As Salam O Alakum,
I am going to start a Geography Course on CSS-Forum. In fact this is a part of my personal preparation. but I want to share my study material to all aspirants of CSS-Forum.
I hope it will be a good step, which will be helpful not only for other aspirant but also for me....
Wish you the best.
Regards.
Mehtab Hussain Araeen

Insolation and Temperature

Radiation: The emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles is called Radiation.

Insolation: The amount of solar radiation reaching a given area.

Definition:

Insolation is a measure of solar radiation energy received on a given surface area and recorded during a given time.

Measurement of Insolation:

The unit recommended by the World Meteorological Organization is
megajoules per square metre (MJ/m2)
joules per square millimetre (J/mm2) .

Factors affecting insolation and the heating of the atmosphere

(1)Altitude of land: insolation heats up the land which in turn warms the air above it by conduction and convection.

(2)Altitude of the sun: At higher latitudes the insolation has to pass through more atmosphere and is spread out more.

(3)Proportion of land and sea: Land heats up and cools down quicker than sea due to the specific heat capacity of water being twice that of the land. Coastal regions have a smaller temperature range than inland areas.

(4)Prevailing winds: The temperature of an air mass is determined by its origin, so winds blowing from the sea tend to be cooler in summer and warmer in winter than winds that blow over land.

(5)Ocean currents: Surface ocean currents are driven by the prevailing winds. Warm currents come from the tropical seas and cold ones from polar seas. This causes a circulatory motion known as a gyre; which is clockwise in the northern hemisphere and anti clockwise in the southern.

(6)The ocean conveyor belt: As the warm water moves pole wards, it cools and becomes denser. The formation of ice leaves the remaining water saltier and also denser. This cause the water to sink to the 4 km sea bed Cold water at depth in the North Atlantic is transferred equator wards like a conveyor belt and this continues to the Antarctic and Pacific. This is countered by the less dense, less salty surface currents

__________________
Reh Naward-e-Shauq

Processes associated with the heating of the atmosphere: insolation, reflection, scattering, absorption, radiation, conduction and convection.

1 INSOLATION: INcoming SOLar radiATION
The sun's energy received by the earth.
2 Reflection:
The opposite of absorption. Insolation is redirected back into the atmosphere, mostly by clouds.
3 Scattering:
Small particles and gas particles diffuse (scatter) the insolation. Scattering reduces the amount of insolation and can result in some insolation returning to the atmosphere. Scattering is the reason our sky is blue.
4 Absorption:
The process in which insolation is retained by a substance and converted into heat energy. The creation of heat energy causes the substance to emit its own radiation. The earth is an example of this. The earth is heated up and re-radiates this energy into the atmosphere.
5 Radiation:
The emission of energy from an object
6 Conduction
The transfer of heat energy from one object to another.
7 Convection
The transfer of heat energy by the vertical movement of air.

__________________
Reh Naward-e-Shauq

thnx