakistan by giving rise to favoritism and
corruption. In Pakistani democratic system, the elected leaders do not regularly visit their
constituencies as they are least bothered of public issues. In addition, most politicians contest elections
on the basis of fake degrees. According to an official report, 106 politicians have been counted for
contesting elections on the basis of fake degrees. (qtd. in culprits, 1) This clearly depicts dishonesty of
political leaders. Confidence cannot be restored in the masses. Moreover, political leaders are
incompetent and are unable to find out the solutions to the nations` problems. Political process keeps
collapsing in Pakistan and policies of political parties keep changing and it is very hard for the
politicians to reach unanimous stance for a particular political policy. The policy of nationalization and
posting of incompetent management halted democracy further. Ever since the creation of Pakistan, the
same political parties have stayed in power. For example, Pakistan People`s Party came into power
many times. People keep supporting the same party under the slogan of “Roti, Kapra or Makaan”
because of their affection for the founder of the party without even realizing the consequences of their
support. Under these circumstances, democracy can never be flourished in its true sense.
Bureaucracy also imposes a serious threat to democracy. Practically the constitution of Pakistan is
based upon the democratic principles. However, the proposals in the constitution could not be
implemented because of the attitude of some people, who are not ready to leave the laws introduced
by the British government. These are staunch bureaucrats. Bureaucracy has always remained
powerful since the creation of Pakistan. It comprises the Central Superior Services and the Provincial
Civil Services. (Piracha, 1) and the main cause which stimulated the culture of bureaucracy in Pakistan
is institutional imbalance. Bureaucracy is neither in favor of giving power to anyone nor is ready to
become responsible to anyone. This attitude is the main obstacle in the way to democracy. Most of the
bureaucrats become partial and exploit resources of the country for a favorite political party.
Bureaucrats of Pakistan are notorious for their corruption, inefficiency, and incompetency and thus
responsible for destroying democracy in the country.
Another main cause for failure of democracy in Pakistan is feudal system. Pakistan has inherited feudal
system from “British India” and this feudal system will never let democracy flourish in Pakistan. Feudal
land lords have a major role in forming policies and they would never like to formulate those policies
which are against their interest or are beneficial for the people. The feudal lords acted as traitors and
supported British leaders for creating a moth-eaten Pakistan and now, at the present day, Pakistan is
nothing but a feudal state. Most of the political leaders of Pakistan are feudal lords who have
established their identities as political leaders. For example, Jamal Leghari has come from a family of
feudal land lords. He is the son of former president of Pakistan Farooq Leghari. The feudal lords keep
people at arm`s length and treat them as their slaves. The rigid nature of this class system has
prohibited Pakistan from educational and economic development and has laden Pakistan with a class
structure that hinders democracy. The farmers` community is under the control of their feudal masters.
Such underprivileged and economically demoted peasants’ can have no other option but to vote for
their masters. The famers live beyond the poverty line and cannot even express their will freely. Here,
the spirit of democracy is violated. Peasants are forced to support their lords due to their fear or may be
due to lack of knowledge. In this way, the elections are of no use since the peasants will only vote for
their feudal lords under their pressure and democracy will be worse than “oligarchy”. Supremacy of
feudal class is destroying democracy as well as national integration which itself essential for
democracy. Democracy has been proved beneficial for the feudal land lords since it provides a cover to
them and allows them to rule as long as they want. As far as common people are concerned, they feel
themselves in no advantage in such a democracy. In such a situation of distorted democracy, even a
thousand elections will not change Pakistan’s future.
Democracy is based on basic traditions of equality and freedom of speech among citizens. As far as
Pakistani democratic system is concerned, it has failed to achieve either equality or freedom among
people and thus democracy in Pakistan is unsuccessful. This is a clear evidence of inequality when
people have to pay bribes in order to get themselves a job. There exists no merit policy, while making
appointments and discrimination on the basis of caste, social status and even gender has eliminated
the concepts of democracy. Rich can easily exploit the poor. For example, the wealthy people are
always encouraged instead of educated people. Very few educated people join politics and
assemblies. In this way, the uneducated people sitting in parliaments cannot build democratic society
on proper lines. In a democratic state, the opinion of each citizen is respected and given due respect.
The citizens have full liberty to criticize the working of the government. Although freedom of speech
exists to some extent in Pakistan, but due to no constitutional safeguard, it is not fully implemented. A
common Pakistani citizen lacks constitutional protection and thus when any civil servant tries for the
good governance; he has to face many obstacles. Whenever someone tries to raise his voice against
government, he is pushed back instead of going forward. For example, many journalists of Pakistan
who try to raise their voice against politicians are threatened by them. For example, Najam Sethi, a
senior journalist of Pakistan, disclosed that he had received serious threats from both non-state and
state actors. (Khan, 1) Similarly, many journalists have been murdered in Pakistan namely Abdul Haq
Baluch, Abdul Qadir Hajiazi, Abdul Razzaq Gul, Tariq Kamal, Aurengzeb Tunio, Murtaaza Razvi, Syed
Saleem Shahzad, and Mukarram Khan Aatif. (Admin, 1) Moreover, police had beaten journalists in
Pakistan on Press Freedom day and while they were covering the arrival of Asif Ali Zardari. (Admin, 1)
Under these circumstances, no one will dare to stand against government. When true meanings of
democracy have not been fulfilled by Pakistani government, it cannot declare it a democratic state.
Illiteracy is also one of the reasons for not letting democracy succeed in Pakistan. In Pakistan, the
education sector remained neglected for a long time. In the census of 1951 the literacy rate of Pakistan
was 16% that rose to 26.2% in 1981. According to census of 1998, literacy rate of Pakistan is 43.92%
and literacy rate in 2009 is calculated to be 58% which is very low as compared to the developed
countries. (Admin, 1) Such underprivileged and uneducated people cannot make right choices. So
maximum part of our population is still suffering in illiteracy and backwardness and is unable to
contribute anything towards the development of Pakistan. High rate of literacy is important for
democracy. Illiteracy also leads to poverty. An illiterate and economically impoverished community
cannot comprehend and follow the true spirit of democracy.
In Pakistan, most of the political leaders and parties support democracy. It is argued by its advocates
that in a democratic state, rulers can easily be changed without violence. This belief is false as it is
evident that whenever any democratic government fails, it is overtaken by military government and the
solution is never peaceful. Various examples of military rulers in the country include Ayub Khan, Zia-ulHaq and Pervez Musharraf. Martial law is not itself enforced, but these are the bad tactics and failing
democracy of the government which are responsible for giving rise to Martial Law. Moreover, the
government can come back again after re-elections, for example Pakistan People Party came into
power many times. The arguments in favor of democracy in Pakistan are fine theoretically but these
are inappropriate in the current political scenario. It is believed that in Pakistan a democracy could
never survive for long due to the incompetent people in the so called democratic system.
People support democracy in Pakistan because they believe that it is the only form of government
which gives people an opportunity to make choices and what so ever their choices are, members
elected are majority people`s chosen representatives. General elections are held in true democracy
from time to time. The people can easily change their rulers by electing new ones. In Pakistan, the
situation is worse because members elected are not people`s representatives. The main reason to it is
that only very few people in Pakistan vote and unfortunately, there is very little evidence which can
prove that elections in Pakistan are fair and free. Firstly, people of Pakistan are not prosperous and
well-off and thus their votes can easily be purchased. It has been noticed that votes are purchased as
cheaply as 10 rupees. Secondly, there is much rigging in the election process. Kidnapping voters or
candidates on elections is a common spectacle. Moreover, Pakistani political parties do not announce
their “Party-manifesto” during the election campaign. First of all, the parties do not believe in any kind of
manifesto and secondly, if they do believe in having a manifesto, it is so unclearly mentioned that it
practically means nothing to the readers. In addition to this, voter turnout and system of election have
further destroyed democracy. In the National elections of 2008, the total voter turnout as recorded by
the Election Commission was 41.11 percent of the total registered voters. In Punjab and Sindh, 48.18
percent and 44.16 percent of the registered voters voted at the elections. (petitioner, 71) Such type of
election which is suffering such a low turnout is destroying the true spirit of a democratic state.
Furthermore, the system of election “First Past the Post” which is followed in Pakistan is not
democratic. According to this system, the candidate securing the highest number of votes is the winner.
The winning candidate, however, does not necessarily receive an absolute majority of all votes cast.
Thus, according to this system, the members of the parliament who claim to be representatives of
people may not command the majority of the votes registered and polled. Therefore, they may not
genuinely represent their electorate. In such a situation, true democratic spirit is violated and members
elected are not actually the majority chosen representatives.
The accountability process is very important in a democratic state which results in clean and fair
working of the executive. However, there is no system of accountability in Pakistan. Every incoming
government makes big claims about accountability, but no effective step has been taken in this regard.
If any government establishes the framework which is mostly opposition oriented or very complex, due
to which the corrupt bureaucrats always escape from punishment. The government affairs are not
dealt transparently and the gap between people and the government is not bridged. There is much
evidence which can prove that Pakistan has no system of accountability. For example, Khursheed
Mehmood Ksuri and Sheikh Rasheed Ahmad have been known to be allegedly involved in activities
like corruption but no step have been taken against them and they both are enjoying the high official
posts. Another example has been set by “Mullahs” who have confirmed complete support to Pervez
Musharraf and they have also been involved in the genocide and master minding human rights abuses
during the Bangladesh war of 1971. (Sadruddin, 1) Under these circumstances where there is no
accountability process, democracy cannot be flourished.
Democracy has been proved the worst form of government for Pakistan. The existing democracy reign
of Pakistan People Party has been proved the worst ever in the history of Pakistan. It is because it has
given rise to unemployment, inflation, poverty and economic crisis. Democracy is not suitable for a
country like Pakistan where most of the population is underprivileged. It has also been badly failed in
many other countries like Turkey, Thailand, Israel and Africa. Hence it is proved that democracy is not
the successful form of government. If it is successful in United States and India, it is because of their
political and social atmospheres. The atmosphere over Pakistan does not support democracy at all.
Pakistani government should take the example of China which is not a democratic state but still the
world`s second largest economy. Similarly, Singapore was also not a democratic state when it gained
independence and Mr. Lee was its first president and he put Singapore on the map of the world. As one
writer once put it, “Singapore has achieved the American dream, but not in the American way”. This has
been done through what they call a “Benevolent Dictator”. (Trip, 1)
Pakistan is a welfare state which has been struggling for democracy since its creation. Democracy has
been badly failed in Pakistan due to incompetent leadership and declining political policies. Moreover,
bureaucracy and feudal system has abolished democracy forever. In Pakistan, democracy is nothing
but a misapprehension which cause people to vote for someone they know and they will only know the
person who can promote himself. That means it does not depend what form of government Pakistan
adopts, what matters is the good administration, accountability process and merit policy. Instead of
continuing system of the state as a fragile democracy, Pakistan should either become a theocracy or a
communist.




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