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Lecture 19 - The 1956 Constitution
The 1956 Constitution
The Constitution of 1956 was passed after long deliberations. It replaced the Interim Constitution. It has 234 Articles and 6 Schedules. It declared that the name of the country would be the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. There was clear impact of the Government of India Act, 1935 and the Interim Constitution. Features 1: Parliamentary System Executive Authority vested in the President who exercised it on the advice of the Prime Minister except in the matters he had discretion. Prime Minister One House Parliament:2: Federal System The constitution provided three lists: Federal, Provincial and Concurrent. There were two Provinces in the federation of Pakistan. 3: Provincial Structure: At the provincial level there was elected Assembly. The Parliamentary System under the nominal headship of Governor. The real powers were given to Chief Ministers and his cabinet. Centre had some overriding powers and some Emergency powers too. They were Clause 191: Security or economic life was under threat for external or internal reasons. Clause 193: Constitutional crisis in provinces. 4: Independent Judiciary At centre level the highest court was Supreme Court, then High Courts in provinces and subordinate courts were established. Higher Courts have the power of Interpretation of the constitution. They could hear the disputes between governments. They were guardians of the Legal rights of the citizens. 5: Fundamental Rights Civil and Political Rights were given to the people of Pakistan but they could be suspended in case of emergency. 6: Directive Principles of State Policy These principles provided guidelines for policy making. Principles of Objectives Resolution were included as preamble. The other principles included surety about Islamic practices, Welfare of people, non-discrimination, and fulfillment of basic needs, etc. 7: Islamic Character The name of the country was the Islamic Republic, Objectives Resolution was theWorking of the Constitution No elections were held after the enforcement of elections. It was finally abrogated on October 7, 1958. It worked from March 23, 1956 to October 7, 1958. |
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Lecture 20 - The 1962 Constitution
The 1962 Constitution
1: Background Military took over on 7 October 1958 and consequently Ayub Khan became Chief Martial Law Administrator. One major task was to frame a new Constitution. The administration was critical of Parliamentary system because it caused instability in the past. They sought stability of the nation in the gradual development of democracy.2: Constitution Making The government introduced Basic Democracies in October 1959. Under this system Forty Thousand basic democrats (local councilors) were to be elected in each province. They have to perform functions as local government and their role in developmental work. They also acted as an electoral college for the election of president and the national assembly. Elections for the Basic Democracies (BD) were held in December 1959 and January 1960. Then Presidential referendum was held by the elected BD members on February 17, 1960. A Constitutional Commission was established in February 1960 under the chairmanship of Justice Shahabuddin, former Chief Justice. The tasks assigned to the Commission were: To examine the causes of failure of Parliamentary system.Commission presented its report in May 1961 after then two committees reviewed it. Under the report of these committees the new Constitution was drafted. Ayub announced the Constitution on March 1, 1962. Elections to the National Assembly (NA) and Provincial Assemblies (PAs) were held in April and May 1962 respectively. The new Constitution was enforced on June 8, 1962. Martial Law was withdrawn. The new Constitution was consisted of 250 articles, 5 schedules. 3: Salient Features of the Constitution 3.1. Title of the State Republic and Islamic Republic 3.2. Presidential System A Powerful President who was responsible for administration and affairs of the state. He should be a Muslim, at least 40 years of age, should be qualified to be a member of NA. He would be elected through indirect elections for a period of five years. If he has held office for more than 8 years, he could seek reelection with the approval of the NA and the PAs. National Assembly was given the power to impeach the president, however it was difficult to achieve. President could dissolve the NA but in that case he must seek re-election. 3.3. Powers of the President: President was the Focal point of all the Executive, Legislative and Judicial powers. Cabinet was responsible to him. All key appointments were to be made by President. He could issue Ordinances. He could also declare State of Emergency in the country. 3.4. National Assembly (NA) NA was consisted of one house on the basis of principle of parity between two wings of the country. There were 150 seats plus 6 seats were reserved for women. All were elected indirectly. For the membership minimum age limit was 25 years. 3.5. Legislative Powers: NA had all the powers of law making but law was to be finally ratified by the president. President could sign, reject or return the bill. 3.6. Financial Powers Financial Powers of NA were limited. Only new expenditure could be voted. NA could not reject Consolidate Fund List and Recurring Expenditure. 3.7. Federalism There were two provinces of the federation: East Pakistan and West Pakistan. Only one list of subjects, i.e. the Central list was given in the constitution. 3.8. Provincial Governments Governors were head of the provinces and govern the province with his cabinet. Provincial governments were directly under the control of President. There was a strong center with a Powerful President. He had enough powers to manage provincial affairs. In case of emergency powers Central government could take direct control of the province. 3.9. Principles of Policy National solidarity would be observed.3.10. Fundamental Rights Fundamental Rights were provided in the constitution. 3.11. Political Parties Originally Political Parties were not allowed. Political Parties Act was introduced in 1962. 3.12. Islamic Provisions Objectives Resolution was the Preamble of the Constitution. Other Islamic provisions were a part of Principles of Policy and not the constitution. 3.13. Advisory Council for Islamic Ideology An Advisory Council for Islamic Ideology was made in the constitution having 5-12 members. It was a recommendatory body. 3.14. Islamic Research Institute It was designed for the Research and instructions in Islam for assisting the reconstruction of Muslim society on truly Islamic lines. 3.15. Working of the Constitution Constitution remained enforced from June 8, 1962 to March 25, 1969 |
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Lecture 21 - The 1973 Constitution
The 1973 Constitution
1. Background1. Background Abrogation of the 1962 Constitution on March 25, 1969 led to second martial law in the country. Yahya Khan handed over power to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on December 20, 1971 after the first general elections. But martial law continued and there was no constitution. National Assembly approved an Interim Constitution, which was enforced on April 21, 1972. 2: Constitution Making Constitutional Committee comprising National Assembly (NA) members from all parties was set up in April 1972. Law Minister was the Chairman of this Committee. All parties agreed on the future political system in October 1972. The Committee reported on December 31, 1972. After long deliberations and compromises final draft was approved unanimously on April 10, 1973. The new Constitution was enforced on August 14, 1973. The Constitution functioned since then with two gaps. It remained operational during following periods: 1973-77: Operational3: Features of the Constitution 3.1. Parliamentary System It was a parliamentary constitution having powerful Prime Minister (PM) as head of government with a very weak President. President must act on the advice of PM. All his orders were to be countersigned by PM. Prime Minister to be elected by the NA. PM exercised all executive authority. PM was answerable to the NA. In 1985, powers of the President were increased. He enjoyed some discretion in appointments of PM. He had power to dissolve the NA. He had the powers of appointment of caretaker PM. He gives his assent to bills passed by the parliament or returns these. 3.2. President: Must be at least 45 years of age, Muslim, qualified to become member of the NA. He is elected by the Parliament and the Provincial Assemblies for 5 years. 3.3. Parliament with two houses: Upper House called Senate. In this house equal representation is given to Provinces. Seats are reserved for the tribal areas, women and technocrats. Its original strength was 63, which was later raised to 87 and then 100.3.4. Federal System Federation of Pakistan has four provinces and federally administered areas. Two lists are given in the constitution: Federal list and Concurrent list. Residuary powers belong to provinces. 3.5. Provincial Structure: Provincial Governors are appointed by the President on the advice of the PM. Elected Chief Minister exercises executive powers. Parliamentary system is there in the provinces. Size of the provincial assemblies varies: In 2002:Enough provincial autonomy is guaranteed. Tradition of strong centre continues.Punjab 371 Centre has emergency powers. Governors rule can be imposed if the government cannot function in the provinces. Provinces are dependent on centre for Finances. 3.6. Principles of Policy: a. Islamic provisions are provided in Principles of Policy. Foreign policy principles are also given under this heading.3.7. Fundamental Rights: b. Fundamental Rights are secured in the constitution and are implemented through the highest court.3.8. Islamic Provisions: c. Title of the state is Islamic Republic of Pakistan. e. Islam was declared the State Religion of Pakistan.3.9. National Language: j. Urdu is declared National Language, however English may be used for official purposes until arrangements would be made for its replacement by Urdu. k. Provincial Assembly may prescribe measures for teaching, promotion and use of a provincial language in addition to the national language.3.10. National Security Council: l. National Security Council was added in 2002 in advisory capacity.3.11. Judiciary: m. An independent judiciary is given under the constitution. Supreme Court of Pakistan is the highest court. One High Court is established in each province and one in Azad Kashmir. A chain of lower courts is there under the high courts. |
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Lecture 22 - Political History
Political History
1. 1947-1971First Part: 1947-1971 1: First Eleven Years (1947-58) Pakistan won independence under extremely difficult conditions. The next task was setting up of a new state. There was no administrative structure. Riots, refugee’s problem and economic pressures were challenging for the new state. Negative attitude from Indian government and war on Kashmir created problems in relations with India. The Government of India Act 1935 was adopted as the first Interim Constitution. Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah became the first Governor General (GG) of Pakistan and Liaquat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister (PM). Governor Generals: 1. M. A. Jinnah August Sept. 1947-Sept. 1948President: 1. Iskander Mirza March 1956-Oct. 1958Prime Ministers: 1. Liaquat Ali Khan August 1947-Oct 1951Major Issues • Constitution-making2: Second Phase (1958-69) Martial Law remained imposed from October 1958 to June 1962. Constitutional Rule was restored on June 1962 and remained till the 2nd Martial Law on March 1969.Important Policy Measures Important Policy Measures taken by the Ayub government were:Downfall of Ayub Khan: Indo-Pakistan war started and at the end of war Tashkand Pact was signed with India. People were not satisfied with this pact. They also resented the election results of 1965. Fruits of economic development were not distributed at masses level. Wealth of nation was concentrated in a few hands. This brought people to agitation and public demand resulted in resignation of the president.3: Third Phase (1969-71) Ayub Khan handed over power to Army Chief Yahya Khan. He imposed Martial Law and 1962General Elections General Elections were held in December 1970. |
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Lecture 23 - Political History (1972-2003)
Political History (1972-2003)
1. 1972-1977 2. 1977-1985 3. 1985-1999 4. 1999-2002 5. 2002 onwards 1: 1972-1977: Z. A. Bhutto assumed power on December 20, 1971. First he became President of Pakistan and also the first civilian Chief Marshal Law Administrator. Major Policies The first task was the Constitution making. In 1972 Interim Constitution was adopted and then the Parliament of Pakistan unanimously adopted 1973 Constitution. The major policy of Mr. Bhutto was Nationalisation. His government nationalised: 1. Emerald mines in SwatLabour Policy A new Labour Policy was announced in which more rights and concessions were given to the working classes. Health Policy Under new Health Policy cheap medicine and facilities were promised to the masses. Administrative Reforms Administrative Reforms were introduced to eradicate corruption in the country. Hundreds of civil servants were removed on the charge of corruption. Problems of Reforms: Reforms were good in outlook but as their results were not according to the expectations of the masses. Discontentment took the place of initial optimism. 1977 Elections and Agitation: As a result of elections of 1977 PPP won the elections. But joint opposition blamed a mass rigging in the election results. They demanded fresh elections. Bhutto initially was stubborn but later showed inclination to compromise but history has taken a U-turn. As he refused to negotiate the elected majority party in 1971, now opposition refused to compromise and took the case to the streets. Urban shopkeepers, businessmen, students, women and even the intelligentsia joined hands against the government. The result was the third Martial Law and end of democracy. 2: 1977-1985: Chief of Army Staff General Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq took over and imposed Martial Law. He suspended constitution. It was the longest military Rule in the history of Pakistan. To justify his rule Zia-ul-Haq presented his Agenda about: Effective Administration Islamisation Return to Democracy Major Policies: Zia-ul-Haq promised Elections first within 90 days, and then extended this period after the reforms. These reforms included: Accountability of the ousted regime; Restrictions imposed on political activities and press. Islamisation: In his way of Islamisation of the system he introduced many steps for forging cooperation of some Islamic groups. He also introduced Constitutional and legal changes to emphasis on Islamic values in the society. He established: Shariat benches established in 1979;Return to democracy In order to return to democracy Zia-ul-Haq took the following measure: 1. Local Bodies elections, 1979.3: 1985-1999 Civilian Rule Democracy was restored but no civilian government could complete its tenure of five years and became the victim of 58-2B of 8th amendment by virtue of that President can dissolve NA and dismiss the elected government. 1. Junejo March 1985-May 1988Interim Prime Ministers appointed for holding fair elections were 1. Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi: August-November 1990Civilian government adopted policies for the welfare and betterment of the people but their effects were compromised due to several reasons: Problem of keeping coalitions intact;4: 1999-2002: In 1999 again Military Rule was imposed against the civilian governments attempt to concentrate power in the office of Prime Minister. Nawaz government introduced political and constitutional changes to have a complete control on all branches of the government. Nawaz governments attempt to remove the Army Chief, while he was out of the country and returning from his visit to Sri Lanka, proved counter productive. General Musharraf took over as the Chief Executive of the country and suspended the constitution. Martial law was not declared. No military courts were established. Political and press freedoms remained intact. Political Priorities: General Musharraf announced his Political Priorities: Rebuild national confidence and morale;General Musharraf designed the following policies to achieve these goals: Accountability and return of looted wealth of the state;In the process of Return to Democracy he held: 1. Referendum, April 2002.5: Civilian Rule Established In the new set up Musharraf is President in uniform. Mir Zafer-Ullah-Khan Jamali was the head of a coalition government. In three provinces there are governments of Muslim League (Q) and in NWFP there is the government of MMA working successfully. Lets hope for the gradual consolidation of democratic rule. |
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Lecture 24 - Geography, Land, Boundaries and Neighborhoods
Geography, Land, Boundaries and Neighborhoods
1. Geography and the People1: Geography and the People Pakistan was comprised of two wings when it came into existence on August 14, 1947. East Pakistan separated in 1971. Post-1971 or present day Pakistan is located in the Northwestern part of South Asian Sub-continent. It has maintained its distinctiveness in the Sub-continent. Indus Valley Civilization is as old as 2500-1600 BC. The archeological heritage of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are clear evidence of this fact. Arians first came to this land followed by Islam and Muslims from Central Asia and Afghanistan. Muslim rule continued about one thousand years. Then the downfall of Muslim empire paved the way for British Rule, which ended with the formation of two independent states of India and Pakistan. Location: Pakistan is located between 24_37 degrees North latitude 61_75 degrees East longitude. Territory: Its area is 796,095 sq Kilometers. __________________Territory_____percentage ________________(in thousand)_____% Balochistan _________347.2_______43.61 Punjab______________205.3_______25.81 Sindh_______________140.9_______17.71 NWFP________________74.6_______9.4 FATA________________27.2_______ 3.4 Islamabad_____________0.9________0.1 Diversity in the nature of territory: North and Northwest: It includes Mountains of Himalayan and trans-Himalayan Ranges, Korakoram & Pamirs, which includes some of highest peaks like K2, Nanga Parbat etc. West: Baluchistan Plateau is about 1000 feet in elevation with dry mountains crossing it from northeast to the southwest. Here very little rainfall occurs. Indus Plains: Main agricultural region in the middle of the Indus valley. The Potohar Plateau is there in the East of upper Indus plains. In South East of Indus Plains there is Deserts Thal, Cholistan and Thar. Climate: Climate of Pakistan is diverse. North, Northwestern Mountains are extremely cold in winter but mild in summer. The Indus Plains are extremely hot in summer but cold and dry in winter.Coastal regions are having temperate climate. There are some variations within each region. Four Seasons: Summer: May to SeptemberPopulation: Pakistan is having a large population. The growth rate recorded over 3 percent in the 1970s to early 1990s. Now declined due to a number of measures by the government but still it is higher as compare to the other countries of the region. Census is taken after every ten years. --------1951, 1961, 1972, 1981, 1998 ----------------------------------------------- Year Population----Annual Growth -------In Million-----Percent 1951 -----36.2 -------- 1961 -----46.2 ----2.80 1972 -----65.3 ----3.10 1981 -----84.3 ----3.06 1998 -----130.6 ----2.61 *In 2006, the population is estimated to be over 160 million. Important Features of the Population: More than 50 Percent population is under the age of 21. A large part of this population is dependent.2: Boundaries: Pakistan shares boundaries with four countries. China in the northeast: About 600 km long border in the Northern Areas. Silk Route is a major link for trade and traveling.3: Neighborhoods: Pakistan is located in strategically important region. It is the center of global interests. For all the big powers like China and Russia it is important. U.S maintains interests to keep an eye on both China and Russia. It is on the gateway of Central Asian Muslim States through Afghanistan. On the other side of it is the outer region of the Gulf region having rich oil resources and economic wealth. Pakistan has close brotherly ties with these states. Now the pipelines of oil and gas are planning to be passed through Pakistan. It will be a new start of economic cooperation in the region. |
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Lecture 25 - Natural Resources, Agriculture
Natural Resources, Agriculture
1: Natural Resources Mineral Resources2: Agriculture 1: Natural Resources: The resources endowed by the nature to the country and the people are called National Resources, e.g., Mineral resources, rivers, forests and animals. Agricultural lands hold key to development and prosperity of a country. The rate of development and prosperity of a country depends on efforts to make use of it. Effective management and human efforts are needed to avail them. Modern technology is also required to make use of it. Mineral Resources: Pakistan is blessed with considerable mineral resources. Some of them are explored but much remains to be done for the search for more. Some important resources are: Iron Ore is used for industry, especially steel industry. It is found in limited quantity and low quality. Most of the required Iron ore is imported from abroad. Its deposits are found in Chitral, Chaghai, Kohat, Kurram Agency, Mardan, Hazara, Mianwali (Kalabagh) and DG Khan.Rivers: The river system of Pakistan is consisted of Indus and other associated rivers. We have a well- defined Canal system. The most important one is the Indus Basin project.Forests: Normally 25 percent area of a country should be covered with forest. But in Pakistan it is only 4 to 5 percent.Advantages: Forests have many advantages. They are helpful in improvement of weather. Protect against windstorms, help in slow melting of snow to stop floods. They add greenery, beauty and fresh air to the environment. Plants are source of food, medicine, timber, chemicals and fertilizers. They are the homes of animals, birds and insects. They are also used as fuel.Animals: Animals provide milk, meat, hide and skins, wool etc. They are also used for agriculture and transportation. They are a source of foreign exchange.Fisheries: It is also a source of food and income. Department of fisheries also encourage private farmers to invest in this field and add to personal and national wealth.2: Agriculture Pakistan is an agricultural country. More than 70 percent of its population lives in rural areas. Over 50 percent are directly engaged in farming or agro-based activities. Share of agriculture to GDP is 26 percent.Agriculture and Development Plans: Research is done for the development of high yield seeds giving better output. Information and guidance is being provided to the common farmer to enjoy the fruits of the advance research in the field of agriculture. University education is developed in various parts of Pakistan especially in Faisalabad and Jamshoro. Emphasis is laid on modern technology in practical field. |
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Lecture 26 - Industrial Development
Industrial Development
1. Importance1. Importance Industrialization is the key to economic development and overall prosperity. Without it no economy can grow. It is the backbone of a strong and stable economy. It is the basis of modernization and development of the state. Industrialization helps the international standing of a state. Industry and technology go together. It enhances trade and save foreign exchange. Industrialization brings self-reliance for a nation. It is also important for agriculture. Agriculture provides raw materials and so input for industry and output is the finished goods. Industrialization improves the quality of life, help in Poverty reduction, and provide employment facilities. Industrialization has close relevance with the defence and security of the country. 2: Historical Overview: In 1947 Pakistan inherited very small industrial infrastructure. Only about 4 percent of Indias industry was there in areas of Pakistan. It was insufficient to meet the needs of the day-to-day life. Initially sugar mills, biscuit factories, cigarettes factories, oil mill, cement units, match factory, steel rolling, and glass work factories were set up. Priorities set out in the early years: 1. Industry would be based on indigenous raw materials.Institutional Arrangements: Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation (PIDC) was established under a law in 1950. It encouraged the setting up of industry that was less attractive for the private sector. Initially 15 industries were identified.Nationalisation of the Seventies: New democratic government of PPP after assuming power adopted the policy of nationalisation. Ten basic industries were nationalised. Later some others were also taken over to have a greater state role. Initial euphoria ended and industrial output suffered. It also caused flight of capital from the country Since the early 1990s: The policy of the governments in 1990s changed. Since 1990s all the governments including that of PPP followed the policy of denationalisation and privatisation. They are promoting free economy, foreign investment, non-governmental initiatives, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and investment from Pakistanis settled outside the country. 3: Major Industries: Textiles: It is major industry based on agriculture, heavy textile industry caters to domestic and external market. Major Centres are Faisalabad, Multan, Lahore and Karachi. Woollen Cloth is manufactured in Karachi, Lawrencepur, Harnai, Quaidabad, Multan and Bannu.4: Future Directions: There is no escape from industrialization. It is a must for prosperity and development. We are having Mixed economy with an emphasis on private initiative. Privatisation and Foreign investment need appropriate conditions: political and economic stability, infrastructure, less bottle necks, corruption issue, low interest loans and state support and above all security of investment |
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Lecture 27 - Education in Pakistan
Education in Pakistan
Major Areas Covered: 1. Importance1: Importance of Education: Education is a key to development for individual, society and state. It shapes natural qualities and talents of the individuals. It has positive relevance to family and society. It also confers citizens’ confidence to deal with environment, a sense of purpose. Education provides a goal orientation and is helpful to others by educating them. Education provides entitlement to job and professions. It gives effective tanning to the citizens about their rights and duties. It plays a more constructive role in character building of the person and in turn society as a whole. Education should be integrated to nation building and should be able to transmit the primary values. Education should be responsible for the formation of attitude. It should transmit socialization among individuals. Education system is designed according to the ideology of the state and its identity. Education is the indicator of socio-economic development. For the real progress proper educational facilities should be provided. Literacy rate should be enhanced. Trained and qualified human power can make a nation success. Only such educated people can better be equipped to deal with changing situations and challenges of the time. Education provides better understanding of international environment that affects all of us. Islam asks Muslims to get education. Other religions also value education. 2: Educational Issues: From historical perspective Pakistan has made commendable efforts for spreading education since independence. Funding, facilities and free primary education was introduced to enhance student enrolment. Following steps were taken for uplift of education: • It made integral to development planning in all Five Year Plans and Yearly Plans. Problem of Resources: Resource allocation for education is far from satisfactory. It is much less than what a large number of countries spend on education, especially those having developed after World War II. Most of these allocations go to salaries and administration. Fewer amounts are given for infrastructure, facilities of research and development. Low Literacy: In Pakistan literacy rate is 46 per cent. While meaningful literacy is far less. Female literacy is lower. In rural areas literacy is much low. Enrolment and Retention: All Children are not enrolled in schools. Drop out at the primary and high school level is very high. The incentive to send children to the school is to retain them there. Poverty and lack of appreciation cause drop out. Not enough schools with proper facilities. Number of schools exist on papers only i.e., Ghost schools. Teachers related issues: Shortage of qualified teachers at the lower levels is main cause of less interest of young students towards education. Student-teacher ratio is very high in Pakistan. So the teacher cannot properly treat students. Teachers are not given any incentives for devotion to the profession. Salary and other facilities especially at the lower levels are very disappointing. Training and refresher courses are also inadequate. New techniques of teaching and facilities needed for good teaching should be provided to the teachers. Examination System: Examination System remained a problematic issue in Pakistan. How to judge the performance of students is a difficult question. Instead of comprehension and depth of knowledge emphasis is laid on test of memory. Learning is geared to passing the examination. Some people work only at the end of the year and get good marks due to flaw in the system. Some of they use unfair means. Students have were little knowledge of how the papers are actually graded. This becomes a serious problem at the higher levels. Still there is a debate that whether Annual system or Semester system should be adopted. Politicization: Student groups have political links with outside groups. Political parties have their sub units in educational institutions, which result in use of violence and threats. This also damages the educational environment. 3: Kinds of Education: Primary: From class 1 to 5 years is primary stage. Mosque schools are also working on this level. Efforts are being made to make it universal. Middle Level: It is from class 6 to 8. Secondary: It is from class 9 to 10. Higher Secondary: It is from class 11 to 12. Degree Level: It is a university level education for 2 or 3 years for the award of bachelor degree of Science/ Arts. University, Post Graduate Level: M. A., M.Sc., M.Phil. and Ph. D. Specialized diplomas and programs are also offered at this level. Colleges are also teaching at Postgraduate level. Now some Colleges are given university status. Professional: Professional educational fields are Medical, Dentistry, Engineering, Business and Commerce are Technical and professional degrees. Adult Education: For adults who could not get education in their early years adult education is introduced for them. Distance Education: People do not go to an institution but stay home and get education. This method is useful for people in service and for those living in remote areas. This is a method of Improvement of qualification without actually going to an institution. It is a Flexible system in which Lectures and tutorial system are used through media. Examples are: • Allama Iqbal Open University.Privatization of Education: Schools (English medium), Colleges and Universities are introduced in private sector. Some of them are imparting some good quality education but very expensive. Military Foundations: • Medical and IT educationModern Technology and Education: Technology education means education of IT, Computers- software and hardware. IT and regular education, Access to knowledge and technical education. Concluding Remarks: Education in Pakistan could not play a proper role. That’s why Pakistan is much behind of some of the developing countries. The only way to meet the challenges of the time is to provide technical education at all levels. For that purpose spending on education should be raised. Primary education should be universal and women education should be enhanced. Only meaningful education can fulfill the demands of development. |
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