lets make a group to make our own geography notes - Page 4

hassan joiya · #31 Thursday, September 23, 2010

sorry boys i was bit out of whis whole....my apologies...so do i still have to do the topic which is assigned to me or is it changed by now....if not changed tell me asap and ill submit it for u guys....

xenia · #32 Thursday, September 23, 2010

@mussaa
i left an offline msg on ur messenger n since u hv not responded u r "indirectly" responsible for delay in submission of my questions!lol

now plz reply if u hv got it!

mussaa · #33 Thursday, September 23, 2010

@ xenia
bro nai mujhe msg nai mila apka.send me again.when did you send the msg ?

@hassan joiya
yeah you still have to do the question

mujhe typing ka problem ho raha hai.waisay my question is ready.

@ sami 69
kia main apkay question k notes forum pe upload kr doon ?

sami691 · #34 Saturday, September 25, 2010

@ Mussa ...................bro me ne apne notes diye hi is liye hain ke usay forum per upload ker dein................Hope every one will benefit from it............

mussaa · #35 Saturday, September 25, 2010

( by : SAMI69)

SETTLEMENT:

Asettlementis a permanent or temporary community in which people live, without being specific as to size, population or importance. A settlement can therefore range in size from a small number of dwellings grouped together to the largest of cities with surrounding urbanized areas. The term may includehamlets,villages,townsandcities.

CENTRAL PLACE THEORY:

Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial arrangement, size, and number of settlements.

OR

Central place theory is a spatial theory in urban geography that attempts to explain the reasons behind the distribution patterns, size, and number of cities and towns around the world.

OR

Central-place theory attempts to illustrate how settlements locate in relation to one another, the amount of market area a central place can control, and why some central places function as hamlets, villages, towns, or cities.
The theory was first developed by the German geographer Walter Christaller in 1933 after he began to recognize the economic relationships between cities and their hinterlands (areas farther away). He mainly tested the theory in Southern Germany and came to the conclusion that people gather together in cities to share goods and ideas and that they exist for purely economic reasons.

Assumptions:

Christaller made a number of assumptions such as all areas have;

• an isotropic (all flat) surface

• an evenly distributed population

• evenly distributed resources

• Similar purchasing power of all consumers and consumers will patronize nearest market.

• transportation costs equal in all directions and proportional to distance
• no excess profits (Perfect competition)
In addition, two assumptions were made about human behavior:

• Christaller stated that humans will always purchase goods from the closest place that offers the good, and

• Whenever demand for a certain good is high, it will be offered in close proximity to the population. When demand drops, so too does the availability of the good.

Details of the theory:

The theory consists of two basic concepts:

• Threshold (the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or services).

• Range of good or services(the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services).

Explanation of some terms: (Central Place, low order, high order, sphere of influence):

• A Central Place is a settlement which provides one or more services for the population living around it.

• Simple basic services (e.g. grocery stores) are said to be of low order

• Specialized services (e.g. universities) are said to be of high order.
• The sphere of influence is the area under influence of the Central Place.
Low-order goods are things that are replenished frequently such as food and other routine household items. Because these items are purchased regularly, small businesses in small towns can survive because people will buy frequently at the closer locations instead of going into the city.
High-order goods though are specialized items such as automobiles, furniture, fine jewelry, and household appliances that are bought less often. Because they require a large threshold and people do not purchase them regularly, many businesses selling these items cannot survive in areas where the population is small. Therefore, they often locate in large cities that can serve a large population in the surrounding hinterland.
Central Place Size and Spacing:
Within the central place system, there are five sizes of communities. A hamlet is the smallest and is a rural community which is too small to be considered a village. The rank order of central places is:
· Hamlet
· Village
· Town
· City
· Regional Capital
Examples of regional capitals would include Paris, France or Los Angeles, California. These cities provide the highest order goods possible and have a huge hinterland.

URBANIZATION:

Urbanization can be defined as the rapid and massive growth of, and migration to, large cities.

OR

By definition, urbanization comprises population immigration to an already existing urban area that results in expansion of that area at the cost of rural or natural land. Thus, surrounding outskirts will be changed from rural to urban.

HISTORY OF URBANIZATION:
The history ofurbanizationfocuses on the processes of by which existing populations concentrate themselves in urban localities over time, and on the social and cultural contexts of cities and towns. This includes examinations of demographicsconcentration, urban structures or systems approach, and behavioral aspects of urbanization.
Around two thousand years ago, the world had less 250,000 people, and citiesexceeding over twenty thousand citizens were rare. Cities ranged from two thousand to twenty thousand up until the sixteenth century, when cities with populations climbing to and exceeding one hundred thousand began to spring up. From 1800 to 2000, the population climbed to six times its size, greatly increasing the numbers of urban inhabitants. In 1900, only a handful of cities had populations over one million. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, roughly half of the world's population lived in urban areas, with the number of cities of over one million inhabitants increased many times over compared to 1900.
Cities emerged from villages due to improvement in the cultivation, transportation, and the preservation of food and other resources. The rise of the city broke down a mechanical way of life and led to an organic society. Cities were not closed to outsiders, and often many different types of people with new ideologies would come to live together within the same city. Different processes led to the acceptance of the city over the village. Cities developed an organized social core, where the entire community centered itself; villages often lacked this cohesiveness.
These early towns and cities were often quite small but densely populated. Distances were small enough that people could walk everywhere; particularly to a source of water. To protect the inhabitants from attacks, cities were often walled, limiting their ability to expand spatially despite increases in population. The elite lived in the center, close to the important buildings—government, religious, and so forth—while the poor lived nearer the edge, sometimes even outside the walls.
Important cities in ancient times, such as Rome, had very large populations and developed infrastructures to support their needs. Thus, the Roman Empirebuilt aqua ducts to bring drinking water to the inhabitants. After the Industrial Revolution, great advances in technology drew people to cities. The variety of people and activities found in the cities became attractions that drew more and more people.

CAUSES OF URBANIZATION:
1. Urban population grows in two ways: by natural increase (more births than deaths), and by immigration. Natural increase is fueled by improved food supplies, better sanitation, and advances in medical care that reduce death rates and cause populations to grow both within cities and in the rural areas around them. Immigration is the second reason why population grows, and it is the largest source of its growth. Immigration to cities can be caused both by push factors that force people out of the country and by pull factors that draw them into the city.
Immigration Push Factors: The "surplus" population is forced to migrate to cities in search for jobs, food, and housing. In some places, economic forces or political, racial, or religious conflicts drive people out of their homes.
Immigration Pull Factors: Even in the most chaotic cities, people are there by choice, attracted by the excitement, vitality, and opportunity to meet others like themselves. The most important thing to them is that cities offer jobs, housing, entertainment, and freedom from the constraints of village traditions. Possibilities exist in the city for upward social mobility, prestige, and power not available in the country.
2. Urbanization occurs naturally from individual and corporate efforts to reduce time and expense in commuting and transportation while improving opportunities for jobs, education, housing, and transportation. Living in cities permits individuals and families to take advantage of the opportunities of proximity, diversity, and marketplace competition.
People move into cities to seek economic opportunities. A major contributing factor is known as rural flight. In rural areas, often on small family farms, it is difficult to improve one's standard of living beyond basic sustenance. Farm living is dependent on unpredictable environmental conditions, and in times of drought, flood or pestilence, survival becomes extremely problematic.
Cities, in contrast, are known to be places where money, services and wealth are centralized. Cities are where fortunes are made and where social mobility is possible. Businesses, which generate jobs and capital, are usually located in urban areas. Whether the source is trade or tourism, it is also through the cities that foreign money flows into a country. It is easy to see why someone living on a farm might wish to take their chance moving to the city and trying to make enough money to send back home to their struggling family.
There are better basic services as well as other specialist services that aren't found in rural areas. There are more job opportunities and a greater variety of jobs. Health is another major factor. People, especially the elderly are often forced to move to cities where there are doctors and hospitals that can cater for their health needs. Other factors include a greater variety of entertainment (restaurants, movie theaters, theme parks, etc) and a better quality of education, namely universities. Due to their high populations, urban areas can also have much more diverse social communities allowing others to find people like them when they might not be able to in rural areas.
These conditions are heightened during times of change from a pre-industrial society to an industrial one. It is at this time that many new commercial enterprises are made possible, thus creating new jobs in cities. It is also a result of industrialization that farms become more mechanized, putting many laborers out of work.

PRESENT WORLD PATTERN OF URBANIZATION:
The 2005 Revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects report described the twentieth century as witnessing "the rapid urbanization of the world’s population," as the global proportion of urban population rose dramatically from 13 percent (220 million) in 1900, to 29 percent (732 million) in 1950, to 49 percent (3.2 billion) in 2005. The same report projected that the figure was likely to rise to 60 percent (4.9 billion) by 2030.
The United Nations Human Settlements Programme 2006 Annual Report projected that before the end of 2007 the majority of people worldwide would be living in towns or cities for the first time in history; referred to as the arrival of the "Urban Millennium." In regard to future trends, it is estimated 93 percent of urban growth will occur in Asia and Africa, and to a lesser extent in Latin America and the Caribbean. By 2050 over six billion people—two thirds of humanity—have been projected to be living in towns and cities.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL AND URBAN PLACES:

RURAL PLACES

URBAN PLACES

Rural community is a country community
Urban community is a city community
Rural community are; animals, farm, grass
Urban community are; cars, buildings, businesses etc.
A rural community also mostly has less then 1,000 people.
An urban community generally has more then 1,000 people.

CURRENT URBAN PROBLEMS:
Traffic and Congestion: Every big city is often overwhelmed by the immense crush of pedestrians and vehicles of all sorts that clog the streets. The noise, congestion, and confusion of traffic make it seem suicidal to venture onto the street.
Noise: City noises come from many sources. The traffic is generally the most omnipresent noise. Cars, trucks, and buses create a roar that permeates nearly everywhere in the city. Near airports, jets thunder overhead, stopping conversation, rattling dishes, sometimes even cracking walls. Jackhammers rattle in the streets; sirens pierce the air; motorcycles, lawnmowers, snow blowers, and chain saws create an infernal din; and music from radios, TV's, and loudspeakers fill the air. It is known for a long time that prolonged exposure to noises, such as loud music or the roar of machinery can result in hearing loss. Today, noise is one of the biggest problems in large cities.

Air Pollution: The dense traffic (commonly old, poorly maintained vehicles), smoky factories, and use of wood or coal fries for cooking and heating often create a thick pall of air pollution in the world's super cities. Lenient pollution laws, corrupt officials, inadequate testing equipment, ignorance about the sources and effects of pollution, and lack of funds to correct dangerous situations usually exacerbate the problem. An estimated 60% of Calcutta's residents are thought to suffer from respiratory diseases linked to air pollution. Lung cancer mortality in Shanghai is reported to be four to seven times higher than rates in the countryside. Mexico City, which sits in a high mountain bowl with abundant sunshine, little rain, high traffic levels, and frequent air stagnation, has one of the highest levels of photochemical smog in the world.
Sewer Systems and Water Pollution: Few cities in developing countries can afford to build modern waste treatment systems for their rapidly growing populations. The World Bank estimates that only 35 percent of urban residents in developing counties have satisfactory sanitation services. The situation is especially desperate in Latin America, where only 2 percent of urban sewage receives any treatment.
Crime : Crime in big cities is often related to religion, lack of education, unemployment, and bad financial situation. The problem is much worst in the Developing Nations whereas people sometimes steal and kill in order for food and clothing.
Homelessness & Poverty are also problems.

mussaa · #36 Saturday, September 25, 2010

TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN

Economic and industrial development processes demand rapid as well as mass transportation of goods and raw materials. The more easily the passengers and goods get to the destination, the more rapid is the pace of development of the concerned country. The transport and communication systems need continuous expansion and maintenance of the network of railways and highways as well as the rolling stock. Modernization, updating, and replacement of the fleet of vehicles is an integral part of the development process, and if it is not so, it will be reflected on the pace of development.

TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN

Transportation in Pakistan is extensive and varied but still in its developing stages and serving a population of over 170 million people. Construction of new airports, roads, and railway lines have lead to an employment boost in the country. Much of Pakistan's road network (National Highways) and railway network were built before 1947, mainly during the British Raj. In recent years, new national highways have been built, with the addition of motorways which has accelerated trade and logistics within the country. Airports and seaports have been built within the last 30 years with the addition of foreign and domestic funding.

1) RAILWAYS
Pakistan Railways is the state-owned railway company of Pakistan. It is a large organization under the administration of the Pakistani Government's Ministry of Railways. Pakistan Railways provides an important mode of transportation in the farthest corners of the country and brings them closer for business, sightseeing, pilgrimage and education. It has been a great integrating force and forms the life line of the country by catering to its needs for large scale movement of people and freight. The current chairman is Sami-ul-Haq Khilji.

HISTORY
In 1947, after Pakistan became an independent state, 1,947 route miles (3,133 km) of North Western Railways were transferred to Pakistan from British India.
In 1954, the railway line was extended to Mardan and Charsada, and in 1956 the Jacobabad-Kashmore 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge line was converted into broad gauge. In 1961, the Pakistani portion of North Western Railways was renamed Pakistan Railways. The Kot Adu-Kashmore line was constructed between 1969 and 1973 providing an alternative route from Karachi to northern Pakistan.

RAILWAY INFRASTRUCTURE

· The railway network comprises 8,163 km / 5,072 miles.
· Broad Gauge: 1.676-m gauge (5 ft 6 in) (2007-08) = 7791 Kms
Electrified track component 293 Kms
445 s* = Conversion of Meter Gauge and doubling of Mail Line track.
· Narrow gauge : 1.000-m gauge(3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) (2007) = 312 km
· Country comparison to the world:28
· Passenger earnings comprise 50% of the total revenue.

MAJOR ROUTES

The busiest routes include:

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MAJOR STATIONS AND JUNCTIONS
The major stations and junctions between Peshawar and Karachi include:
Peshawar,Darya Khan,Mianwali,Bhakkar,Kaloorkot Nowshehra Jn., Attock city, Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Lalamusa Jn., Gujrat, Wazirabad Jn., Gujranwala, Lahore, Lahore Cantt., Raiwind Jn., Okara, Sahiwal, Chichawatni, Mianchannu, Khanewal Jn., Multan cantt., Lodhran Jn., Bahawalpur, Samasatta Jn., Khanpur Jn, Rahim Yar Khan, Sadiqabad, Pannu Aqil Cantt., Rohri Jn., Khairpur, Bhiria Road, Nawabshah, Tandu Adam, Hyderabad Jn., Kotri Jn.,Jangshahi, Landhi Jn., Karachi Cantt. and Karachi City.

The major stations and junctions between Peshawar and Quetta are:
Peshawar to Rohri Jn. (same as above), Sukkur, Shikarpur, Jacobabad Jn., Dera Murad Jamali, Sibi Jn., Ab-e-Gum, Mach Spezand Jn and Quetta.

MASS TRANSIT

The Karachi Circular Railway, which opened in the early 1940s, is the only functioning Mass Transit System in Pakistan as of date. In 1976, Karachi was slated to begin work on an underground metro system, but plans have been put on hold since. Karachi Circular Railway (KCR) is a Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS) which was approved by the Government of Pakistan on September 4, 2009 for the city of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. $1.53 billion KCR project finally approved had been under consideration since 1976.
Lahore Rapid Mass Transit (LRMT) System is a project envisioned to provide rapid transit facilities to Pakistan's second largest city Lahore. The project is expected to complete in 2020. Lahore Rapid Mass Transit System will become the second rapid transit system in the Pakistan, after Karachi Circular Railway. System length is 152 km (14 mi).

INTERNATIONAL

Iran –
A broad gauge railway line runs from Zahedan to Quetta, and a standard gauge line is finished from Zahedan to Kerman in central Iran, linking with the rest of the Iranian rail network. On May 18, 2007, a MOU for rail cooperation was signed by Pakistan and Iran under which the line will be completed by December 2008. Now that the rail systems are linked up at Zahedan, there is a break-of-gauge between the Islamic Republic of Iran Railways standard gauge tracks and Pakistan Railways broad gauge.
India–
Thar Express and the more famous Samjhauta Express international trains from Lahore, Pakistan to Amritsar, India.
Afghanistan –
Currently there is no rail link to Afghanistan since no railway network is present in that country, however Pakistan Rail has proposed to help build a Afghani Rail Network in three phases. The first phase will stretch from the Chaman to Spin Boldak in Afghanistan. The second phase will extend line to Kandahar and the third phase will eventually connect to Herat. From there, the line will be extended to Khushka, Turkmenistan. The final phase would link 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) gauge with Central Asian 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 5⁄6 in) gauge. It is not clear where the break-of-gauge station will be. The proposed line will also be connected the port town of Gwadar via Dalbadin and Taftan, thus connecting the port town to Central Asia.
China –
There is no link with China however, on February 28, 2007 contracts were awarded for feasibility studies on a proposed line from Havelian via the Khunjerab pass at 4730 m above sea level, to the Chinese railhead at Kashgar, a distance of about 750 km.
Turkey –
A Istanbul-Tehran-Islamabad passenger rail service was proposed recently. Meanwhile a container train service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan Yousuf Raza Gilani between Islamabad and Istanbul on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 containers with a capacity of around 750 tons and will travel 6,500 km (4,000 mi) from Islamabad, through Tehran, Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.According to the Minister for Railways Ghulam Ahmad Bilour, after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.
Turkmenistan - via Afghanistan

TRAFFIC

1. PASSENGER

Passenger traffic comprises 50% of the total revenue annually. Pakistan Railways carries 65 million passengers annually and daily operates 228 mail, express and passenger trains. Daily, PR carries an average of 178,000 people. Pakistan Railways also operates special trains during occasions such as Eid ul Fitr, Eid ul Azha and Independence Day.

2. FREIGHT

The Freight Business Unit, with 12,000 personnel, operates over 200 freight stations on the railway network. The Unit serves the Ports of Karachi and Bin Qasim as well as all four provinces of the country and generates revenue from the movement of agricultural, industrial and imported products such as petroleum oil & lubricants (POL), wheat, coal, fertilizer, rock phosphate, cement and sugar.
On August 14, 2009 the first international container train from Pakistan to Turkey via Iran at Islamabad Railway station was inaugurated. The first train carried 20 containers with a capacity of around 750 tons and will travel 6,500 km (4,000 mi) from Islamabad, through Tehran, Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time. According to the Minister for Railways Ghulam Ahmad Bilour, after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched. There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.

FUTURE OUTLOOK
In order to continue improvements and to consolidate reforms, Pakistan Railways is struggling to
increase its competitiveness, responsiveness and efficiency. Pakistan Railways is planning to take a series of interlinked initiatives as discussed below, which will enable it to compete effectively in the fast growing transport sector in Pakistan.
---Pakistan has already completed pre‐feasibility study for establishing a rail link with China. This rail link could further boost trade relations between the two countries by facilitating the already growing trade with China and operations of Gawadar Sea Port.
---Pakistan Railways has signed contract with Chinese supplier for the maintenance of Chinese locomotives to improve reliability and availability of locomotive.
---Pakistan Railway is encouraging private sector to bring rolling stock for running of passenger and freight trains by paying track access charges.
---A contract agreement for procurement and manufacturing of 202 Nos. coaches has been signed.
---Another on‐going development project is the doubling of tracks from Khanewal‐Raiwind (246
Km).
--Doubling of track will be completed from Chichawatni to Okara stations during the period under review.
Pakistan Railways has finalized loan agreements for various projects for improvement of operation on the system and letter of credit are being established for the various projects.

2) ROAD TRANSPORT
Roads have become the most important segment of transport sector in Pakistan with ever increasing
reliance on road transportation. In 1947, reliance on roads was only 8%, however, the roads now carry
over 96% of inland freight and 92% of passenger traffic and are undoubtedly the backbone of Pakistan’s
transport sector. From only around 50,000 km in 1947, Pakistan’s current road network is now more
than 260,000 km. This includes NHA network of around 12,000 km, which despite being merely 4% of
the overall road network takes 80% of Pakistan’s commercial traffic.

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ROAD NETWORK
Pakistan’s road network is vital for the movement of people and goods and plays an important
role in integrating the country, facilitating economic growth and reducing poverty. Pakistan has
a road network covering 259,618 kilometres including 179,290 KM of high type roads and
80,328 KM of low type roads. Total roads, which were 229,595 KM in 1996‐97, increased to
259,618 KM by 2009‐10 (Jul‐Mar) an increase of 13 percent. A sizable and continuous
improvement of the high type road network can be observed from 1996‐97 to 2009‐10.

National Highways

During the 1990s, Pakistan began an ongoing project to rebuild all national highways throughout the country specifically to important financial, cargo and textile centers. The National Highway Authority or NHA is responsible for the maintenance of all national highways in Pakistan.

The Makran Coastal Highway follows the coast of Sindh and Balochistan provinces, linking Karachi and Gwadar. Journey time has been reduced to six or seven hours with the construction of the new Coastal Highway. The highway was built as part of an overall plan to improve transport facilities in southern Balochistan. Total Length = 653 km.

The Karakoram Highway is the highest paved international road in the world. It connects China and Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range, through the Khunjerab Pass. Total Length = 806 km

The Grand Trunk Road (commonly abbreviated to GT Road) is one of South Asia's oldest and longest major roads. For several centuries, it has linked the eastern and western regions of the South Asia, running from Bengal, across north India, into Peshawar in Pakistan. Today, the Grand Trunk Road remains a continuum that covers a distance of over 2,500 kilometres (1,600 mi).

TheSilk Road is an extensive interconnected network of trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, including North Africa and Europe. It passes through the mid section of Pakistan through cities: Peshawar, Taxila and Multan.
N-25 Extends from Karachi to Chaman via Bela, Khuzdar, Kalat and Quetta .Also known as RCD Highway. Total Length = 813 km.

· N-55 Extends from Karachi to Peshawar via Kotri, Shikarpur, Dera Ghazi Khan and Kohat .Also known as the Indus Highway. Total Length = 1264 km
Motorways

The construction of motorways began in the early 1990s with the idea building a world class road network and to reduce the load off the heavily used national highways throughout the country. The M2 was the first motorway completed in 1998, linking the cities of Islamabad and Lahore. In the past 5 years, many new motorways have opened up including the M1, M3.

Total: 257,683 km
- Paved: 152,033 km (including 339 km of expressways)
- Unpaved: 105,650 km (2001)
- Vehicles on road: 4.2 million vehicles 250,000 commercial vehicles (2004 estimate)

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3) LOCAL Transport

In urban areas there are several means of transport available, catering to a wide range of budgets, including motorbikes, rickshaws, and buses. Motorbikes and scooters are popular vehicles used by many people to move around cities. They are easy to travel on and less stressful compared to cars and buses. The law requires motorbike or scooter riders to wear a helmet. Over the last few years, the number of brands and varieties of motorbikes and scooters has substantially increased to suit all budgets and sizes.

1. BUSES

Domestic

Within cities, buses provide a significant role in commuting a large population from one point in a city to another. There are two main owners that are able to run bus services: government or private. Since 2000, the government has taken a comprehensive initiative to modernize the existing bus fleets and minimally impact the environment. This public-private enterprise would gradually introduce 8,000 CNG buses throughout the country and 800 buses in Karachi. This venture will ensure high standards of efficiency and cleanliness.

Inter City

Bus service in urban areas and between cities is well established with services run by both public and private sectors. Bus services like Daewoo Express, Kohistan, Khan brothers, Skyway and Niazi Express have set up modern intercity service in Pakistan which connects to most cities in Pakistan and runs 24 hours a day.
· International
International bus services are also well established in Pakistan and connect to various countries:

Quetta - Zahidan, Iran
Quetta - Mashad, Iran
Gwadar - Zahidan, Iran (2010)
Karachi - Quetta - Zahidan - Tehran, Iran (proposed)
Peshawar - Jalalabad, Afghanistan
Peshawar - Kabul, Afghanistan
Islamabad - Dushanbe, Uzbekistan
Islamabad - Kashghar, China
Lahore - Delhi, India

2. AUTO RICKSHAWS , TAXIS AND CARS

Auto rickshaws are a popular method of traveling in cities and are found in almost every city and town in Pakistan. The Punjab Government decided in 2005 to replace two-stroke three-wheelers with CNG-fitted four-stroke rickshaws in Lahore, Multan, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi and Gujranwala. Three manufacturers were ordered to produce 60,000 four-stroke vehicles, but they reportedly supplied 2,000 to the government which were now plying on city roads. Similar ordinances are now being considered in other provinces of Pakistan. Another very common sight seen mainly at hotels and airports are yellow taxis.
Over the years, the number of cars on Pakistani roads has tripled. The most popular cars on Pakistani roads are, Suzuki Mehran, Suzuki Cultus, Suzuki Alto, Suzuki Bolan, Daihatsu Coure, Hyundai Santro, Honda Civic, Honda City, Honda Accord, Toyota Corolla and Toyota Vitz., Pakistan's first manufactured car, was developed to meet the needs of low income families.

3. TRADITIONAL

In the small towns and farms, many people decide to walk great distances to either get to work or to walk to their nearest grocery store to get their daily shopping. The donkey and cart, locally known as the Reyri, The House & Carriage, locally known as Tangahs are mainly seen used for casual travelling around the city.

4) AIR TRANSPORT

All public airports are run by Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority, with the exception of Sialkot International Airport which is run by the Sialkot Chamber of Commerce & Industry. All military airbases are run by the Pakistan Air Force, with the exception of Dhamial Army Airbase which is run by the Pakistan Army.

INFRASTRUCTURE
Airports 148 (2010)
Country comparison to the world:38
Airports - with paved runways: total: 101
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 47
Heliports: 20 (2010)
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PAKISTAN CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY (CAA)
Civil Aviation Authority is responsible for the promotion and regulation of Civil Aviation activities and
development of infrastructure for safe, efficient, adequate, economical and properly coordinate air
service in Pakistan. CCA plays an important role in the development of a country’s economy by providing
fast and efficient access between different parts of the country as well as different destination around
the world. Private participation on this front has been encouraged through concession and incentives for
development of airports and airlines to increase the availability of air transport services both
domestically and internationally it is important to construct and maintain airports in the country to
facilitate economic activity in an increasingly globalize world. The following major new/existing airports
air being constructed by CAA currently.
i) New Benazir Bhutto International Airport (NBBIA) at Islamabad
ii) New Gwadar International Airport (NGIA)
iii) Up gradation of Multan International Airport
iv) Expansion of Peshawar International Airport

PAKISTAN INTERNATIONAL AIRLINE (PIA)
The airline industry provides services to virtually every segment of the country and plays an integral role
in the development of economy. The airline industry itself is a major economic force, in terms of both its
own operations and its impacts on related industries such as trade and tourism.
The year 2009 was worst for the airline industry. According to IATA, passenger demand all over the
world declined by 3.5 % and it is expected that industry will post US $ 11 billion losses. Although there
was some relief on the fuel bill but the passenger and freight demand continued to disappear because of
economic recession and airlines faced over capacity.
PIA reduced its losses by Rs.30.3 billion to Rs.5.8 billion during the year 2009 compare to same period
last year. The reduction in losses was mainly due to reduction in cost and increase in revenues. The main
contribution to the loss of Rs.5.8 billion includes foreign exchange translation loss of Rs.6.7 billion on US
$ dominated fleet loans/lease obligations and finance cost of Rs.9.2 billion.

5) WATERWAYS

The waterway network in Pakistan is in its infancy with Karachi being the only major city situated next to the Arabian Sea. Still plans are being proposed for the development of the waterways in the country along the Indus River and through the Punjab as it would boost employment opportunities and the economic and social development of Pakistan. See a list of dry ports and sea ports in Pakistan.
· Gwadar is located on the southwestern coast of Pakistan, on the Arabian Sea. It is strategically located between three increasingly important regions: the oil-rich Middle East, heavily populated South Asia and the economically emerging and resource-laden region of Central Asia. The Gwadar Port was built on a turnkey basis by China. Opened in spring 2007 by then Pakistani military ruler General Pervez Musharraf, in the presence of Chinese Communications Minister Li Shenglin, Gwadar Port is now being expanded into a naval base with Chinese technical and financial assistance. Gwadar Port became operational in 2008, with the first ship to dock bringing 52000 tonnes of wheat from Canada. Minister of Ports and Shipping Sardar Nabil Ahmed Khan Gabol officially inaugurated the port on 21 December 2008.[2]. China has acknowledged that Gwadar’s strategic value is no less than that of the Karakoram Highway, which helped cement the China-Pakistan relationship. Beijing is also interested in turning it into an energy-transport hub by building an oil pipeline from Gwadar into Chinese-ruled Xinjiang. The planned pipeline will carry crude oil sourced from Arab and African states. Such transport by pipeline will cut freight costs and also help insulate the Chinese imports from interdiction by hostile naval forces in case of any major war.
Commercially, it is hoped that the Gwadar Port would generate billions of dollars in revenues and create at least two million jobs.[3] In 2007, the government of Pakistan handed over port operations to PSA Singapore for 25 years, and gave it the status of a Tax Free Port for the following 40 years. The main investors in the project are Pakistani Government and People's Republic of China. China's plan to be engaged in many places along oil and gas roads is evident.[4]

· The Port of Karachi is Pakistan's largest and busiest seaport, handling about 60% of the nation's cargo (25 million tons per annum).
The port is located between the towns of Kiamari and Saddar, close to the heart of old Karachi, the main business district, and several industrial areas. The geographic position of Karachi places the port in close proximity to major shipping routes such as the Strait of Hormuz. The administration of the port is carried out by the Karachi Port Trust which was established in the nineteenth century.

The Port Muhammad Bin Qasimalso known as Port Qasim, is a seaport in Karachi, Pakistan on the coastline of the Arabian Sea. It is Pakistan's second busiest port, handling about 35% of the nation's cargo (17 million tons per annum). Port Qasim and Karachi Port, the busiest port of country, together handle more than 90% of all external trade of Pakistan.
Pasni is a medium-sized town and a fishing port in Gwadar, Balochistan, Pakistan. Its population is around 33.000 [1]. It is located on the Makran coast on Arabian Sea about 300 km from Karachi. Administratively, Pasni is the headquarters of the Pasni sub-division of Gwadar district that includes Pasni and Ormara Tehsils (tehsil - county) as well as Astola Island which lies 40km ESE of Pasni, in the Arabian Sea. The city of Pasni is itself administratively subdivided into two Union Councils.

6) PIPELINES

Length of pipelines for crude oil is 2,011 km (1,250 mi).
Length of Petroleum products pipeline is 787 km (489 mi).
Length of Natural gas pipelines is 10,402 km (6,464 mi).

The above information was calculated in 2009

Ayesha Khalid · #37 Saturday, September 25, 2010

hi
plz count me in..... can i choose topics or will someone assign me
tk cr

mussaa · #38 Saturday, September 25, 2010

Communication Systems in Pakistan
Communication systems in Pakistan have improved at a rapid pace in the last decade. The internet and satellite systems have rapidly changed the landscape from which Pakistan communicates. Moving from a government run system to independent carriers, communicators have options and a range of products to choose from. Cell phones/mobile phones are everywhere and there are various independent companies that compete with each other. The internet of course, late in coming to Pakistan, is just as important there as it is in the rest of the world. Again, as with other communication devices, there are independent companies and providers that offer ranges in products and services. Under communications are also radio and television and which have also undergone major transformation with the privatization of businesses. The telecommunications infrastructure is improving dramatically with foreign and domestic investments in fixed-line and mobile-cellular networks; system consists of microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, cellular, and satellite networks;
1. Mobile Telecommunications

Telecom sector is seeing exorbitant growth in Pakistan. The sector is said to be growing at a fast pace yearly. Mobile subscribers are 95.54 million as of July 2009. In fact Pakistan has the highest mobile penetration rate in the South Asian region. According to the PTA, Mobilink continues to lead the market with 29.55 million subscribers, followed by Telenor (21.29 million), Ufone (20.05 million), Warid Telecom (18.14 million) and Zong (6.48 million). All Telecom companies are now working to broaden their network in Pakistan Azad(free) Jamu and Kashmir and Northern Areas, which were normally ignored till now. Till now 5 agencies of tribal areas are covered for mobile service.
Mobile-cellular subscribership has skyrocketed, reaching some 91 million in 2009, up from only about 300,000 in 2000; approximately 90 percent of Pakistanis live within areas that have cell phone coverage and more than half of all Pakistanis have access to a cell phone
Telephones - mobile cellular: 91.44 million (2009)
Country comparison to the world: 9

Internet hosts:
226,236 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 61

Internet users:
18.5 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 20
2. Telephone system

The domestic telephone system is mediocre but improving; service is adequate for government and business use, in part because major businesses have established their own private systems. Since 1988, the government has promoted investment in the national telecommunications system on a priority basis, significantly increasing network capacity. Despite major improvements in trunk and urban systems, telecommunication services are still not readily available to the majority of the rural population.
The telecom infrastructure is improving dramatically with foreign and domestic investments into fixed-line and mobile networks; fiber systems are being constructed throughout the country to aid in network growth. Major businesses have established their own private systems; since 1988, the government has promoted investment in the national telecommunications system on a priority basis, significantly increasing network capacity. There are currently 7 million landline subscribers in the country.
Telephones - main lines in use: 4.546 million (2008)
Country comparison to the world: 33
Domestic: microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, cellular, and satellite
Landlines: For local calls the code used is non-STD. For calls to other cities (e.g. Karachi to Lahore) the code is called STD. For International calls the code used is ISD.
Dialing System: When dialing on landlines, calls made within cities are considered local calls. Calls to other cities (e.g. Karachi to Lahore) are considered long distance calls and are metered according to distance. (e.g. When dialing to Lahore from Karachi you have to dial the code for Lahore then followed by the number of the destination, therefore you dial 0423-XXX-XXXX ). For local calls, you just dial the local number. For international calls, you dial "00" followed by the country code. (e.g. For calls to the UK from Pakistan you dial 00 - 44 - XXXXXX ).
International: satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); 3 operational international gateway exchanges (2 at Karachi and 1 at Islamabad); microwave radio relay to neighboring countries.
3. Internet

Internet access has been available in Pakistan since the early 1990s. PTCL started offering access via the nationwide local call network in 1995. By early 2006 Internet penetration remained low. But the numbers are growing. The country has been pursuing an aggressive IT policy, aimed at boosting Pakistan’s drive for economic modernization and creating an exportable software industry. Recently, PTCL has started offering free dial-up internet service to all its landline subscribers. Broadband access is now available in the major cities. Also wireless broadband internet has been introduced by the WLL(Wireless Local Loop) Networks in many major cities. WiMAX networks are also being deployed in the country. FTTU - Fiber to the User triple-services are being offered by Nayatel in the capital city of Islamabad. In 2008, Pakistan Telecommunication Authority reported over 22 million internet users. Most Pakistani companies, Educational institutes and government departments maintain web sites which has further increased the demand for internet.
Internet hosts: 226,236 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 61

Internet users: 18.5 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 20
· Broadband Internet Access

Broadband was first introduced in Pakistan in 1995 by Telstra [ Australian telecom company] with the design of the repeater huts being done by Designman – an Islamabad civil engineering firm. The first and only official cable internet service was launched in 2000 by a company named WorldCall under the brand name of GO4B. The First DSL service was launched by Micro Net in Islamabad/Rawalpindi in 2002. Pakistan had almost 128 ISPs in 2007 with internet users being concentrated in the areas of Islamabad, Karachi and Lahore.
Today broadband is offered in Pakistan from 512 kbit/s to 12 Mbit/s in all major cities. Currently Pakistan has 600,000 broadband subscribers in the country. The big broadband providers are PTCL, LINKdotNET, Wateen and wi-tribe. Other small DSL providers are Micro Net, Nayatel, Maxcom, Multi Net, World Call, Cyber Net, Gerry's Net, Brain Net and Comsats.
· EV-DO

PTCL and World Call are now providing wireless broadband via EV-DO Rev. A, with speeds of up to 3.1 Mbit/s. PTCL provides its service under the brand name EVO which is available in more than 100 cities. On 14 August 2010 PTCL upgraded it's EV-DO Rev. A to EV-DO Rev. B (Phase 1). This new service is called EVO Nitro with speed of up to 9.3 Mbit/s.
· Wimax

Wateen Telecom has launched its WiMAX services in the country. It is the largest and the first nationwide WiMAX network in the world. Connections are available from 256Kbit to 1 Mbit. Wi-Tribe and Mobilink are also offering WiMAX. Augere has also started its WiMax services under the brand name Qubee. There are a total of 4 WiMax operators in Pakistan.

Wateen
Mobilink
Wi-Tribe
Qubee

4. Broadcast media:
media is government regulated; 1 dominant state-owned TV broadcaster, Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV), operates a network consisting of 6 channels; private TV broadcasters are permitted and some foreign satellite channels are carried by cable TV operators; the state-owned radio network operates more than 40 stations; privately-owned radio stations mostly limit programming to music and talk shows (2007)

Satellite Earth Stations: 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean)
Operational International Gateway Exchanges: 3 (1 at Karachi and 2 at Islamabad); microwave radio relay to neighboring countries (1999)
Radio Broadcast Stations: AM 27, FM 1, shortwave 21 (1998)
Radios: 13.5 million (1997)
Television Broadcast Stations: 22 (plus seven low-power repeaters) (1997)
Televisions: 3.1 million (1997)

mussaa · #39 Saturday, September 25, 2010

thanks to XENIA AND SAMI69 at their effort. Well Done

@ Ayesha Khalid

You will do question
MAN and HIS HABITAT . detail of question regarding this topic are given on page 2 of this thread.

OMERQADIR and USMANCHEEMA where are you and what about your assignments ?
CSS-20011 what about yours ?
Hassan joya , Asma pices , AliUsama ?

sarooshdanish · #40 Sunday, September 26, 2010

Dear fellows
i am also preparing for the css examination and just joined css forum . so i would be glad if you help me in my preparation .

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