Please mention Air Masses that affect the weather of Pakistan???

Climate change

Climate change is the leading challenge in the today’s world. Increase in the global temperature is bringing new changes in the environment and especially in weather patterns, rising sea levels and increase in the frequency and intensity of the weather.

Climate change is one of the most important global environmental challenges facing humanity, with implications for food production, natural ecosystems, fresh water supply, health, etc. The harmful impacts of climate change are already manifesting themselves around the world in the form of extreme weather events like storms, cyclones, floods, droughts that are mounting in frequency and intensity.

According to the latest scientific assessment, the earth’s climate system has demonstrably changed on both global and regional scales since the pre-industrial era. The Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projects that the global mean temperature may increase between 1.4 to 5.8oC before the present century ends. This unprecedented increase is expected to have severe impacts on the global hydrological system, ecosystems, sea level, crop production and related processes. The impact would be particularly severe in tropical areas, which mainly consists of developing countries, including Pakistan.

In Pakistan, climate change raises concerns with its tremendous social, environmental and economic impacts. Pakistan is frequently exposed to natural hazards like floods, droughts and cyclones. These hazards when combined with the vulnerabilities in the shape of poverty, exclusion and inappropriate political decisions and actions make people more susceptible to the impacts of hazards. The agriculture sector is most vulnerable to climate change and changes in cropping and productivity as a result of weather changes will affect the poor rural communities of the country. The dry land areas, including arid and semi-arid regions are most vulnerable to these changes, as these regions are already facing significant water shortages and high temperature. The biophysical relationships could also be altered due to seasonal changes in cultivating crops which will consequently lead to changing irrigation requirements, altering soil characteristics and increasing the risk of pests and diseases, thereby negatively affecting agriculture productivity.

In the Pakistani context, this vulnerability is particularly high because of its large population and economic dependence on primary natural resources, being basically an agriculture economy.

What makes the climate change?

Many factors contribute towards the change of earth’s climate, mainly by the amount of heat directly coming from the sun, also many other factors such as the quantity of GHGs and aerosols in the atmosphere, earth’s surface properties, which establishes what quantity of the solar energy should be kept on earth and how much should be reflected back to the space.

During the industrial revolution, since from its beginning the atmospheric concentrations of GHGs such as methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) have considerably increased. This is mainly due to human activities including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and nitrous oxide.

The many sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission are human activities, while this is the main gas that brings change to the climate. GHGs emissions should be significantly reduced to stop the change in the global climate.

Emission of the some of the key GHGs such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and nitrous oxide is of the main human influence on the global climate. Greenhouse effect is strengthened by the addition of these gases in the atmosphere. According to a current studies over 7 billions tones of CO2 is emitted each year around the world through the fossil fuel usage and making the environmental condition more worse ever before. An additional 1.6 billion tones is emitted by the change is land usage, largely by the deforestation. The concentrations of these gases have touched such a level where they will remain unprecedented for the other tens of thousands of years.

Climate change brings some significant challenges to the international community. There are many result oriented opportunities for those who are wiling to accept these challenges. Government, business and individuals all have to play their parts and everyone can benefit from climate changes' rising challenges.

Our Environmental Experts can provide you environment related advisory services so that you can play your role in order to conserve the state of earth.

How Climate Change Is Impacting Pakistan:

Pakistan is home to some of the worlds most beautiful and varied landscapes and wildlife. However, like many countries, Pakistan is experiencing the effects climate change. The world is becoming warmer. Over the past 200 years average temperature of the earth's surface has risen by 0.74 degrees C. It is expected to increase by another 1.8° C to 4° C by the year 2100. The primary explanation for the rise in temperature is human activities. The growing rate of industrialization, the burning of greater quantities of fossil fuels (e.g.: coal, gas and oil) and the unchecked destruction of forest cover has resulted in increased levels of Carbon-dioxide (CO2) being emitted into the atmosphere. This carbon covers the earth, trapping its heat, causing global warming.

In Pakistan a number of indigenous species of plants and animals are facing extinction as a result of climate change. Rising sea levels, and accelerated melting of glaciers in the Himalayas are threatening the natural habitat of rare animals such as the Markhor and Ibex. Climate change is also causing dramatic changes in weather patterns such as increased droughts and flooding, and changes in freshwater supply. In the plains the Blind Dolphin is threatened by extinction due to declining water levels in the Indus River. While along the coastal areas rare coral reefs which sustain hundreds of species of marine life are threatened as a direct result of increased surface temperatures.

By disrupting the entire ecosystem, climate change ultimately affects the way millions of Pakistanis live. However, there is still hope, if we take urgent action to control climate change now. Youth, are the future and have the most at stake. They can play an important role in helping bring about this change.

The risks of climate change for Pakistan:

• Changing weather patterns, such as increased flooding, droughts, changes in freshwater supply and an increase in extreme weather events
• Reduced Agricultural output
• Himalayan Glaciers melting rapidly
• Increased air pollution in Pakistani cities such as Karachi and Lahore
• Biodiversity loss: hundred of rare plants and animals in danger of extinction
• Increased health risks
• Extinction of rare plant and animal life
• Increased exposure to extreme weather events
• Heightened water insecurity
• Reduced agricultural productivity

What actions can be taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?

Public Transport can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions:
Mitigation measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions come with a certain cost. However they bring the economic benefit of reduction in the air pollution and energy depletion. This economic benefit offsets the cost associated with these measures.

If benefits of avoided climate change are taken into account and a we establish a per unit price for each of the GHG emission unit, this will create sufficient incentives for producers and consumers making them to invest more in products, technologies and processes used in greenhouse gases emission. This can bring the sufficient potential to reduce the GHGs emission over the next coming decades.

• These mitigation measures can in stabilizing the GHGs’s concentration in the atmosphere y 2100 or later.
• Adoption of changes in lifestyle and behaviors that goes into the favor of resource conservation contribution to climate change mitigation.

These mitigation measures bring other benefits for community including saving in heath costs caused by air pollution. These measures, however if implemented and emphasized in one country or region can lead to higher rate of emission reductions.

Our goal is to link the environment with government policies and international data in order to achieve protected and improved environment. Efficient protection of the environment requires acts that are wide ranging activities, avoiding and limiting the global environmental threats to keep the individuals safe from the harmful effects of ail pollution and toxic chemicals. These acts produce many other benefits as well.

Our aim is to protect and improve the environment, and to integrate the environment with other policies across Government and in international fora. Effective protection of the environment requires activity on many wide-ranging different fronts - for example, from acting to limit global environmental threats (such as global warming) to safeguarding individuals from the effects of poor air quality or toxic chemicals. Actions to protect the environment also produce benefits such as housing (energy efficiency of buildings), social progress (combat fuel poverty) and economic growth (efficient use of resources, such as re-use, recycling and recovery of waste).

We as an environmental consultants provide you consultancy & advisory services to guide you through how to play your individual role towards a protective environment.

Our Environmental Experts & Specialists provide you cost effective consultancy for fighting against climate change, it’s either done by removing sinks of GHG from the atmosphere (e.g. by planting more trees or managing forests), or it can be achieved by reducing emissions (e.g. by curbing deforestation) in your industry.

Carbon Services takes into account projects that contribute towards the removal of greenhouse gases by planting more trees, by reduction in GHGs emissions, and by curbing deforestation or managing forests, thus making environment more stable by reducing emissions from industry.

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If you don't have option(s), you are an option.

1. Continental Tropical (cT)

2. Maritime Tropical (mT)

3. Monsoon (m)

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