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ssara

Sunday, September 16, 2012 08:33 PM

Psychology CE-13 Solved and Attempting papers

[COLOR="Indigo"][B][SIZE="6"][B]Take Part and get prepared ([B][COLOR="Blue"]Psychology [/COLOR][/B]Paper-I) here exclusively for CSS-2013[/B][/SIZE][/B][/COLOR]

[B][I][COLOR="SlateGray"]Salam to all members......[/COLOR][/I][/B]

[B][I][COLOR="Olive"]After attempting Pakistan Affair and Islamiat's questions. We have really improved a lot. Therefore, now I have started this vital thread for Psychology. All members, especially the active members and other members who have opted Psychology are highly requested to take part in this thread like earlier.

I am sure, inshALLAH this thread will also be beneficial for Psychology Paper to the great extent. In my case, this is the most important and vital thread for CSS. Because Psychology is very much scoring subject and we have to cover it in all perspective...[/COLOR][/I][/B]

[B][COLOR="Blue"][B]Strategy [/B][/COLOR][/B]
[B][I][COLOR="Teal"][B][I]1-We have to attempt one question on the daily basis similarly like Pakistan Affairs and Islamiat inshALLAH.

2-One question has 20 Marks according to the CSS trend.

3-Try to attempt with outlines, references, definitions, explanations, facts and figures, visuals and with other sources according to fully updated facts and figures as much as you can. It will highly be appreciated and also marking as well.

4-InshALLAH We will be attempting our questions according to the CSS syllabus and past papers in ordering way for both papers i.e. Paper I and II. (Firstly, We are going to start its first paper)

5-All members are requested to point out mistakes, blunders and minor mistakes as well in order to be error less.

6-We have to cover whole Psychology's syllabus according to Past Papers and also members are requested to share their questions for upcoming attempt which are considered important(CE-13) in order to attempt here with different minds and different styles.[/I][/B][/COLOR][/I][/B]

[B][COLOR="DarkOrchid"][B]
So, dearest members especially active members I wish you very best of Luck for this Psychology paper attempting. I am sure inshALLAH you will be attempting outstandingly like earlier attempts.[/B][/COLOR][/B]

[B][COLOR="SlateGray"][B][I]Wish you All the very Best...

Regards.......

Sara......... [/I][/B][/COLOR][/B]

[B][B][COLOR="DarkRed"]Note[/COLOR][/B]: [COLOR="Blue"][B]All members are requested to take part and attempt their answers on regular basis.[/B][/COLOR] [/B]

ssara

Sunday, September 16, 2012 08:46 PM

[B][SIZE="4"][COLOR="Indigo"][B]Q:1-Define Psychology and write in brief about various schools of thought in psychology? (Marsks 20)[/B][/COLOR][/SIZE][/B]

shakeel ghori

Monday, September 17, 2012 01:19 PM

Q:1-Define Psychology and write in brief about various schools of thought in psychology? (Marsks 20)

[B]What is Psychology?[/B]
Psychology is the science of the mind and behaviour. The word "psychology" comes from the Greek word psyche meaning "breath, spirit, soul", and the Greek word logia meaning the study of something. In the old ages the sum of this whole word was known as 'study of soul'. For the sake of better understanding of what does mean by psychology few of the definitions by various researchers have been given below:

Psychology is the scientific study of people, the mind and behaviour. It is both a thriving academic discipline and a vital professional practice. (The British Psychological Society)

The scientific study of the behavior of individuals and their mental processes. (American Psychological Association)

Psychology is an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behavior. (Wikipedia)

The constant theme across these definitions is that psychology is fundamentally concerned with understanding Behavior (colclusion).

However, according to the modern psychologists the simplicity of the definition that attribute psychology with behaviour is somewhat deceiving and conceals the broad scope of subject. Most of the psychologists are of the view the definition of psychology should not be confined to the study of behaviour in its simple way. Rather, they argue that the field should be receptive to a variety of viewpoints and approaches. Consequently, the phrase behaviour and metal processes in the defintion of psychology must be understood to mean many things: It encompasses not just what people do but also their perceptions, emotions, thoughts, reasoning processes, memories and even the biological processes maintaining body functions.

Psychologists explore concepts such as perception, cognition, attention, emotion, phenomenology, motivation, brain functioning, personality, behavior, and interpersonal relationships. Psychologists of diverse stripes also consider the unconscious mind as well as help to change and improve the lives of people and the world in which they live. They use scientific methods to answers that are far more valid and legitimate than those resulting from speculation.

[B][COLOR="Blue"]school of thoughts of psychology..[/COLOR][/B]
The phrase 'school of thought' means for a particular idea or set of ideas held by a specific group; doctrine. Any idea that a group strongly believes in, be it through practising this idea in their everyday life or through fighting for its adoption, can be considered a school of thought. There are several school of thoughts for the purpose of studying psychology. Each of them views this subject from different perspective and makes its own effort to define a particular phenomenon related to human behaviour. Sometimes it appears that each of them has its unique position and importance, for no single school of thought is able to define controversies and complexities concerned with defining human behaviour. The combination of two, or sometime, more work appropriately. An attempt of defining different school of thoughts have been made below:

[B][I]The early school of thoughts.[/I][/B]
[COLOR="Green"]Structuralism [/COLOR]
Structuralism was the first school of psychology, and focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. Major structuralist thinkers include Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener. The focus of structuralism was on reducing mental processes down into their most basic elements. Structuralists used techniques such as introspection to analyze the inner processes of the human mind.

[COLOR="Green"]Functionalism[/COLOR]
The perspective that replaced structualism is known as functionalism. Rather than focusing on the mind's structure, functionalism concentrated on what the mind does and how behaviour functions.Major functionalist thinkers included william james, John Dewey and Harvey Carr.

[COLOR="Green"]Gestalt Psychology[/COLOR]
Gestalt psychology is a school of psychology based upon the idea that we experience things as unified wholes. This approach to psychology began in Germany and Austria during the late 19th century in response to the molecular approach of structuralism. Instead of breaking down thoughts and behavior to their smallest elements, the gestalt psychologists believed that you must look at the whole of experience. According to the gestalt thinkers, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

One thing is noteworthy that all the psychologist irrespective of their doctrines share a common goal: that is to explain and understand behaviour using scientific methods rather than philosophical abstractions. In the view of this fact and due to complex nature of human behaviour the psychology is an ever developing field. The modern perspectives/ school of thoughts of psychology have their roots in the ancient periods but they are however different from them in their approach and other respects. The modern school of thoughts are following:

[B][I]Modern school of thoughts[/I][/B]

[COLOR="Green"]1--The neuroscience perspective.[/COLOR]
Biological psychology or behavioral neuroscience is the study of the biological substrates of behavior and mental processes. The neuroscience perspective considers how people and nonhumans function biologically: how individual nerve cells are joined together, how the inheritance of certain characteristics from parents and other ancestors influence behaviour, how functioning of the body affects hopes and fears, which behaviours are instinctual, and likewise.
Because every behaviour ultimately can be broken down into its biological components, the neuroscience perspective has broad appeal. Neuroscientists have made major contributions to the understanding and betterment of human life.

2[COLOR="Green"]--Behaviorism[/COLOR]
Behaviorism became a dominant school of thought during the 1950s. It was based upon the work of thinkers such as:

John B. Watson
Ivan Pavlov
B. F. Skinner
Behaviorism suggests that all behavior can be explained by environmental causes rather than by internal forces. Behaviorism is focused on observable behavior. Theories of learning including classical conditioning and operant conditioning were the focus of a great deal of research.

[COLOR="Green"]3--Psychoanalysis or psychodynamic[/COLOR]
Psychoanalysis is a school of psychology founded by Sigmund Freud. This school of thought emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior. Supporters of the psychodyanmic perspective argue that behaviour is motivated by inner forces about which we have little awareness and are almost out of our control. Freud's school of thought was enormously influential, but also generated a great deal of controversy. This controversy existed not only in his time, but also in modern discussions of Freud's theories.

[COLOR="Green"]4--Cognitive Psychology[/COLOR]
Cognitive psychology is the school of psychology that studies mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember and learn. As part of the larger field of cognitive science, this branch of psychology is related to other disciplines including neuroscience, philosophy and linguistics. Cognitive psychology began to emerge during the 1950s, partly as a response to behaviorism. This period of time is sometimes referred to as the "cognitive revolution" as a wealth of research on topics such as information processing, language, memory and perception began to emerge. Many psychologists who stick to the cognitive school of thought compare human thinking to the workings of a computer, which takes in information and transforms, stores, and retrieves it.

[COLOR="Green"]5--Humanistic perspective..[/COLOR]

Humanistic psychology developed as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Humanistic psychology instead focused on individual free will, personal growth and the concept of self-actualization. While early schools of thought were largely centered on abnormal human behavior, humanistic psychology differed considerably in its emphasis on helping people achieve and fulfil their potential.
Major humanist thinkers include:
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers.
Humanistic psychology remains quite popular today and has had a major influence on other areas of psychology including positive psychology. This particular branch of psychology is centered on helping people living happier, more fulfilling lives.
[COLOR="Green"][B]
Final analysis..[/B][/COLOR]
As one considers the many topics and perspectives that make up Psychology, ranging from a narrow focus biochemical influences on behavior to a broad focus on social behaviors, one might find himself thinking that the discipline lacks cohesion. However, the field is more unified than the first glimpse might suggest. It does make a little difference what area a pscyhologist studying of and what perspective he is adhering to, the primary goal of each of them is to address the primary issues connected to human behavior. Psychologist are also agree on what the key issues of the field are. Although there are major arguments regarding how best to address and resolve the key issues, psychology is a unified science, because psychologists of all perspectives agree that the issues must be addressed if the field is going to get advanced.

shakeel ghori

Monday, September 17, 2012 01:23 PM

I am sending my attempt for first question of psychology here. All respected members are requested to evaluate my attempt. And I respectfully urge to all active members to send their attempts as soon as possible so that we may initiate our effort effectively and efficiently.
Regards.

malik sanaullah

Monday, September 17, 2012 10:59 PM

sir(Shakeel ghori), i wish you would be enjoying health...sir please help me in selecting my optional subjects...i have done my masters in English.dont know how to take start and how to select scoring subjects...i would be honored by your help.

shakeel ghori

Tuesday, September 18, 2012 12:12 AM

[QUOTE=malik sanaullah;480695]sir(Shakeel ghori), i wish you would be enjoying health...sir please help me in selecting my optional subjects...i have done my masters in English.dont know how to take start and how to select scoring subjects...i would be honored by your help.[/QUOTE]
Optional subjects should be selected keeping in view certain things. First of all, you must have in view your academic background. Give more preference to those subjects which you have studied during your masters or bachelor programme. Secondly, it is appropriate to select those subjects for which you have natural tendency and aptitude. For example, you have done masters in English, so you may have more inclination towards philosophy and literature. Or it is also possible that you feel more pleasure in studying any other subject. I have done masters in chemistry. So, I am more inclined to scientific subjects. Hence, it is better to justify that what subject one can study with more interest.

Another important thing to keep in mind while selecting the subjects is to justify scoring potential. It is true that few subjects have more scoring trend than others. psychology, sociology and regional languages are more scoring than other subjects. However, I have not attempted css yet, so could not tell you that with assertion. It is clear that general subjects are capable of gaining more marks than others..

I will recommend you to select psychology/philosophy, sociology, journalism. Other subjects you may choose yourself.. I will be glad to tell you more things if you are interested to ask. Moreover, I am sending you a link you must check it. Here you may find some more information about your query..

[URL="http://www.cssforum.com.pk/beginners-guide/frequently-asked-questions/subject-selection/12984-subject-selection-preparation-strategy.html"]http://www.cssforum.com.pk/beginners-guide/frequently-asked-questions/subject-selection/12984-subject-selection-preparation-strategy.html[/URL]
Stay blessed..

ssara

Tuesday, September 18, 2012 04:06 AM

[B]Q:1-Define Psychology and write in brief about various schools of thought in psychology? (Marsks 20)[/B]

[B]Introduction[/B]
In our daily life we do a lot of works. For instance, children go to school, teachers teach the students. Businessmen do their business. Scientists do their exclusive experiments in labs. Solders serve them for the country and so on other diverse activities. These are the activities the people do with the help of their mind and soul either consciously or unconsciously. It is the study of Psychology which explains these activities in depth about the human behavior. Moreover, Besides the human beings, animals have their own psyche according to their experience and their heredity. However, in the current days, the discipline of Psychology has an outstanding importance. No less than 52 diverse branches of Psychology have been made and it is the most essential discipline for every one for getting it studied. In the simple words Psychology’s definition can be defined as under:-

The word Psychology is derived from the Greek word ‘Psche’ that means ‘soul’ or ‘mind’ and ‘ology’ means ‘study’.

Therefore we can certainly say that it is the scientific study of human behavior and his mental processes.

[B]School of Thought in Psychology[/B]
There are some school of thoughts who have tried their best to explain the mind and behavior according to their logic and experiments. Among them, the major school of thoughts are given bellow:-
[B]
Structuralism [/B]
Wundt’s approach, which focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental components of consciousness, thinking, and other kinds of mental states and activities. This school of thought have elaborated the mind and behavior of the human being on the basis of structuralism. It is based on idea which conscious experience can be broken down into its basic underlying elements. It was the German Psychologist who laid down the foundation of Psychology in 1879. Moreover he explained the psychology as a practical experience of an individual and his ideas. However, the main strategy of this school of thought was to use the structuralism to discover the units of mind in order to elaborate it further. Consequently, this school of thought had to be criticized owing to its methodology.

[B]Functionalism[/B]
It is an early approach to psychology that concentrated on what the mind does-the functions of mental activity and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments. It is the approach that how mind and soul function according to an individual. According to this school of thought, more than enough work was done by them for the sake of behavior’s dimensions in an environment. Because an environment affects and influence the individual. When an individual get connected with a certain environment, the result comes a specific.

Functionalists used introspection along with the use of survey and other experimental techniques to study functions of mind. Resultantly, some school of thoughts criticized it because of functionalists had not explained the functions of consciousness and the relationship of mind and physically. Moreover, it was not a scientific method. That was why this method had been failed.

[B]Behaviorism [/B]
This school of thought was concerned with the work of Watson. He did not accept that the mind as the subject of psychology and instead that psychology would be restricted to the study of behavior. According to doctrine of Behaviorism, the subject matter of psychology was behavior to the certain aspects. As according to them this disciple is the science of behavior, that is not the science of mind. Moreover, it can be defined without the study of mental events or internal psychological processes. Consequently, after the analyzing of this limited approach of the school of thought it also was criticized.

[B]Psychoanalysis [/B]
Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud (1916-1917). Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining “insight”. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e. make the unconscious conscious. Psychoanalysis is commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders.

[B]Analysis [/B]
To the conclude various schools of thought raised their thoughts in the history of Psychology. No doubt some overlap the certain thoughts and some don’t. Every school of thought has an own view and their experiences and experiments. However, it can be noticed after the studies of these thoughts that all have their own trends of thoughts.

[B][I]Dear memebrs you are requested to check my little effort in this question. If you find any mistake or error could point out. It would be highly appreciated. And give me marks what I deserve…

Thanks…….

Regares…….

Sara……..[/I][/B]

ssara

Tuesday, September 18, 2012 04:24 AM

[B][B]Q:2-Discuess the scope of Psychology and comment on the recent trends in Psychology? (Marsks 20)[/B][/B]

ssara

Tuesday, September 18, 2012 12:04 PM

shahreenaa

Tuesday, September 18, 2012 12:52 PM

[QUOTE=shakeel ghori;480436]Q:1-Define Psychology and write in brief about various schools of thought in psychology? (Marsks 20)

[B]What is Psychology?[/B]
Psychology is the science of the mind and behaviour. The word "psychology" comes from the Greek word psyche meaning "breath, spirit, soul", and the Greek word logia meaning the study of something. In the old ages the sum of this whole word was known as 'study of soul'. For the sake of better understanding of what does mean by psychology few of the definitions by various researchers have been given below:

Psychology is the scientific study of people, the mind and behaviour. It is both a thriving academic discipline and a vital professional practice. (The British Psychological Society)

The scientific study of the behavior of individuals and their mental processes. (American Psychological Association)

Psychology is an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behavior. (Wikipedia)

The constant theme across these definitions is that psychology is fundamentally concerned with understanding Behavior (colclusion).

However, according to the modern psychologists the simplicity of the definition that attribute psychology with behaviour is somewhat deceiving and conceals the broad scope of subject. Most of the psychologists are of the view the definition of psychology should not be confined to the study of behaviour in its simple way. Rather, they argue that the field should be receptive to a variety of viewpoints and approaches. Consequently, the phrase behaviour and metal processes in the defintion of psychology must be understood to mean many things: It encompasses not just what people do but also their perceptions, emotions, thoughts, reasoning processes, memories and even the biological processes maintaining body functions.

Psychologists explore concepts such as perception, cognition, attention, emotion, phenomenology, motivation, brain functioning, personality, behavior, and interpersonal relationships. Psychologists of diverse stripes also consider the unconscious mind as well as help to change and improve the lives of people and the world in which they live. They use scientific methods to answers that are far more valid and legitimate than those resulting from speculation.

[B][COLOR=Blue]school of thoughts of psychology..[/COLOR][/B]
The phrase 'school of thought' means for a particular idea or set of ideas held by a specific group; doctrine. Any idea that a group strongly believes in, be it through practising this idea in their everyday life or through fighting for its adoption, can be considered a school of thought. There are several school of thoughts for the purpose of studying psychology. Each of them views this subject from different perspective and makes its own effort to define a particular phenomenon related to human behaviour. Sometimes it appears that each of them has its unique position and importance, for no single school of thought is able to define controversies and complexities concerned with defining human behaviour. The combination of two, or sometime, more work appropriately. An attempt of defining different school of thoughts have been made below:

[B][I]The early school of thoughts.[/I][/B]
[COLOR=Green]Structuralism [/COLOR]
Structuralism was the first school of psychology, and focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. Major structuralist thinkers include Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener. The focus of structuralism was on reducing mental processes down into their most basic elements. Structuralists used techniques such as introspection to analyze the inner processes of the human mind.

[COLOR=Green]Functionalism[/COLOR]
The perspective that replaced structualism is known as functionalism. Rather than focusing on the mind's structure, functionalism concentrated on what the mind does and how behaviour functions.Major functionalist thinkers included william james, John Dewey and Harvey Carr.

[COLOR=Green]Gestalt Psychology[/COLOR]
Gestalt psychology is a school of psychology based upon the idea that we experience things as unified wholes. This approach to psychology began in Germany and Austria during the late 19th century in response to the molecular approach of structuralism. Instead of breaking down thoughts and behavior to their smallest elements, the gestalt psychologists believed that you must look at the whole of experience. According to the gestalt thinkers, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

One thing is noteworthy that all the psychologist irrespective of their doctrines share a common goal: that is to explain and understand behaviour using scientific methods rather than philosophical abstractions. In the view of this fact and due to complex nature of human behaviour the psychology is an ever developing field. The modern perspectives/ school of thoughts of psychology have their roots in the ancient periods but they are however different from them in their approach and other respects. The modern school of thoughts are following:

[B][I]Modern school of thoughts[/I][/B]

[COLOR=Green]1--The neuroscience perspective.[/COLOR]
Biological psychology or behavioral neuroscience is the study of the biological substrates of behavior and mental processes. The neuroscience perspective considers how people and nonhumans function biologically: how individual nerve cells are joined together, how the inheritance of certain characteristics from parents and other ancestors influence behaviour, how functioning of the body affects hopes and fears, which behaviours are instinctual, and likewise.
Because every behaviour ultimately can be broken down into its biological components, the neuroscience perspective has broad appeal. Neuroscientists have made major contributions to the understanding and betterment of human life.

2[COLOR=Green]--Behaviorism[/COLOR]
Behaviorism became a dominant school of thought during the 1950s. It was based upon the work of thinkers such as:

John B. Watson
Ivan Pavlov
B. F. Skinner
Behaviorism suggests that all behavior can be explained by environmental causes rather than by internal forces. Behaviorism is focused on observable behavior. Theories of learning including classical conditioning and operant conditioning were the focus of a great deal of research.

[COLOR=Green]3--Psychoanalysis or psychodynamic[/COLOR]
Psychoanalysis is a school of psychology founded by Sigmund Freud. This school of thought emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior. Supporters of the psychodyanmic perspective argue that behaviour is motivated by inner forces about which we have little awareness and are almost out of our control. Freud's school of thought was enormously influential, but also generated a great deal of controversy. This controversy existed not only in his time, but also in modern discussions of Freud's theories.

[COLOR=Green]4--Cognitive Psychology[/COLOR]
Cognitive psychology is the school of psychology that studies mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember and learn. As part of the larger field of cognitive science, this branch of psychology is related to other disciplines including neuroscience, philosophy and linguistics. Cognitive psychology began to emerge during the 1950s, partly as a response to behaviorism. This period of time is sometimes referred to as the "cognitive revolution" as a wealth of research on topics such as information processing, language, memory and perception began to emerge. Many psychologists who stick to the cognitive school of thought compare human thinking to the workings of a computer, which takes in information and transforms, stores, and retrieves it.

[COLOR=Green]5--Humanistic perspective..[/COLOR]

Humanistic psychology developed as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Humanistic psychology instead focused on individual free will, personal growth and the concept of self-actualization. While early schools of thought were largely centered on abnormal human behavior, humanistic psychology differed considerably in its emphasis on helping people achieve and fulfil their potential.
Major humanist thinkers include:
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers.
Humanistic psychology remains quite popular today and has had a major influence on other areas of psychology including positive psychology. This particular branch of psychology is centered on helping people living happier, more fulfilling lives.
[COLOR=Green][B]
Final analysis..[/B][/COLOR]
As one considers the many topics and perspectives that make up Psychology, ranging from a narrow focus biochemical influences on behavior to a broad focus on social behaviors, one might find himself thinking that the discipline lacks cohesion. However, the field is more unified than the first glimpse might suggest. It does make a little difference what area a pscyhologist studying of and what perspective he is adhering to, the primary goal of each of them is to address the primary issues connected to human behavior. Psychologist are also agree on what the key issues of the field are. Although there are major arguments regarding how best to address and resolve the key issues, psychology is a unified science, because psychologists of all perspectives agree that the issues must be addressed if the field is going to get advanced.[/QUOTE]

[B][COLOR=RoyalBlue][B]well done shakeel. You have good grasp over your thoughts and every cloud has a silver lining, I am pretty sure that you will be allocated.

Suggestions
1-Introduction paragraph looks good. But the weightage of question is based on thoughts. It meant you had to elaborate them broadly. You did not give examples. For example In Behaviorism you had to examine your example in a case study. If a person's behavior get changed why it takes place, what is the causes and similarly other examples. In other words, you explain them like feeding frenzy.

2-Your last paragraph is also good. I appreciate it. But make an analysis of your own. what did you have observed? What is your your observation of such school of thought? try to attempt these factors thoroughly. So it is a weak point in this question.

3-Try to attempt each an every thing with your own analysis and examples of the present days. It would be scoring indeed.

4-Keep these points remembered and attempt them what I have suggested. Good Luck to your next attempt.

You have attained 16/20

ALLAH BLESS YOU. [/B][/COLOR][/B]

[QUOTE=ssara;480717][B]Q:1-Define Psychology and write in brief about various schools of thought in psychology? (Marsks 20)[/B]

[B]Introduction[/B]
In our daily life we do a lot of works. For instance, children go to school, teachers teach the students. Businessmen do their business. Scientists do their exclusive experiments in labs. Solders serve them for the country and so on other diverse activities. These are the activities the people do with the help of their mind and soul either consciously or unconsciously. It is the study of Psychology which explains these activities in depth about the human behavior. Moreover, Besides the human beings, animals have their own psyche according to their experience and their heredity. However, in the current days, the discipline of Psychology has an outstanding importance. No less than 52 diverse branches of Psychology have been made and it is the most essential discipline for every one for getting it studied. In the simple words Psychology’s definition can be defined as under:-

The word Psychology is derived from the Greek word ‘Psche’ that means ‘soul’ or ‘mind’ and ‘ology’ means ‘study’.

Therefore we can certainly say that it is the scientific study of human behavior and his mental processes.

[B]School of Thought in Psychology[/B]
There are some school of thoughts who have tried their best to explain the mind and behavior according to their logic and experiments. Among them, the major school of thoughts are given bellow:-
[B]
Structuralism [/B]
Wundt’s approach, which focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental components of consciousness, thinking, and other kinds of mental states and activities. This school of thought have elaborated the mind and behavior of the human being on the basis of structuralism. It is based on idea which conscious experience can be broken down into its basic underlying elements. It was the German Psychologist who laid down the foundation of Psychology in 1879. Moreover he explained the psychology as a practical experience of an individual and his ideas. However, the main strategy of this school of thought was to use the structuralism to discover the units of mind in order to elaborate it further. Consequently, this school of thought had to be criticized owing to its methodology.

[B]Functionalism[/B]
It is an early approach to psychology that concentrated on what the mind does-the functions of mental activity and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments. It is the approach that how mind and soul function according to an individual. According to this school of thought, more than enough work was done by them for the sake of behavior’s dimensions in an environment. Because an environment affects and influence the individual. When an individual get connected with a certain environment, the result comes a specific.

Functionalists used introspection along with the use of survey and other experimental techniques to study functions of mind. Resultantly, some school of thoughts criticized it because of functionalists had not explained the functions of consciousness and the relationship of mind and physically. Moreover, it was not a scientific method. That was why this method had been failed.

[B]Behaviorism [/B]
This school of thought was concerned with the work of Watson. He did not accept that the mind as the subject of psychology and instead that psychology would be restricted to the study of behavior. According to doctrine of Behaviorism, the subject matter of psychology was behavior to the certain aspects. As according to them this disciple is the science of behavior, that is not the science of mind. Moreover, it can be defined without the study of mental events or internal psychological processes. Consequently, after the analyzing of this limited approach of the school of thought it also was criticized.

[B]Psychoanalysis [/B]
Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud (1916-1917). Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining “insight”. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e. make the unconscious conscious. Psychoanalysis is commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders.

[B]Analysis [/B]
To the conclude various schools of thought raised their thoughts in the history of Psychology. No doubt some overlap the certain thoughts and some don’t. Every school of thought has an own view and their experiences and experiments. However, it can be noticed after the studies of these thoughts that all have their own trends of thoughts.

[B][I]Dear memebrs you are requested to check my little effort in this question. If you find any mistake or error could point out. It would be highly appreciated. And give me marks what I deserve…

Thanks…….

Regares…….

Sara……..[/I][/B][/QUOTE]

[B][COLOR=RoyalBlue]Excellent answer sara. Your theme of starting is good.

Suggestions

1-Try to attempt to the point.

2-Do not make complexity in your thoughts

3-Your assumption is well in due course.

4-Make it simple and as I have suggested shakeel to attempt it with examples. Yes you can take example from every day life.

You have attained 15/20

ALLAH BLESS YOU[/COLOR][/B]

[COLOR=blue][B][B]Q.1: Define psychology and write in brief about various schools of thought in psychology?[/B][/B][/COLOR]

The word psychology is derived from a Greek word 'psyche' which means "soul" or "mind", "ology" means "study".

[B][COLOR=blue]Schools of Thought in Psychology[/COLOR][/B]
A number of schools of thought tried to explain human mind and behavior. The following are some of the major schools of thought in psychology:

[B][COLOR=blue]Structuralism[/COLOR][/B]
Structuralism is an approach to psychology which is based on the idea that conscious experience can be broken down into its basic underlying components or elements. Wilhelm Wundt, a German psychologist, in 1879, laid the foundation of scientific psychology, when he opened first experimental laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. He defined psychology as a study of conscious experience of normal adult human mind. Structuralism grew up around the ideas of Wilhelm Wundt and one of his students, Edward B. Titchener. The goal of the structuralists was to find the units, or elements, which make up the mind. They thought that as in natural sciences, a first step in the study of mind should be a description of the basic units of sensation, image and emotion, which compose it. The main method used by the structuralists to discover these basic units of mind was introspection. Subjects were trained to report as objectively as possible what they experienced in connection with a certain stimulus, disregarding the meanings they come to associate with that stimulus. According to Wundt, psychologists can know about the structure of mind only through the objective reports of trained subjects made to their reaction. Wundt was only interested in conscious experience.
This school of thought had been criticized for its method of study. Questions were raised by psychologists on the scientific status of introspection as a method of study. Some of them were of the view that consciousness cannot be analyzed in terms of mental units or elements.

[B][COLOR=blue]Functionalism[/COLOR][/B]
Functionalism is an approach to psychology which emphasizes the functions of the mind and behaviour in adapting to the environment. John Dewey, James R. Angell and Harvey Carr, who were considered the founders of functionalism during 19th century, proposed that psychology should study what mind and behaviour do. They were interested in the fact that mind and behaviour are adaptive. Instead of limiting themselves to the description and analysis of mind, the functionalists performed experiments on the ways in which learning, memory, problem solving and motivation help people and animals to adapt to their environments. These psychologists studied the functions of mind. Functionalists used introspection along with the use of survey and other experimental techniques to study functions of mind. This school of thought was criticised as functionalists do not explain the functions of consciousness and the relationship of mind and body. It was criticised due to the use of introspection as it is not a scientific method.

[B][COLOR=blue]Behaviourism[/COLOR][/B]
This school of psychology originated with the work of John B. Watson (1879-1958). Watson rejected mind as the subject of psychology and insisted that psychology should be restricted to the study of behaviour. According to doctrine of Behaviourism, the subject matter of psychology is 'behaviour'. Psychology is the science of behaviour, it is not the science of mind. Behaviour can be defined and explained without making ultimate reference to mental events or to internal psychological processes. The sources of behaviour are external (in the environment), not internal (in the mind, in head). This school of thought is criticised as behaviourism is one dimensional approach to behaviour. Behaviourists did not account for other types of learning, learning that occurs without the use of enforcement or punishment. It does not take into account the consciousness and mental processes.

[B][COLOR=blue]Functionalism [/COLOR][/B]
This school of thought emphasises unconscious thought conflict between biological instincts and society and early life experiences. Psychoanalysis was founded in Vienna, Austria, by a neurologist Sigmund Freud (1856-1938). Freud developed a theory of behaviour and mind according to which much of what we do and think results from our urges, or drives, which seek expression in behaviour and thought. Basic idea TOT this school revolves around the role of unconscious as determinant of human behaviour. Freud believed that personality consists of three elements Id, Ego and Super Ego and human mind consists of consciousness, preconscious and unconscious. He further believed that psychosexual stages play an important

role in personality development. He gave concepts of Eros, that is life instinct and Thanatos.that is death instinct.
According to critics,
· Freud over emphasised on the role of sex.
· Role of consciousness was underestimated,
· This school of thought racks in scientific approach toward human behaviour.

[B][COLOR=blue]Humanism[/COLOR][/B]
This school of thought was developed by a group of psychologists headed by Abraham Maslow. It emphasises on a person's capacity for personal growth, freedom to choose and one's positive qualities. Humanistic psychologists stress that people have the ability to control their lives and not be manipulated by the environment. They believed that, rather than being driven by unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses have the ability to live by higher human values, such as altruism and free will.
The founding father of humanistic psychology, Abraham Maslow, proposed it as a third force, after psychoanalysis and behaviourism. Maslow stressed on higher human motives, self-development, knowledge, understanding and aesthette.s. Other major theorists, associated with this school are Carl Rogers, Erich Fromm and Rollo May. This school of thought has also been criticised due to its subjective approach toward human nature as many of its concepts cannot be measured or studied scientifically.

[B][COLOR=blue]Gestalt Psychology[/COLOR][/B]
A school of thought based on the idea that the whole of personal experience is much greater than the sum of its constituent elements. This school of psychology was founded in Germany in about 1912 by Max Wertheimer and his colleagues Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler.
The German word 'Gestalt' means 'form' or 'configuration', and the Gestalt psychologists maintained that the mind should be thought as resulting from the whole pattern of sensory activity and the relationships and organisations within this pattern. According to the Gestalt psychologists, the mind is best understood in terms of the ways elements are organised. They worked and emphasised on perception and illusion, and their basic contention was that any aspect of human life cannot be understood separately. It is only in totality, we can be able to analyse things properly. This approach was criticised as Gestalt psychologists over emphasised on the role perception and neglected unconscious aspects of mind.

Numerous schools of thought emerged throughout the history of psychology. Many of them dominated the field at certain points in history. Schools of thought of psychology represent the major theoretical perspectives in the science of psychology. Each of them has its own pluses and minuses. However, it is important to note that most of the psychologists do not associate themselves with a particular school rather they tend to take what seems best from each school of psychology.

sabaparvezz

Tuesday, September 18, 2012 01:34 PM

[QUOTE=shakeel ghori;480436]Q:1-Define Psychology and write in brief about various schools of thought in psychology? (Marsks 20)

[B]What is Psychology?[/B]
Psychology is the science of the mind and behaviour. The word "psychology" comes from the Greek word psyche meaning "breath, spirit, soul", and the Greek word logia meaning the study of something. In the old ages the sum of this whole word was known as 'study of soul'. For the sake of better understanding of what does mean by psychology few of the definitions by various researchers have been given below:

Psychology is the scientific study of people, the mind and behaviour. It is both a thriving academic discipline and a vital professional practice. (The British Psychological Society)

The scientific study of the behavior of individuals and their mental processes. (American Psychological Association)

Psychology is an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of mental processes and behavior. (Wikipedia)

The constant theme across these definitions is that psychology is fundamentally concerned with understanding Behavior (colclusion).

However, according to the modern psychologists the simplicity of the definition that attribute psychology with behaviour is somewhat deceiving and conceals the broad scope of subject. Most of the psychologists are of the view the definition of psychology should not be confined to the study of behaviour in its simple way. Rather, they argue that the field should be receptive to a variety of viewpoints and approaches. Consequently, the phrase behaviour and metal processes in the defintion of psychology must be understood to mean many things: It encompasses not just what people do but also their perceptions, emotions, thoughts, reasoning processes, memories and even the biological processes maintaining body functions.

Psychologists explore concepts such as perception, cognition, attention, emotion, phenomenology, motivation, brain functioning, personality, behavior, and interpersonal relationships. Psychologists of diverse stripes also consider the unconscious mind as well as help to change and improve the lives of people and the world in which they live. They use scientific methods to answers that are far more valid and legitimate than those resulting from speculation.

[B][COLOR=Blue]school of thoughts of psychology..[/COLOR][/B]
The phrase 'school of thought' means for a particular idea or set of ideas held by a specific group; doctrine. Any idea that a group strongly believes in, be it through practising this idea in their everyday life or through fighting for its adoption, can be considered a school of thought. There are several school of thoughts for the purpose of studying psychology. Each of them views this subject from different perspective and makes its own effort to define a particular phenomenon related to human behaviour. Sometimes it appears that each of them has its unique position and importance, for no single school of thought is able to define controversies and complexities concerned with defining human behaviour. The combination of two, or sometime, more work appropriately. An attempt of defining different school of thoughts have been made below:

[B][I]The early school of thoughts.[/I][/B]
[COLOR=Green]Structuralism [/COLOR]
Structuralism was the first school of psychology, and focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. Major structuralist thinkers include Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener. The focus of structuralism was on reducing mental processes down into their most basic elements. Structuralists used techniques such as introspection to analyze the inner processes of the human mind.

[COLOR=Green]Functionalism[/COLOR]
The perspective that replaced structualism is known as functionalism. Rather than focusing on the mind's structure, functionalism concentrated on what the mind does and how behaviour functions.Major functionalist thinkers included william james, John Dewey and Harvey Carr.

[COLOR=Green]Gestalt Psychology[/COLOR]
Gestalt psychology is a school of psychology based upon the idea that we experience things as unified wholes. This approach to psychology began in Germany and Austria during the late 19th century in response to the molecular approach of structuralism. Instead of breaking down thoughts and behavior to their smallest elements, the gestalt psychologists believed that you must look at the whole of experience. According to the gestalt thinkers, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

One thing is noteworthy that all the psychologist irrespective of their doctrines share a common goal: that is to explain and understand behaviour using scientific methods rather than philosophical abstractions. In the view of this fact and due to complex nature of human behaviour the psychology is an ever developing field. The modern perspectives/ school of thoughts of psychology have their roots in the ancient periods but they are however different from them in their approach and other respects. The modern school of thoughts are following:

[B][I]Modern school of thoughts[/I][/B]

[COLOR=Green]1--The neuroscience perspective.[/COLOR]
Biological psychology or behavioral neuroscience is the study of the biological substrates of behavior and mental processes. The neuroscience perspective considers how people and nonhumans function biologically: how individual nerve cells are joined together, how the inheritance of certain characteristics from parents and other ancestors influence behaviour, how functioning of the body affects hopes and fears, which behaviours are instinctual, and likewise.
Because every behaviour ultimately can be broken down into its biological components, the neuroscience perspective has broad appeal. Neuroscientists have made major contributions to the understanding and betterment of human life.

2[COLOR=Green]--Behaviorism[/COLOR]
Behaviorism became a dominant school of thought during the 1950s. It was based upon the work of thinkers such as:

John B. Watson
Ivan Pavlov
B. F. Skinner
Behaviorism suggests that all behavior can be explained by environmental causes rather than by internal forces. Behaviorism is focused on observable behavior. Theories of learning including classical conditioning and operant conditioning were the focus of a great deal of research.

[COLOR=Green]3--Psychoanalysis or psychodynamic[/COLOR]
Psychoanalysis is a school of psychology founded by Sigmund Freud. This school of thought emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior. Supporters of the psychodyanmic perspective argue that behaviour is motivated by inner forces about which we have little awareness and are almost out of our control. Freud's school of thought was enormously influential, but also generated a great deal of controversy. This controversy existed not only in his time, but also in modern discussions of Freud's theories.

[COLOR=Green]4--Cognitive Psychology[/COLOR]
Cognitive psychology is the school of psychology that studies mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember and learn. As part of the larger field of cognitive science, this branch of psychology is related to other disciplines including neuroscience, philosophy and linguistics. Cognitive psychology began to emerge during the 1950s, partly as a response to behaviorism. This period of time is sometimes referred to as the "cognitive revolution" as a wealth of research on topics such as information processing, language, memory and perception began to emerge. Many psychologists who stick to the cognitive school of thought compare human thinking to the workings of a computer, which takes in information and transforms, stores, and retrieves it.

[COLOR=Green]5--Humanistic perspective..[/COLOR]

Humanistic psychology developed as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Humanistic psychology instead focused on individual free will, personal growth and the concept of self-actualization. While early schools of thought were largely centered on abnormal human behavior, humanistic psychology differed considerably in its emphasis on helping people achieve and fulfil their potential.
Major humanist thinkers include:
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers.
Humanistic psychology remains quite popular today and has had a major influence on other areas of psychology including positive psychology. This particular branch of psychology is centered on helping people living happier, more fulfilling lives.
[COLOR=Green][B]
Final analysis..[/B][/COLOR]
As one considers the many topics and perspectives that make up Psychology, ranging from a narrow focus biochemical influences on behavior to a broad focus on social behaviors, one might find himself thinking that the discipline lacks cohesion. However, the field is more unified than the first glimpse might suggest. It does make a little difference what area a pscyhologist studying of and what perspective he is adhering to, the primary goal of each of them is to address the primary issues connected to human behavior. Psychologist are also agree on what the key issues of the field are. Although there are major arguments regarding how best to address and resolve the key issues, psychology is a unified science, because psychologists of all perspectives agree that the issues must be addressed if the field is going to get advanced.[/QUOTE]

:bow:bow:bow:bow Wow... What a outstanding attempt. I read it twice. Your expressions are amazing shakeel dear.

I give you 18/20

Marks.....

[QUOTE=ssara;480717][B]Q:1-Define Psychology and write in brief about various schools of thought in psychology? (Marsks 20)[/B]

[B]Introduction[/B]
In our daily life we do a lot of works. For instance, children go to school, teachers teach the students. Businessmen do their business. Scientists do their exclusive experiments in labs. Solders serve them for the country and so on other diverse activities. These are the activities the people do with the help of their mind and soul either consciously or unconsciously. It is the study of Psychology which explains these activities in depth about the human behavior. Moreover, Besides the human beings, animals have their own psyche according to their experience and their heredity. However, in the current days, the discipline of Psychology has an outstanding importance. No less than 52 diverse branches of Psychology have been made and it is the most essential discipline for every one for getting it studied. In the simple words Psychology’s definition can be defined as under:-

The word Psychology is derived from the Greek word ‘Psche’ that means ‘soul’ or ‘mind’ and ‘ology’ means ‘study’.

Therefore we can certainly say that it is the scientific study of human behavior and his mental processes.

[B]School of Thought in Psychology[/B]
There are some school of thoughts who have tried their best to explain the mind and behavior according to their logic and experiments. Among them, the major school of thoughts are given bellow:-
[B]
Structuralism [/B]
Wundt’s approach, which focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental components of consciousness, thinking, and other kinds of mental states and activities. This school of thought have elaborated the mind and behavior of the human being on the basis of structuralism. It is based on idea which conscious experience can be broken down into its basic underlying elements. It was the German Psychologist who laid down the foundation of Psychology in 1879. Moreover he explained the psychology as a practical experience of an individual and his ideas. However, the main strategy of this school of thought was to use the structuralism to discover the units of mind in order to elaborate it further. Consequently, this school of thought had to be criticized owing to its methodology.

[B]Functionalism[/B]
It is an early approach to psychology that concentrated on what the mind does-the functions of mental activity and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments. It is the approach that how mind and soul function according to an individual. According to this school of thought, more than enough work was done by them for the sake of behavior’s dimensions in an environment. Because an environment affects and influence the individual. When an individual get connected with a certain environment, the result comes a specific.

Functionalists used introspection along with the use of survey and other experimental techniques to study functions of mind. Resultantly, some school of thoughts criticized it because of functionalists had not explained the functions of consciousness and the relationship of mind and physically. Moreover, it was not a scientific method. That was why this method had been failed.

[B]Behaviorism [/B]
This school of thought was concerned with the work of Watson. He did not accept that the mind as the subject of psychology and instead that psychology would be restricted to the study of behavior. According to doctrine of Behaviorism, the subject matter of psychology was behavior to the certain aspects. As according to them this disciple is the science of behavior, that is not the science of mind. Moreover, it can be defined without the study of mental events or internal psychological processes. Consequently, after the analyzing of this limited approach of the school of thought it also was criticized.

[B]Psychoanalysis [/B]
Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud (1916-1917). Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining “insight”. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e. make the unconscious conscious. Psychoanalysis is commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders.

[B]Analysis [/B]
To the conclude various schools of thought raised their thoughts in the history of Psychology. No doubt some overlap the certain thoughts and some don’t. Every school of thought has an own view and their experiences and experiments. However, it can be noticed after the studies of these thoughts that all have their own trends of thoughts.

[B][I]Dear memebrs you are requested to check my little effort in this question. If you find any mistake or error could point out. It would be highly appreciated. And give me marks what I deserve…

Thanks…….

Regares…….

Sara……..[/I][/B][/QUOTE]

This is very good answer to the point sara. Your beginning is philosophical. I give you 17/20

[QUOTE=shahreenaa;480807][COLOR=blue][B][B]Q.1: Define psychology and write in brief about various schools of thought in psychology?[/B][/B][/COLOR]

The word psychology is derived from a Greek word 'psyche' which means "soul" or "mind", "ology" means "study".

[B][COLOR=blue]Schools of Thought in Psychology[/COLOR][/B]
A number of schools of thought tried to explain human mind and behavior. The following are some of the major schools of thought in psychology:

[B][COLOR=blue]Structuralism[/COLOR][/B]
Structuralism is an approach to psychology which is based on the idea that conscious experience can be broken down into its basic underlying components or elements. Wilhelm Wundt, a German psychologist, in 1879, laid the foundation of scientific psychology, when he opened first experimental laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. He defined psychology as a study of conscious experience of normal adult human mind. Structuralism grew up around the ideas of Wilhelm Wundt and one of his students, Edward B. Titchener. The goal of the structuralists was to find the units, or elements, which make up the mind. They thought that as in natural sciences, a first step in the study of mind should be a description of the basic units of sensation, image and emotion, which compose it. The main method used by the structuralists to discover these basic units of mind was introspection. Subjects were trained to report as objectively as possible what they experienced in connection with a certain stimulus, disregarding the meanings they come to associate with that stimulus. According to Wundt, psychologists can know about the structure of mind only through the objective reports of trained subjects made to their reaction. Wundt was only interested in conscious experience.
This school of thought had been criticized for its method of study. Questions were raised by psychologists on the scientific status of introspection as a method of study. Some of them were of the view that consciousness cannot be analyzed in terms of mental units or elements.

[B][COLOR=blue]Functionalism[/COLOR][/B]
Functionalism is an approach to psychology which emphasizes the functions of the mind and behaviour in adapting to the environment. John Dewey, James R. Angell and Harvey Carr, who were considered the founders of functionalism during 19th century, proposed that psychology should study what mind and behaviour do. They were interested in the fact that mind and behaviour are adaptive. Instead of limiting themselves to the description and analysis of mind, the functionalists performed experiments on the ways in which learning, memory, problem solving and motivation help people and animals to adapt to their environments. These psychologists studied the functions of mind. Functionalists used introspection along with the use of survey and other experimental techniques to study functions of mind. This school of thought was criticised as functionalists do not explain the functions of consciousness and the relationship of mind and body. It was criticised due to the use of introspection as it is not a scientific method.

[B][COLOR=blue]Behaviourism[/COLOR][/B]
This school of psychology originated with the work of John B. Watson (1879-1958). Watson rejected mind as the subject of psychology and insisted that psychology should be restricted to the study of behaviour. According to doctrine of Behaviourism, the subject matter of psychology is 'behaviour'. Psychology is the science of behaviour, it is not the science of mind. Behaviour can be defined and explained without making ultimate reference to mental events or to internal psychological processes. The sources of behaviour are external (in the environment), not internal (in the mind, in head). This school of thought is criticised as behaviourism is one dimensional approach to behaviour. Behaviourists did not account for other types of learning, learning that occurs without the use of enforcement or punishment. It does not take into account the consciousness and mental processes.

[B][COLOR=blue]Functionalism [/COLOR][/B]
This school of thought emphasises unconscious thought conflict between biological instincts and society and early life experiences. Psychoanalysis was founded in Vienna, Austria, by a neurologist Sigmund Freud (1856-1938). Freud developed a theory of behaviour and mind according to which much of what we do and think results from our urges, or drives, which seek expression in behaviour and thought. Basic idea TOT this school revolves around the role of unconscious as determinant of human behaviour. Freud believed that personality consists of three elements Id, Ego and Super Ego and human mind consists of consciousness, preconscious and unconscious. He further believed that psychosexual stages play an important

role in personality development. He gave concepts of Eros, that is life instinct and Thanatos.that is death instinct.
According to critics,
· Freud over emphasised on the role of sex.
· Role of consciousness was underestimated,
· This school of thought racks in scientific approach toward human behaviour.

[B][COLOR=blue]Humanism[/COLOR][/B]
This school of thought was developed by a group of psychologists headed by Abraham Maslow. It emphasises on a person's capacity for personal growth, freedom to choose and one's positive qualities. Humanistic psychologists stress that people have the ability to control their lives and not be manipulated by the environment. They believed that, rather than being driven by unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses have the ability to live by higher human values, such as altruism and free will.
The founding father of humanistic psychology, Abraham Maslow, proposed it as a third force, after psychoanalysis and behaviourism. Maslow stressed on higher human motives, self-development, knowledge, understanding and aesthette.s. Other major theorists, associated with this school are Carl Rogers, Erich Fromm and Rollo May. This school of thought has also been criticised due to its subjective approach toward human nature as many of its concepts cannot be measured or studied scientifically.

[B][COLOR=blue]Gestalt Psychology[/COLOR][/B]
A school of thought based on the idea that the whole of personal experience is much greater than the sum of its constituent elements. This school of psychology was founded in Germany in about 1912 by Max Wertheimer and his colleagues Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler.
The German word 'Gestalt' means 'form' or 'configuration', and the Gestalt psychologists maintained that the mind should be thought as resulting from the whole pattern of sensory activity and the relationships and organisations within this pattern. According to the Gestalt psychologists, the mind is best understood in terms of the ways elements are organised. They worked and emphasised on perception and illusion, and their basic contention was that any aspect of human life cannot be understood separately. It is only in totality, we can be able to analyse things properly. This approach was criticised as Gestalt psychologists over emphasised on the role perception and neglected unconscious aspects of mind.

Numerous schools of thought emerged throughout the history of psychology. Many of them dominated the field at certain points in history. Schools of thought of psychology represent the major theoretical perspectives in the science of psychology. Each of them has its own pluses and minuses. However, it is important to note that most of the psychologists do not associate themselves with a particular school rather they tend to take what seems best from each school of psychology.[/QUOTE]

:bow:bow:bow:bow:bow:bow:bow:bow:bow:bow WOOOOOOOW....

Shahreean what a style yaar .......... What a answer it is!

I give you 19/20

tobabar

Tuesday, September 18, 2012 01:43 PM

Great work....

I have read all of your attempts of question no. i.

I would like to give you:-

Shahreenaa 18/20

Shakeel gori 16/20

Ssara 14/20

Dear keep it up, you are CSPs of CSS-2013.

Good Luck..

Syeda Bukhari

Tuesday, September 18, 2012 02:07 PM

@ shahreena, shakeel and sara
Which books you guys are following will you please tell me?

Fassi

Tuesday, September 18, 2012 02:33 PM

Aslam o Alikum,

And first of all "CoNgRatZ"....:pipe ..... on starting this vital thread...:happy:

All attempts are commendable and praiseworthy as after reading all attempts I got some idea of the topic because I have not opted Psychology. In my view

[COLOR="DarkRed"][B]@Shakeel Bhai[/B][/COLOR]

Your "PRESENTATION STYLE" is pretty good but you didn't mention the Drawbacks of different school of thoughts didn't criticized the views of different schools.

Even then, I give you 16/20

[B][COLOR="DarkRed"]@Sara[/COLOR][/B]

You too did well but made the answer much precise but overall its a very good. Suggestions given by Shehreena are very good.

Keep it I give you 15/20

[COLOR="DarkRed"][B]@Shehreena[/B][/COLOR]

Well done dear. As I observed you have attempted efficiently but please make your sentence structure small and don't use too much COMMAS everywhere causeless for instance when we use and to combine two things then why you have used "COMMAS" before and (if me wrong do correct me).

Secondly, try to be British not American while answering or during your writing practice for instance you have spelled "BehaVIOR" (American) but its "BehaVIOUR" (British).

15/20 for you too dear....:happy:

[B][COLOR="Blue"]@ Sara, Shakeel and Shehreena[/COLOR][/B]

I think while concluding you people will have to mention the concept which appeals to your mind most besides commenting formally that all schools have merits and demerits.

That's all.....:bow

[B][COLOR="Indigo"]The Role of the above said TRIO --SSS-- (Sara, Shakeel and Shareena)[/COLOR][/B]

oh my dearest TRIO --SSS-- may ALLAH bless you all with unique success on every path of life. I've not opted Psychology even then commenting on your attempts because you people gave me your precious time and much more than what I expected so its the time to repay and I know I can't, I can't and I can't....;)

Keep it up INSHALLAH you people will succeed with the grace of ALLAH.

Your Well Wisher

[B][COLOR="DarkGreen"][SIZE="3"]--F@SsI--[/SIZE][/COLOR][/B]

sabaparvezz

Tuesday, September 18, 2012 02:59 PM

[QUOTE=Fassi;480845]Aslam o Alikum,

And first of all "CoNgRatZ"....:pipe ..... on starting this vital thread...:happy:

All attempts are commendable and praiseworthy as after reading all attempts I got some idea of the topic because I have not opted Psychology. In my view

[COLOR="DarkRed"][B]@Shakeel Bhai[/B][/COLOR]

Your "PRESENTATION STYLE" is pretty good but you didn't mention the Drawbacks of different school of thoughts didn't criticized the views of different schools.

Even then, I give you 16/20

[B][COLOR="DarkRed"]@Sara[/COLOR][/B]

You too did well but made the answer much precise but overall its a very good. Suggestions given by Shehreena are very good.

Keep it I give you 15/20

[COLOR="DarkRed"][B]@Shehreena[/B][/COLOR]

Well done dear. As I observed you have attempted efficiently but please make your sentence structure small and don't use too much COMMAS everywhere causeless for instance when we use and to combine two things then why you have used "COMMAS" before and (if me wrong do correct me).

Secondly, try to be British not American while answering or during your writing practice for instance you have spelled "BehaVIOR" (American) but its "BehaVIOUR" (British).

15/20 for you too dear....:happy:

[B][COLOR="Blue"]@ Sara, Shakeel and Shehreena[/COLOR][/B]

I think while concluding you people will have to mention the concept which appeals to your mind most besides commenting formally that all schools have merits and demerits.

That's all.....:bow

[B][COLOR="Indigo"]The Role of the above said TRIO --SSS-- (Sara, Shakeel and Shareena)[/COLOR][/B]

oh my dearest TRIO --SSS-- may ALLAH bless you all with unique success on every path of life. I've not opted Psychology even then commenting on your attempts because you people gave me your precious time and much more than what I expected so its the time to repay and I know I can't, I can't and I can't....;)

Keep it up INSHALLAH you people will succeed with the grace of ALLAH.

Your Well Wisher

[B][COLOR="DarkGreen"][SIZE="3"]--F@SsI--[/SIZE][/COLOR][/B][/QUOTE]

Good comments, I am here you can make it fourth 'S'.........I have joined you people..

So, make it fourth S... Saba is also with you :D

shakeel ghori

Tuesday, September 18, 2012 05:47 PM

[QUOTE=ssara;480717][B]Q:1-Define Psychology and write in brief about various schools of thought in psychology? (Marsks 20)[/B]

[B]Introduction[/B]
In our daily life we do a lot of works. For instance, children go to school, teachers teach the students. Businessmen do their business. Scientists do their exclusive experiments in labs. Solders serve them for the country and so on other diverse activities. These are the activities the people do with the help of their mind and soul either consciously or unconsciously. It is the study of Psychology which explains these activities in depth about the human behavior. Moreover, Besides the human beings, animals have their own psyche according to their experience and their heredity. However, in the current days, the discipline of Psychology has an outstanding importance. No less than 52 diverse branches of Psychology have been made and it is the most essential discipline for every one for getting it studied. In the simple words Psychology’s definition can be defined as under:-

The word Psychology is derived from the Greek word ‘Psche’ that means ‘soul’ or ‘mind’ and ‘ology’ means ‘study’.

Therefore we can certainly say that it is the scientific study of human behavior and his mental processes.

[B]School of Thought in Psychology[/B]
There are some school of thoughts who have tried their best to explain the mind and behavior according to their logic and experiments. Among them, the major school of thoughts are given bellow:-
[B]
Structuralism [/B]
Wundt’s approach, which focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental components of consciousness, thinking, and other kinds of mental states and activities. This school of thought have elaborated the mind and behavior of the human being on the basis of structuralism. It is based on idea which conscious experience can be broken down into its basic underlying elements. It was the German Psychologist who laid down the foundation of Psychology in 1879. Moreover he explained the psychology as a practical experience of an individual and his ideas. However, the main strategy of this school of thought was to use the structuralism to discover the units of mind in order to elaborate it further. Consequently, this school of thought had to be criticized owing to its methodology.

[B]Functionalism[/B]
It is an early approach to psychology that concentrated on what the mind does-the functions of mental activity and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments. It is the approach that how mind and soul function according to an individual. According to this school of thought, more than enough work was done by them for the sake of behavior’s dimensions in an environment. Because an environment affects and influence the individual. When an individual get connected with a certain environment, the result comes a specific.

Functionalists used introspection along with the use of survey and other experimental techniques to study functions of mind. Resultantly, some school of thoughts criticized it because of functionalists had not explained the functions of consciousness and the relationship of mind and physically. Moreover, it was not a scientific method. That was why this method had been failed.

[B]Behaviorism [/B]
This school of thought was concerned with the work of Watson. He did not accept that the mind as the subject of psychology and instead that psychology would be restricted to the study of behavior. According to doctrine of Behaviorism, the subject matter of psychology was behavior to the certain aspects. As according to them this disciple is the science of behavior, that is not the science of mind. Moreover, it can be defined without the study of mental events or internal psychological processes. Consequently, after the analyzing of this limited approach of the school of thought it also was criticized.

[B]Psychoanalysis [/B]
Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud (1916-1917). Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining “insight”. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e. make the unconscious conscious. Psychoanalysis is commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders.

[B]Analysis [/B]
To the conclude various schools of thought raised their thoughts in the history of Psychology. No doubt some overlap the certain thoughts and some don’t. Every school of thought has an own view and their experiences and experiments. However, it can be noticed after the studies of these thoughts that all have their own trends of thoughts.

[B][I]Dear memebrs you are requested to check my little effort in this question. If you find any mistake or error could point out. It would be highly appreciated. And give me marks what I deserve…

Thanks…….

Regares…….

Sara……..[/I][/B][/QUOTE]
You have done a good job. Your intro is outstanding, for you have written your own analysis in it. Moreover, it is nice to see that you have attempted the question to the point and did not digress. It is a nice approach. I am going to give you 15/20.

[QUOTE=ssara;480718][B][B]Q:2-Discuess the scope of Psychology and comment on the recent trends in Psychology? (Marsks 20)[/B][/B][/QUOTE]
Sara, please do not make too much haste in sending the questions. No one has attempted the first question so far except both of us and you have sent the second. If you keep up sending the questions without any regard to whether others attempted or not, disorganisation will occur. Let others to attempt first and then we shall deal with another question. I know that we have to speed up our effort as papers are coming near. But actually this thread is new, so it will take some time to become active. I hope you can understand. And one more thing is that the question you sent is somewhat similar to the one we have attempted recently. So, it is better if you replace it with any other important question. I will be waiting for your response.

[QUOTE=Fassi;480845]Aslam o Alikum,

And first of all "CoNgRatZ"....:pipe ..... on starting this vital thread...:happy:

All attempts are commendable and praiseworthy as after reading all attempts I got some idea of the topic because I have not opted Psychology. In my view

[COLOR=DarkRed][B]@Shakeel Bhai[/B][/COLOR]

Your "PRESENTATION STYLE" is pretty good but you didn't mention the Drawbacks of different school of thoughts didn't criticized the views of different schools.

Even then, I give you 16/20

[B][COLOR=DarkRed]@Sara[/COLOR][/B]

You too did well but made the answer much precise but overall its a very good. Suggestions given by Shehreena are very good.

Keep it I give you 15/20

[COLOR=DarkRed][B]@Shehreena[/B][/COLOR]

Well done dear. As I observed you have attempted efficiently but please make your sentence structure small and don't use too much COMMAS everywhere causeless for instance when we use and to combine two things then why you have used "COMMAS" before and (if me wrong do correct me).

Secondly, try to be British not American while answering or during your writing practice for instance you have spelled "BehaVIOR" (American) but its "BehaVIOUR" (British).

15/20 for you too dear....:happy:

[B][COLOR=Blue]@ Sara, Shakeel and Shehreena[/COLOR][/B]

I think while concluding you people will have to mention the concept which appeals to your mind most besides commenting formally that all schools have merits and demerits.

That's all.....:bow

[B][COLOR=Indigo]The Role of the above said TRIO --SSS-- (Sara, Shakeel and Shareena)[/COLOR][/B]

oh my dearest TRIO --SSS-- may ALLAH bless you all with unique success on every path of life. I've not opted Psychology even then commenting on your attempts because you people gave me your precious time and much more than what I expected so its the time to repay and I know I can't, I can't and I can't....;)

Keep it up INSHALLAH you people will succeed with the grace of ALLAH.

Your Well Wisher

[B][COLOR=DarkGreen][SIZE=3]--F@SsI--[/SIZE][/COLOR][/B][/QUOTE]
Thanx brother fassi for your great contribution. You did not opt psychology, yet you are spending your time in reading our attempts, it is highly commendable. I am thankful to you. As soon as we finish this subject we shall again start any of the compulsory subjects with mutual consent of members, and indeed of yours, since you have been the dynamic part of our group.
And, we will also be having a need of your help in international law..:)

stay blessed

[COLOR=Green]@Dear shahreena [/COLOR]
you have done an outstanding work. Your expression is clear and the material you provided is praiseworthy. However, I would like to point out few things. I am sure that this is a typing mistake. It is 'reinforcement' (Not enforcement). Secondly, You have missed the very important school of thought: Cognitive. Your overall attempt is outstanding and deserves a great deal of appreciation. I would just urge you to be in touch with us and to contribute in the same way. We really need you. I am giving you 17/20.. Best of luck

[COLOR=Green]@Dear Saba. [/COLOR]
Don't worry dear. You are also a part of our group. We shall appreciate your efforts. Just remain in touch with us. You must send your attempts without any hesitation. We shall try our best to evaluate your work and to point out your flaws.

[COLOR=Green]@Dear tobabar[/COLOR]
Thanx for reading our attempts and giving us marks. We shall be happy if you also attempt questions.

[COLOR=Green]
@Dear syeda bukhari[/COLOR]
Books of 'Robert s. Feldman' and 'sher bano' are good. Moreover, you may also use internet for this purpose. It will be an effective source as well.

ssara

Tuesday, September 18, 2012 07:31 PM

[QUOTE=shakeel ghori;480906]Sara, please do not make too much haste in sending the questions. No one has attempted the first question so far except both of us and you have sent the second. If you keep up sending the questions without any regard to whether others attempted or not, disorganisation will occur. Let others to attempt first and then we shall deal with another question. I know that we have to speed up our effort as papers are coming near. But actually this thread is new, so it will take some time to become active. I hope you can understand. And one more thing is that the question you sent is somewhat similar to the one we have attempted recently. So, it is better if you replace it with any other important question. I will be waiting for your response.[/QUOTE]

Ok dear Shakeel I do agree with you....

[B][I]As far as the 2nd question is concered, dear in psychology there are many questions which seem similar but in nature they are very different. The second question can not be changed. Because it is important one and it is not similar with 1st question. I have touched it exclusively. Therefore, I am pretty sure. So, I wish you best of luck for your second attempt.

Thanks......

Regards......[/I][/B]

shakeel ghori

Tuesday, September 18, 2012 08:53 PM

[QUOTE=ssara;480939]Ok dear Shakeel I do agree with you....

[B][I]As far as the 2nd question is concered, dear in psychology there are many questions which seem similar but in nature they are very different. The second question can not be changed. Because it is important one and it is not similar with 1st question. I have touched it exclusively. Therefore, I am pretty sure. So, I wish you best of luck for your second attempt.

Thanks......

Regards......[/I][/B][/QUOTE]
Okay thanx sara. I will try to attempt it as soon as I can. Other members are required to attempt this question.

amnayounas15

Wednesday, September 19, 2012 10:27 AM

@ shahreena, shakeel and all

aoa, you people are doing great job.I have qualifies CSS 2011 but didn't get allocated.Now its my last attempt and I am replacing indo with psychology.I have studied feldman and shehrbano along with some other notes as I have FSC pre medical background.I have completes my notes now its turn to memorize them.You people just have a look at the chapter titles I have covered and do guide can all this preparation help me out to score 160+?
Chapters
1 social psychology
2 treatment of psychological disorders
3 psychological disorders
4 health psychology,stress,coping and well being
5 personality
6 development
7sexuality and gender
8intelligence
9 cognition and language
10 motivation
11 emotion
12 memory
13 states of consciousness
14 sensation and perception
15 educational psychology
16 organizational psychology
please do guide in detail .

shakeel ghori

Wednesday, September 19, 2012 11:58 AM

amnayounas15

Wednesday, September 19, 2012 12:05 PM

@ shakeel

thanks for answering but will u guide me how to solve past papers?i am new with psychology

shakeel ghori

Wednesday, September 19, 2012 01:24 PM

[QUOTE=amnayounas15;481210]thanks for answering but will u guide me how to solve past papers?i am new with psychology[/QUOTE]
You may take part in our discussions here. We solve a question, at least, within two days in this thread. All the members of this thread, check one anthers' answers and then evaluate them by pointing out mistakes and sharing their knowledge. It is a beneficial practice. Thereby, you will be able to solve past papers with good grasp.

Moreover, if you are interested to solve them by your own without participating in this thread. It is your choice; and also better. For that you will have to download the past papers from this forum or obtain them from elsewhere. After carefully reading the past papers, point out the question which appear most important to you.

Solving papers is easy because psychology is a general subject. Before answering a question, just thoroughly read from diverse sources i.e, internet, books, about the topic and then attempt it.

ssara

Wednesday, September 19, 2012 02:42 PM

[QUOTE=amnayounas15;481168]aoa, you people are doing great job.I have qualifies CSS 2011 but didn't get allocated.Now its my last attempt and I am replacing indo with psychology.I have studied feldman and shehrbano along with some other notes as I have FSC pre medical background.I have completes my notes now its turn to memorize them.You people just have a look at the chapter titles I have covered and do guide can all this preparation help me out to score 160+?
Chapters
1 social psychology
2 treatment of psychological disorders
3 psychological disorders
4 health psychology,stress,coping and well being
5 personality
6 development
7sexuality and gender
8intelligence
9 cognition and language
10 motivation
11 emotion
12 memory
13 states of consciousness
14 sensation and perception
15 educational psychology
16 organizational psychology
please do guide in detail .[/QUOTE]

[B][I][COLOR="DimGray"]First of all you are welcomed on this vital thread. As far as your strategy is concerned, it is quite good. But you have missed a lot of topics, such as Learning, Biological Foundations of Behaviour, Exclusive study of child development, Health, Stress and Coping with respect to industrial, social, counseling psycholgoy, Group Dynamics, Research Methodologies, Ethnic issues and so on. So point out these important topics and get them prepared. Furthermore, I have made my own notes in two categories-Synopis and Full notes from 1980 till now. Keep in one thing in your mind that past papers play vital role in order to get hold on your subject.

And try to read foreign authors.

InshALLAH I am sure I will be able to get 160-170+ Marks...

The rest I believe in Allah.

You must take part in our discussion it would be highly beneficial for you.

I wish you best of Luck... [/COLOR][/I][/B]

amnayounas15

Wednesday, September 19, 2012 02:49 PM

sara

thanks for your advice but you have not fulfilled your promise till now to tcs notes.to advice is much easy but to help is much tough for people now.Even in case of sharing knowledge...

Fassi

Wednesday, September 19, 2012 02:52 PM

[B][COLOR="DarkGreen"]Thanx Shakeel and Sara[/COLOR][/B]

[COLOR="DarkRed"][B][I]Amna Younas [/I][/B][/COLOR]is my friend. Please cooperate with her as much as you people can. I can't guide her properly because I've not opted Psychology as you people know it very well..

My ALLAH bless you all...:)

shahreenaa

Wednesday, September 19, 2012 03:21 PM

[QUOTE=amnayounas15;481168]aoa, you people are doing great job.I have qualifies CSS 2011 but didn't get allocated.Now its my last attempt and I am replacing indo with psychology.I have studied feldman and shehrbano along with some other notes as I have FSC pre medical background.I have completes my notes now its turn to memorize them.You people just have a look at the chapter titles I have covered and do guide can all this preparation help me out to score 160+?
Chapters
1 social psychology
2 treatment of psychological disorders
3 psychological disorders
4 health psychology,stress,coping and well being
5 personality
6 development
7sexuality and gender
8intelligence
9 cognition and language
10 motivation
11 emotion
12 memory
13 states of consciousness
14 sensation and perception
15 educational psychology
16 organizational psychology
please do guide in detail .[/QUOTE]

[B][COLOR="RoyalBlue"]It is great to back to the drawing board, You have covered almost all topics. But as ssara has pointed out your some topics. You need to bite off more than you can chew. She has given me her own notes. She is very cooperative. Even I am using her notes. Her notes are on research based. You must not be worried she will also give you too. Wish you good luck and u need to close but no cigar.

ALLAH BLESS YOU. [/COLOR][/B]

shakeel ghori

Wednesday, September 19, 2012 07:32 PM

[COLOR="Green"][B]Q:2-Discuess the scope of Psychology and comment on the recent trends in Psychology?
[/B][/COLOR]

1--Introduction
Psychology is the study of behaviour and metal processes. If we delve into the actual meaning of word 'behaviour', we will be in position to understand the real importance of psychology. The word behaviour does not only encompass what we do or speak, but it is also connotes our thoughts, emotions, reasoning, knowledge, volition and so forth. It is this definition of the term 'behaviour' which gives broad scope to psychology. In its struggle to understand human behaviour, psychology has given birth to a number of approaches, each of which has only one objective: to explore the hidden elements of human behaviour, and to ascertain the ways to cope with various human problems stem from abnormal behaviour. Keeping this and many other purposes in view, psychology is a rapidly growing science which has broad scope and importance in human life. An attempt to outline the present-day scope of psychology as a science of behaviour has been made below:

2--Treatment of behavioural disorders
The primary concern of psychology is to deal with everyday life problems and to find out solutions of those problems. Every sub-field of psychology has a peculiar function in this regard. It is to say that each of them has a specific method to solve the problems of human life. For defining this, it is but imperative to name few of those problems which are caused by abnormal behaviour. depression, poor social adjustment, mental retardation, personality problems, drug addiction, self-destructive thoughts, self-defeating thoughts, phobia, schizophrenia and likewise are the psychological problems which have adverse effects on individual life. Similarly, problems such as lingering habits of criminality, ethnic prejudice, terrorist mindset, family bickering, are the cases of social problems. Irrespective of its category, each of the psychological disorder has its root cause. Psychologists strive to eradicate these causes. How a psychologist treats any of these problems depend largely upon the perspective which he adheres to. For example, the behavioural psychologist will view the abnormality as an outcome of environment factors, so he will be more interested in changing the environmental causes which subsequently can cure the disorder. On the other side, a psychologist who specializes in cognitive school of thought will consider abnormality as a consequence of bad thoughts. So, he would try to alter the thinking pattern of patients. Whatsoever the method one applies, the psychologists have only one aim in their minds that is to treat various psychological disorders. Psychology has been very effective in solving many of those human problems which have no physical or medical causes, and which were formerly felt to have no treatment. In view of this fact this field is gaining a lot of popularity across the world.

3--Deal with health related problems
Besides treating the psychological disorders, psychology has also been effective to cure those diseases which are casued by abnormal behaviour. The health psychologists treat various diseases which are the result of depression and other ill-behaviours. Moreover, recent discovery reveals that many diseases have no more causes than ill-thoughts. Such as the heart attack is a result of depression. Likewise, fear and other negative emotions cause many mental and physical problems. The psychology has helped a lot in treating such diseases by changing the pattern of thinking. A finding shows that those patients who are at their last stages of cancer have got more chances of prolong survival who get psychological treatment rather than medical. The reason behind this is that when they are urged to think positively, their internal immune system is stimulated which lets them to cope with their disease. In the same way their is a wide scope of psychology in treating various health problems by adopting different methods.

4--Educational and professional counselling
Now a days pschologists are very helpful in assessing the abilities of individuals. Every educational department has a counselling psychologist who helps student in their study-related problems. Furthermore, he assesses the aptitude of students and advises them to select the field which is most appropriate to them in view of their leanings. He also helps them to cope with stress and other problems which they face during their studies. Likewise, industries and other working premises have the counseling psychologists who assess that which individual is best for a particular job. Moreover, he helps the workers in their work-related problems. Similarly, every governmental department has a personality psychologists who assesses the personality of individuals to predict whether they are suitable for a particular job. This is one of the great importance of psychology.

5--Recent developments.
With the recent technological development, the pschologists are becoming more able to understand mind. The brain scanning enables them to undersand the physiological causes of various typical behaviours. They are making progress in developing more sophisticated methods thereby the control over and understanding of behaviour is becoming more easy. A research shows that the psychologists have started to find the ways by which the traumatic memories can be discarded. If they succeed, it will incredibly help those who undergo different catastrophe incidents, by removing the memories of their bitter past. But this all is just a beginning. A lot is still remaining to uncover the mysteries related to man's mind and behaviour. We are hoping that with the development of psychology much progress will come into effect for human prosperity.

[COLOR="RoyalBlue"]All respected members especially sara, fassi, shahreena, saba, tobabar, and others are requested to evaluate my attempt..[/COLOR]

shakeel ghori

Wednesday, September 19, 2012 08:51 PM

[QUOTE=Fassi;481316][B][COLOR="DarkGreen"]Thanx Shakeel and Sara[/COLOR][/B]

[COLOR="DarkRed"][B][I]Amna Younas [/I][/B][/COLOR]is my friend. Please cooperate with her as much as you people can. I can't guide her properly because I've not opted Psychology as you people know it very well..

My ALLAH bless you all...:)[/QUOTE]
Don't worry dear fassi. We shall try our best to help dear Amna. It is also better for her if she takes part in discussion here. You already know that this way is outstanding for preparation.

sabaparvezz

Thursday, September 20, 2012 12:39 AM

[COLOR="RoyalBlue"][B][COLOR="Purple"]Q:2-Discuess the scope of Psychology and comment on the recent trends in Psychology?[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR]

[COLOR="Blue"][B][B][I][I]Scope of Psychology [/I][/I][/B][/B][/COLOR]
Psychology is a subject which has a very vast scope in accordance with prevailing scenario. This subject gives information us about the human mind and its function. Some time a people get tense, some time people get hurt and some time become crazy and disorder. These are the conditions of people in different periods. Some of them are natural and some of them are heredity problems. Long before the advent of science Psychology was becoming an important education. But its name was not Psychology. It was called Philosophy. Aristotle, Plato and other eminent philosopherers were using their own tactics for treatment. During the time of Sparta in Greece Philosophers was having their own strategies of psycho therapy. Whenever a people got tired because of certain disease. Then the patient was considered to be an evil. According to them a person become in suffer that means his/her god/goddes is not happy with him/her. Soon later, after the 16th century Psychology got good scope. Now Psychology has many sub departments. All subjects have their own specialization. Such as Psychoanalysis, Social Psychology, Industrial Psychology and many others.
[COLOR="Blue"]
[B][I]Psychology Resent Trends[/I][/B][/COLOR]
Presently, Psychology has been updated with the advancement of science. Science has given many methods in different subjects. In Psychology, now people can be scanned, they can be analysis by modern tactics. Modern tactics and therapies elaborate the people about his/her disordering. For example some people become tense, dippers, dimotivate, discouraged, emotional, disorder. These problems take place because of human thinking over some prevailing problems. Psychiatrists treat people from their behavior and their attitude that why a people become disorder. These causes can be justified with the help of psychology. Currently psychology has been advanced. Chromosome can be justified by psychologists. Harmonies and other disease are the part of psychology. And they can be seen and examine with Psychology. Because Psychologists and Pychotrists are very cloers to each other. Their working is different but am is same. Because when a people come under an immense disease. Then he/she becomes dishurt and surrenders his life in front of death. In such conditions, Psychology plays a vigorous role. Psychotists encourage the immune people so that they can live further days of their life happily.

[COLOR="Blue"][B][I]Psychology in Future[/I][/B][/COLOR]
Psychology will be a great subject in future. It will get good importance. Because of the prevailing consigns of the globe. Most of the people are becoming psychological patient. In Pakistan there are lots of Psycho patience because of preventing condition. But unfortunate there are very little number of psychologists. It can be said that in the future Psychology will be a compulsory in the School as a subject. So that students can decide about their future. It is true that so many students can not get their right path.Recently Psychology has found many tree branches. Each branch has own study plan.

This is my first attempt. Members please check my attempt and give me marks. So that I can understand that how much I am able to deal a question. And Point out my errors as well. I am thankful to the @ssara, @shakeelgori, @shahreenaa who give me good support for attempting.

Thanks.

ssara

Thursday, September 20, 2012 02:56 AM

[B][COLOR="Indigo"][B]Q:2-Discuess the scope of Psychology and comment on the recent trends in Psychology?[/B][/COLOR][/B]

[B]Introduction[/B]
Psychology has an outstanding significance because it touch the all perspective of the current world and elaborate that why people commit crime and why people become happy and unhappy. However, in the advancement of science and technology Psychology has astonished scope. The scope of Psychology is going to the remarkable apex. It touches almost all sphere of human life. Both normal and abnormal in all perspective. Exclusively, it elaborates the human soul and behavior. It would not be false to say that where there is human, there would certainly be Psychology. However, there are diverse areas of Psychology which are given bellow:-

[B]Clinical Psychology[/B]
It is the study of diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. It has an outstanding importance. It works regarding the serious problems such as schizophrenia. Moreover, it works on the common problems such as anxieties associated with every day life activities. It is considered a broad discipline in the world. Moreover, it is also true that it works likewise psychiatrists.

[B]Counseling Psychology[/B]
As a matter of fact, in our current days there is no system of consultation and assistance like the European countries. An instance can be taken from our current scenario. Whenever a student get passed his/her matriculation or intermediate. And then he/she begin to think and keep think that where to go, shall he go further with Arts or Engineering sides. Besides, Counseling Psychology deals with the higher education, vocational and social adjustment and their concerned problems. Furthermore, it also helps the prisoner who becomes release from jail. And this discipline teaches them that how to start a new life with a great hope and peace.

[B]Psychometric Psychology[/B]
In our military and civil service commission some Psychologists are vacant. The work to understand the candidates and prevailing problems in the concerned departments. Moreover, they make strategies to device testes for the candidates in order to judge their abilities and their aptitude for hiring them in the concerned departments. For instance, after getting passed a civil service exam. Candidate has to take a psychological test and it is the test of his/her abilities for judging the concerned thinking and behavior.

[B]Social Psychology[/B]
This discipline deals with the social activities. For instance in the prevailing scenario, we have a different culture, people speak different languages, their influence on society and society’s influence on them. And the result which come in to existence. And that result’s study is the study of social psychology.

[B]Educational Psychology[/B]
As far as Educational Psychology is concerned, it is mainly concerned with the educational departments and their activities. For instance, It deals and tackles a lot of problems. Some times, some students are suppose to be analyzed in order to give them more time than other students. They work for improvement, teaching techniques, learning, motivation and so on. Therefore, this discipline has an astonishing importance in the educational institutions.

[B]Industrial Psychology[/B]
It is mainly concerned with the organizations, limited companies and other business places. Moreover, it teaches the labor and officials that how to do potential activities. An instance can be taken, nearly in each factory, people get incentives owing to their potential jobs. Means effective job - effective results and undoubtedly effective salary and bonus.

However, Cross-Culture Psycholgy,Forensic Pscyology, Art Psychology and so on have astonishing importance. Moreover, with the advancement of science and technology. Psychology has been explored because it is based on theories and theories have been changing and upgrading by the different occasion with the help of research. Therefore, in the current scenario, Psychology’s trend has been changed and it is going on to the apex in order to make this world happier and prosper. Some of the contemporary trends of Psychology are given bellow:-

[B][SIZE="4"]Contemporary Trends in Psychology[/SIZE][/B]

[B]Psychology of Cyberspace[/B]
It is based on network. It is a modern technology which has enfluece the human being. These discipline deals with the cyber activities, such as cyber crimes. Moreover, it has given the strategies of a lot of solutions in order to make the human peaceful. Undoubtedly, Nuclear and other arms have been launched such as satellites which can be operated with the help of cyberspace. Furthermore, It is the elaboration of human beings in relation to control mechanism and their associated communication system, specifically those which involve feedback of a piece of information to the mechanism its activities. Moreover, it deals the study of Internet romance, identify management in cyberspace.

[B]Electric Psychology[/B]
Comparatively, it is based on new approach. It is a new disciple of psychology in the contemporary world. It deals with the electric strategies. Simply, it can be said that it is the combination of diverse techniques such as cognitive, humanistic psyhchogoy, gestalt psychology etc. Although this is the new disciple, It is not considered as an effective so far. Its theories are still in process to the apex exclusively.

[B]Energy Psychology[/B]
It is the exclusive disciple of psychology which deals with the study of the body of human. Such as it deals body’s energy system an its reaction with emotions, soul, behaviour and psychology health and so on. Moreover, it is beneficial for education, health and in business places for getting potential results.

Besides, there are some other major disciplines of psychology i.e. Scientology, Critical Psychology and Kinseiology. These are the disciplines which have got an astonishing significance in due course. To the conclude it can be said that Psychology has an outstanding importance and its scope is broader in the global village in the contemporary world. It deals and tackles each an every thing about the human behaviour. This is the major key of prosperity in this global village.
[B][I][COLOR="Gray"]
All members and other seniors are highly requested to point out my mistakes.

Thanks.....

Regards..... [/COLOR][/I][/B]

ssara

Thursday, September 20, 2012 03:06 AM

[B][COLOR="Indigo"][SIZE="4"]Q:3-Write down the structure and function of CNS and PNS? (20 Marks)[/SIZE][/COLOR][/B]

amnayounas15

Thursday, September 20, 2012 10:29 AM

aoa,
thanks shakeel.As you mentioned that the question going to be attempted in this thread will be related to past papers.so i just want to give a suggestion that whatever question you people attempt,please mention past paper year as 2000,2002 for our convenience.
thanks
@ sara
waiting for your notes:) when will you send me?

shahreenaa

Thursday, September 20, 2012 12:33 PM

[QUOTE=shakeel ghori;481474][COLOR=Green][B]Q:2-Discuess the scope of Psychology and comment on the recent trends in Psychology?
[/B][/COLOR]

1--Introduction
Psychology is the study of behaviour and metal processes. If we delve into the actual meaning of word 'behaviour', we will be in position to understand the real importance of psychology. The word behaviour does not only encompass what we do or speak, but it is also connotes our thoughts, emotions, reasoning, knowledge, volition and so forth. It is this definition of the term 'behaviour' which gives broad scope to psychology. In its struggle to understand human behaviour, psychology has given birth to a number of approaches, each of which has only one objective: to explore the hidden elements of human behaviour, and to ascertain the ways to cope with various human problems stem from abnormal behaviour. Keeping this and many other purposes in view, psychology is a rapidly growing science which has broad scope and importance in human life. An attempt to outline the present-day scope of psychology as a science of behaviour has been made below:

2--Treatment of behavioural disorders
The primary concern of psychology is to deal with everyday life problems and to find out solutions of those problems. Every sub-field of psychology has a peculiar function in this regard. It is to say that each of them has a specific method to solve the problems of human life. For defining this, it is but imperative to name few of those problems which are caused by abnormal behaviour. depression, poor social adjustment, mental retardation, personality problems, drug addiction, self-destructive thoughts, self-defeating thoughts, phobia, schizophrenia and likewise are the psychological problems which have adverse effects on individual life. Similarly, problems such as lingering habits of criminality, ethnic prejudice, terrorist mindset, family bickering, are the cases of social problems. Irrespective of its category, each of the psychological disorder has its root cause. Psychologists strive to eradicate these causes. How a psychologist treats any of these problems depend largely upon the perspective which he adheres to. For example, the behavioural psychologist will view the abnormality as an outcome of environment factors, so he will be more interested in changing the environmental causes which subsequently can cure the disorder. On the other side, a psychologist who specializes in cognitive school of thought will consider abnormality as a consequence of bad thoughts. So, he would try to alter the thinking pattern of patients. Whatsoever the method one applies, the psychologists have only one aim in their minds that is to treat various psychological disorders. Psychology has been very effective in solving many of those human problems which have no physical or medical causes, and which were formerly felt to have no treatment. In view of this fact this field is gaining a lot of popularity across the world.

3--Deal with health related problems
Besides treating the psychological disorders, psychology has also been effective to cure those diseases which are casued by abnormal behaviour. The health psychologists treat various diseases which are the result of depression and other ill-behaviours. Moreover, recent discovery reveals that many diseases have no more causes than ill-thoughts. Such as the heart attack is a result of depression. Likewise, fear and other negative emotions cause many mental and physical problems. The psychology has helped a lot in treating such diseases by changing the pattern of thinking. A finding shows that those patients who are at their last stages of cancer have got more chances of prolong survival who get psychological treatment rather than medical. The reason behind this is that when they are urged to think positively, their internal immune system is stimulated which lets them to cope with their disease. In the same way their is a wide scope of psychology in treating various health problems by adopting different methods.

4--Educational and professional counselling
Now a days pschologists are very helpful in assessing the abilities of individuals. Every educational department has a counselling psychologist who helps student in their study-related problems. Furthermore, he assesses the aptitude of students and advises them to select the field which is most appropriate to them in view of their leanings. He also helps them to cope with stress and other problems which they face during their studies. Likewise, industries and other working premises have the counseling psychologists who assess that which individual is best for a particular job. Moreover, he helps the workers in their work-related problems. Similarly, every governmental department has a personality psychologists who assesses the personality of individuals to predict whether they are suitable for a particular job. This is one of the great importance of psychology.

5--Recent developments.
With the recent technological development, the pschologists are becoming more able to understand mind. The brain scanning enables them to undersand the physiological causes of various typical behaviours. They are making progress in developing more sophisticated methods thereby the control over and understanding of behaviour is becoming more easy. A research shows that the psychologists have started to find the ways by which the traumatic memories can be discarded. If they succeed, it will incredibly help those who undergo different catastrophe incidents, by removing the memories of their bitter past. But this all is just a beginning. A lot is still remaining to uncover the mysteries related to man's mind and behaviour. We are hoping that with the development of psychology much progress will come into effect for human prosperity.

[COLOR=RoyalBlue]All respected members especially sara, fassi, shahreena, saba, tobabar, and others are requested to evaluate my attempt..[/COLOR][/QUOTE]

[B][COLOR=RoyalBlue][B]Spot on, it is a nice attempt.

Suggestions

1-You missed a lot of things not only old psyho trends but also new trends which had to be sketched. I meant attempt your answer on the verge.

2-At your part you have done every thing you could. In Next answer you need to hit the nail on the head.

3-Your efforts are definitely remarkable. You are like an orator. I like your style. And your way of presentation is amazing! Keep it up and Good Luck for your next attempt.

You have attained 16/20

ALLAH BLESS YOU.
[/B][/COLOR][/B]

[QUOTE=sabaparvezz;481628][COLOR=RoyalBlue][B][COLOR=Purple]Q:2-Discuess the scope of Psychology and comment on the recent trends in Psychology?[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR]

[COLOR=Blue][B][B][I][I]Scope of Psychology [/I][/I][/B][/B][/COLOR]
Psychology is a subject which has a very vast scope in accordance with prevailing scenario. This subject gives information us about the human mind and its function. Some time a people get tense, some time people get hurt and some time become crazy and disorder. These are the conditions of people in different periods. Some of them are natural and some of them are heredity problems. Long before the advent of science Psychology was becoming an important education. But its name was not Psychology. It was called Philosophy. Aristotle, Plato and other eminent philosopherers were using their own tactics for treatment. During the time of Sparta in Greece Philosophers was having their own strategies of psycho therapy. Whenever a people got tired because of certain disease. Then the patient was considered to be an evil. According to them a person become in suffer that means his/her god/goddes is not happy with him/her. Soon later, after the 16th century Psychology got good scope. Now Psychology has many sub departments. All subjects have their own specialization. Such as Psychoanalysis, Social Psychology, Industrial Psychology and many others.
[COLOR=Blue]
[B][I]Psychology Resent Trends[/I][/B][/COLOR]
Presently, Psychology has been updated with the advancement of science. Science has given many methods in different subjects. In Psychology, now people can be scanned, they can be analysis by modern tactics. Modern tactics and therapies elaborate the people about his/her disordering. For example some people become tense, dippers, dimotivate, discouraged, emotional, disorder. These problems take place because of human thinking over some prevailing problems. Psychiatrists treat people from their behavior and their attitude that why a people become disorder. These causes can be justified with the help of psychology. Currently psychology has been advanced. Chromosome can be justified by psychologists. Harmonies and other disease are the part of psychology. And they can be seen and examine with Psychology. Because Psychologists and Pychotrists are very cloers to each other. Their working is different but am is same. Because when a people come under an immense disease. Then he/she becomes dishurt and surrenders his life in front of death. In such conditions, Psychology plays a vigorous role. Psychotists encourage the immune people so that they can live further days of their life happily.

[COLOR=Blue][B][I]Psychology in Future[/I][/B][/COLOR]
Psychology will be a great subject in future. It will get good importance. Because of the prevailing consigns of the globe. Most of the people are becoming psychological patient. In Pakistan there are lots of Psycho patience because of preventing condition. But unfortunate there are very little number of psychologists. It can be said that in the future Psychology will be a compulsory in the School as a subject. So that students can decide about their future. It is true that so many students can not get their right path.Recently Psychology has found many tree branches. Each branch has own study plan.

This is my first attempt. Members please check my attempt and give me marks. So that I can understand that how much I am able to deal a question. And Point out my errors as well. I am thankful to the @ssara, @shakeelgori, @shahreenaa who give me good support for attempting.

Thanks.[/QUOTE]

[B][COLOR=RoyalBlue]Well done job but dear you have missed a lot things. Read the answers of Shakeel and ssara. Then you will get to know. But overall to read your attempt I appreciate your great efforts.

You have attained 12/20

ALLAH BLESS YOU.[/COLOR][/B]

[QUOTE=ssara;481664][B][COLOR=Indigo][B]Q:2-Discuess the scope of Psychology and comment on the recent trends in Psychology?[/B][/COLOR][/B]

[B]Introduction[/B]
Psychology has an outstanding significance because it touch the all perspective of the current world and elaborate that why people commit crime and why people become happy and unhappy. However, in the advancement of science and technology Psychology has astonished scope. The scope of Psychology is going to the remarkable apex. It touches almost all sphere of human life. Both normal and abnormal in all perspective. Exclusively, it elaborates the human soul and behavior. It would not be false to say that where there is human, there would certainly be Psychology. However, there are diverse areas of Psychology which are given bellow:-

[B]Clinical Psychology[/B]
It is the study of diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. It has an outstanding importance. It works regarding the serious problems such as schizophrenia. Moreover, it works on the common problems such as anxieties associated with every day life activities. It is considered a broad discipline in the world. Moreover, it is also true that it works likewise psychiatrists.

[B]Counseling Psychology[/B]
As a matter of fact, in our current days there is no system of consultation and assistance like the European countries. An instance can be taken from our current scenario. Whenever a student get passed his/her matriculation or intermediate. And then he/she begin to think and keep think that where to go, shall he go further with Arts or Engineering sides. Besides, Counseling Psychology deals with the higher education, vocational and social adjustment and their concerned problems. Furthermore, it also helps the prisoner who becomes release from jail. And this discipline teaches them that how to start a new life with a great hope and peace.

[B]Psychometric Psychology[/B]
In our military and civil service commission some Psychologists are vacant. The work to understand the candidates and prevailing problems in the concerned departments. Moreover, they make strategies to device testes for the candidates in order to judge their abilities and their aptitude for hiring them in the concerned departments. For instance, after getting passed a civil service exam. Candidate has to take a psychological test and it is the test of his/her abilities for judging the concerned thinking and behavior.

[B]Social Psychology[/B]
This discipline deals with the social activities. For instance in the prevailing scenario, we have a different culture, people speak different languages, their influence on society and society’s influence on them. And the result which come in to existence. And that result’s study is the study of social psychology.

[B]Educational Psychology[/B]
As far as Educational Psychology is concerned, it is mainly concerned with the educational departments and their activities. For instance, It deals and tackles a lot of problems. Some times, some students are suppose to be analyzed in order to give them more time than other students. They work for improvement, teaching techniques, learning, motivation and so on. Therefore, this discipline has an astonishing importance in the educational institutions.

[B]Industrial Psychology[/B]
It is mainly concerned with the organizations, limited companies and other business places. Moreover, it teaches the labor and officials that how to do potential activities. An instance can be taken, nearly in each factory, people get incentives owing to their potential jobs. Means effective job - effective results and undoubtedly effective salary and bonus.

However, Cross-Culture Psycholgy,Forensic Pscyology, Art Psychology and so on have astonishing importance. Moreover, with the advancement of science and technology. Psychology has been explored because it is based on theories and theories have been changing and upgrading by the different occasion with the help of research. Therefore, in the current scenario, Psychology’s trend has been changed and it is going on to the apex in order to make this world happier and prosper. Some of the contemporary trends of Psychology are given bellow:-

[B][SIZE=4]Contemporary Trends in Psychology[/SIZE][/B]

[B]Psychology of Cyberspace[/B]
It is based on network. It is a modern technology which has enfluece the human being. These discipline deals with the cyber activities, such as cyber crimes. Moreover, it has given the strategies of a lot of solutions in order to make the human peaceful. Undoubtedly, Nuclear and other arms have been launched such as satellites which can be operated with the help of cyberspace. Furthermore, It is the elaboration of human beings in relation to control mechanism and their associated communication system, specifically those which involve feedback of a piece of information to the mechanism its activities. Moreover, it deals the study of Internet romance, identify management in cyberspace.

[B]Electric Psychology[/B]
Comparatively, it is based on new approach. It is a new disciple of psychology in the contemporary world. It deals with the electric strategies. Simply, it can be said that it is the combination of diverse techniques such as cognitive, humanistic psyhchogoy, gestalt psychology etc. Although this is the new disciple, It is not considered as an effective so far. Its theories are still in process to the apex exclusively.

[B]Energy Psychology[/B]
It is the exclusive disciple of psychology which deals with the study of the body of human. Such as it deals body’s energy system an its reaction with emotions, soul, behaviour and psychology health and so on. Moreover, it is beneficial for education, health and in business places for getting potential results.

Besides, there are some other major disciplines of psychology i.e. Scientology, Critical Psychology and Kinseiology. These are the disciplines which have got an astonishing significance in due course. To the conclude it can be said that Psychology has an outstanding importance and its scope is broader in the global village in the contemporary world. It deals and tackles each an every thing about the human behaviour. This is the major key of prosperity in this global village.
[B][I][COLOR=Gray]
All members and other seniors are highly requested to point out my mistakes.

Thanks.....

Regards..... [/COLOR][/I][/B][/QUOTE]

[B][COLOR=RoyalBlue]
Amazing! Sara, today you have made me very happy.

Keep it up, you are going well. Day by Day your expressions are going impressive.

You have attained 18/20

ALLAH BLESS YOU.[/COLOR][/B]

tobabar

Thursday, September 20, 2012 12:46 PM

After reading your attempts. Even My concepts have been cleared.

Keep doing this practice. You people are going outstandingly.

Here we go for marking:
[B]
shakeel gori 17/20

ssara 19/20

sabaparvezz 10/20[/B]

Best of luck for your coming attempt.

ssara

Thursday, September 20, 2012 12:54 PM

[QUOTE=shakeel ghori;481474][COLOR="Green"][B]Q:2-Discuess the scope of Psychology and comment on the recent trends in Psychology?
[/B][/COLOR]

1--Introduction
Psychology is the study of behaviour and metal processes. If we delve into the actual meaning of word 'behaviour', we will be in position to understand the real importance of psychology. The word behaviour does not only encompass what we do or speak, but it is also connotes our thoughts, emotions, reasoning, knowledge, volition and so forth. It is this definition of the term 'behaviour' which gives broad scope to psychology. In its struggle to understand human behaviour, psychology has given birth to a number of approaches, each of which has only one objective: to explore the hidden elements of human behaviour, and to ascertain the ways to cope with various human problems stem from abnormal behaviour. Keeping this and many other purposes in view, psychology is a rapidly growing science which has broad scope and importance in human life. An attempt to outline the present-day scope of psychology as a science of behaviour has been made below:

2--Treatment of behavioural disorders
The primary concern of psychology is to deal with everyday life problems and to find out solutions of those problems. Every sub-field of psychology has a peculiar function in this regard. It is to say that each of them has a specific method to solve the problems of human life. For defining this, it is but imperative to name few of those problems which are caused by abnormal behaviour. depression, poor social adjustment, mental retardation, personality problems, drug addiction, self-destructive thoughts, self-defeating thoughts, phobia, schizophrenia and likewise are the psychological problems which have adverse effects on individual life. Similarly, problems such as lingering habits of criminality, ethnic prejudice, terrorist mindset, family bickering, are the cases of social problems. Irrespective of its category, each of the psychological disorder has its root cause. Psychologists strive to eradicate these causes. How a psychologist treats any of these problems depend largely upon the perspective which he adheres to. For example, the behavioural psychologist will view the abnormality as an outcome of environment factors, so he will be more interested in changing the environmental causes which subsequently can cure the disorder. On the other side, a psychologist who specializes in cognitive school of thought will consider abnormality as a consequence of bad thoughts. So, he would try to alter the thinking pattern of patients. Whatsoever the method one applies, the psychologists have only one aim in their minds that is to treat various psychological disorders. Psychology has been very effective in solving many of those human problems which have no physical or medical causes, and which were formerly felt to have no treatment. In view of this fact this field is gaining a lot of popularity across the world.

3--Deal with health related problems
Besides treating the psychological disorders, psychology has also been effective to cure those diseases which are casued by abnormal behaviour. The health psychologists treat various diseases which are the result of depression and other ill-behaviours. Moreover, recent discovery reveals that many diseases have no more causes than ill-thoughts. Such as the heart attack is a result of depression. Likewise, fear and other negative emotions cause many mental and physical problems. The psychology has helped a lot in treating such diseases by changing the pattern of thinking. A finding shows that those patients who are at their last stages of cancer have got more chances of prolong survival who get psychological treatment rather than medical. The reason behind this is that when they are urged to think positively, their internal immune system is stimulated which lets them to cope with their disease. In the same way their is a wide scope of psychology in treating various health problems by adopting different methods.

4--Educational and professional counselling
Now a days pschologists are very helpful in assessing the abilities of individuals. Every educational department has a counselling psychologist who helps student in their study-related problems. Furthermore, he assesses the aptitude of students and advises them to select the field which is most appropriate to them in view of their leanings. He also helps them to cope with stress and other problems which they face during their studies. Likewise, industries and other working premises have the counseling psychologists who assess that which individual is best for a particular job. Moreover, he helps the workers in their work-related problems. Similarly, every governmental department has a personality psychologists who assesses the personality of individuals to predict whether they are suitable for a particular job. This is one of the great importance of psychology.

5--Recent developments.
With the recent technological development, the pschologists are becoming more able to understand mind. The brain scanning enables them to undersand the physiological causes of various typical behaviours. They are making progress in developing more sophisticated methods thereby the control over and understanding of behaviour is becoming more easy. A research shows that the psychologists have started to find the ways by which the traumatic memories can be discarded. If they succeed, it will incredibly help those who undergo different catastrophe incidents, by removing the memories of their bitter past. But this all is just a beginning. A lot is still remaining to uncover the mysteries related to man's mind and behaviour. We are hoping that with the development of psychology much progress will come into effect for human prosperity.

[COLOR="RoyalBlue"]All respected members especially sara, fassi, shahreena, saba, tobabar, and others are requested to evaluate my attempt..[/COLOR][/QUOTE]
[B][I][COLOR="DimGray"]
Shakeel this is an astonishing attempt. There are some things like current trends and some old trends which you have not mentioned. I have attempted the question please look at that and compare it with your answer. Moreover, your this attempt is very good. And one thing more that is, try to make your own examples regarding the topics. So that examiner can understand clearly. I wish you best of luck for your upcoming attempt.

I give you 16/20

Thanks.....

Regards.....[/COLOR][/I][/B]

ssara

Thursday, September 20, 2012 12:57 PM

[QUOTE=sabaparvezz;481628][COLOR="RoyalBlue"][B][COLOR="Purple"]Q:2-Discuess the scope of Psychology and comment on the recent trends in Psychology?[/COLOR][/B][/COLOR]

[COLOR="Blue"][B][B][I][I]Scope of Psychology [/I][/I][/B][/B][/COLOR]
Psychology is a subject which has a very vast scope in accordance with prevailing scenario. This subject gives information us about the human mind and its function. Some time a people get tense, some time people get hurt and some time become crazy and disorder. These are the conditions of people in different periods. Some of them are natural and some of them are heredity problems. Long before the advent of science Psychology was becoming an important education. But its name was not Psychology. It was called Philosophy. Aristotle, Plato and other eminent philosopherers were using their own tactics for treatment. During the time of Sparta in Greece Philosophers was having their own strategies of psycho therapy. Whenever a people got tired because of certain disease. Then the patient was considered to be an evil. According to them a person become in suffer that means his/her god/goddes is not happy with him/her. Soon later, after the 16th century Psychology got good scope. Now Psychology has many sub departments. All subjects have their own specialization. Such as Psychoanalysis, Social Psychology, Industrial Psychology and many others.
[COLOR="Blue"]
[B][I]Psychology Resent Trends[/I][/B][/COLOR]
Presently, Psychology has been updated with the advancement of science. Science has given many methods in different subjects. In Psychology, now people can be scanned, they can be analysis by modern tactics. Modern tactics and therapies elaborate the people about his/her disordering. For example some people become tense, dippers, dimotivate, discouraged, emotional, disorder. These problems take place because of human thinking over some prevailing problems. Psychiatrists treat people from their behavior and their attitude that why a people become disorder. These causes can be justified with the help of psychology. Currently psychology has been advanced. Chromosome can be justified by psychologists. Harmonies and other disease are the part of psychology. And they can be seen and examine with Psychology. Because Psychologists and Pychotrists are very cloers to each other. Their working is different but am is same. Because when a people come under an immense disease. Then he/she becomes dishurt and surrenders his life in front of death. In such conditions, Psychology plays a vigorous role. Psychotists encourage the immune people so that they can live further days of their life happily.

[COLOR="Blue"][B][I]Psychology in Future[/I][/B][/COLOR]
Psychology will be a great subject in future. It will get good importance. Because of the prevailing consigns of the globe. Most of the people are becoming psychological patient. In Pakistan there are lots of Psycho patience because of preventing condition. But unfortunate there are very little number of psychologists. It can be said that in the future Psychology will be a compulsory in the School as a subject. So that students can decide about their future. It is true that so many students can not get their right path.Recently Psychology has found many tree branches. Each branch has own study plan.

This is my first attempt. Members please check my attempt and give me marks. So that I can understand that how much I am able to deal a question. And Point out my errors as well. I am thankful to the @ssara, @shakeelgori, @shahreenaa who give me good support for attempting.

Thanks.[/QUOTE]

[B][I][COLOR="DimGray"]Dear sabaparvezz first of all you are welcomed here for discussing and attempting the answers. your this answer is not bad. Dear first study your topic and then attempt it. Moreover, your effort is good.

I give you 10/20 Marks.

Regards......[/COLOR][/I][/B]

shakeel ghori

Thursday, September 20, 2012 03:29 PM

@dear sara and Shahreena..
Thanx for evaluating my attempt. I will try my best to utilize those suggestions in my next attempt which you people have given me. I acknowledge that my this attempt was missing many essential points. Actually, I had a lot of other work to do which made me less apt to pay focus on preparing that topic. Besides, due to lack of time, I wrote the whole topic very quickly which consequently made me unable to write as effectively as I should have. I am thankful to you people for pointing out my mistakes and making me realize about what was lacking in my attempt..

@dear tobabar
Thanx for checking our attempts and giving us marks. We shall be happy if your also send your attempt.

@Saba..
Your attempt is good. It is your first attempt therefore, the mistakes you did make a little difference. What you really need is to keep up sending your attempts with same enthusiasm. We shall try our best to co-operate with you. sara and shareena have given you worthy suggestions. Moreover, I am also going to recommend you few things: be clear in your approach, read as much as you can from different sources before attempting the topic, be careful about your grammar, and make outline of the topic before attempting it so that you can easily write down all essential points. I am giving you 11/20..
Notwithstanding the mistakes you did, it is highly commedable that you have done hardwork to attempt this topic. I assure you that if you remain in touch with us and constantly send your attempts, you will astonishingly improve your skills. DO NEVER FEEL ANY HESITATION IN DISPATCHING YOUR WRITTEN WORK HERE. Keep it in mind that we all are learners. I and other members have learnt many things from you. So, we shall surely be happy in helping you to our utmost.

@Sara
You are doing as usual: outstanding. Your topic made me to realize many shortcomings in mine. There was an organisation in you effort. Almost every thought was clear and understandable. You are imporving yourself rapidly. I hope that if you keep up edeavouring in the same way, you will be able to achieve you target. I will just urge you to never abandon your work. Your efforts are the source of encouragement for others. However, I would just tell you that somewhere in your writing I found some grammar mistakes. It can be presumed that these might be due to typing. Whatsoever, your expressions are gradually becoming eloquent with every new attempt. Just keep it up. I am giving you 18/20..

shakeel ghori

Friday, September 21, 2012 07:57 PM

[COLOR="Blue"]Q:3-Write down the structure and function of CNS and PNS? (20 Marks)
[/COLOR]

[COLOR="Blue"][B]1--Introduction..
[/B][/COLOR]Nervous system is consist of interconnected organ system that co-ordinates actions. It is responsible for controlling behaviour and adjusting organisms with their respective environments. Since humans at their most basic level are biological beings, many psychologists believe that the true knowledge of human behaviour cannot be had without having full understanding of nervous system. In view of this fact, the primary concern of almost every psychologist is same: to study the basis of brain and other parts of nervous system.

[COLOR="Blue"][B]2--Structure and function of nervous system..
[/B][/COLOR]
For the sake of better understanding the whole nervous system has been divided into three parts: neurons, central nervous system, and the peripheral nervous system. Although they are interconnected with each other--and perhaps different names of the same system-- for exclusively elaborating their functions and structure they are separately mentioned:

[COLOR="Blue"]@Neurons.
[/COLOR]Neurons are the fundamental elements of nervous system. They are the communicator of different messages in body. Basically, they are cells but the function which they play is essentially different from other cells. They have an ability of communicating with each other. As mentioned, they carry electrochemical messages within body; so in simple, we can say that they connect the all organs of body with brain. Each neuron is made up of axon, dendrite and cell body. The axon is a rod like structure through which electrical messages pass. The dendrites are the first site of receiving message from the neighbouring neuron which conveys it to the axon. the cell body is the part which plays essential role in keeping neurons alive: metabolism, protection from pathogenic invasion and so forth.
As soon as any change occurs in any part of the body, neurons carry signals to the brain which subsequently sends messages for appropriate response. However, one thing should be noted that they alone are not responsible for communication within body. Endocrine system which releases harmones has also the same function of carrying messages from body to brain and vice versa..

Nervous system has been divided into two parts: central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

[COLOR="Blue"]@Central nervous system.
[/COLOR]Central nervous system consists of brain and spinal cord. We shall disucss them separately.

[COLOR="Olive"]Brain.
[/COLOR]Brain is the command centre of entire body. As far as its basic structure and functions are concerned, it would not be wrong to say that nothing may be more miraculous in this world than brain. It consists of billions of neurons. Although, it has happened very recently that the scientists are able to understand the basic structure and chemistry of brain through modern equipments, the functions brain plays in our life are in our knowledge for a long time. It helps the body to respond to the information it receives from senses and other parts of body. On the basis of its functions brain is divided into several parts each of which plays a specific role. For example, hypothalamus regulates hunger and thirst. At the same time, it also helps body to maintain its temperature within suitable limits. Limbic system, another part of brain, is responsible for various emotional responses and consolidation of memory. In short, every specific area of brain has a particular function in regulating our behaviour. For elaborating more the role of brain in our life we can take an example. When a light of specific colour strikes with our eye, we cannot see it. Thereafter it reaches to our retina, we still cannot see it. Light passes through nerve cells, and even at that stage we don't see the light. It is only when it reaches to the brain which interprets it and gives us concious signal, that we are able to see it. Our every move, action, emotion, thought, sensation, perception depends on the co-ordination of brain.

[COLOR="Olive"]Spinal cord.
[/COLOR]Second part of central nervous system is spinal cord. It is a bundle of neurons that stems (leaves) from brain and runs down the length of the back. The primary function of spinal cord is that it serves as a channel between brain and the rest of the body. It connects all the body parts with brain except the parts above the neck. Messages from various organs first reach to the spinal cord which then transport those messages to the brain. The brain decides a particular response and then sends that signal to the concerned part of the body through spinal cord. The proof of this fact can be ascertained when in certain accidents spinal cord gets injured which results in the inactivity of lower part of the body to function (to move). It happens simply because owing to injury spinal cord becomes unable to serve as a connector between brain and specific body part.
However, the spinal cord is not just a communication channel. It also controls some simple behaviours on its own, without any help from the brain. In such cases, an immediate response is required so it does act on its own without taking any help from brain. For example, when we unintentionally touch a hot object, the sudden act of pulling back the hand is govern by spinal cord. Such responses are known reflex actions. While concluding the discussion about spinal cord, it is appropriate to keep in mind that after brain it is most important part of nervous system.

[COLOR="Blue"]@Peripheral nervous system.
[/COLOR]The peripheral nervous system consists of all the parts of nervous system other than brain and spinal cord. Peripheral nervous system connects the sense organs, muscles, glands and other organs with central nervous system (i.e with brain and spinal cord). The major role in peripheral system is of neurons which communicates signals to the spinal cord, or in few instances directly to the brain. These neurons are of two kinds. Those which sends messages from body to brain are sensory neurons(also called afferent). Those neurons which carry commands of brain to specific body parts are motor neurons (efferent). The peripheral nervous system is divided into somatic and autonomic divisions. somatic division involves in the control of voluntary movements such as muscle contraction, eye movements, and so forth. The autonomic division controls the organs which function involuntary without our awareness and are responsible to keep us alive such as heart, lungs, kidneys, blood vessels, glands and other likewise organs. The autonmic system is furthr divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic.
For making a distinguish between the two, it is adequate if we see that how the autonomic division of peripheral nervous system works in emergencies. When we encounter any threat or emergency situation, the very first response is of sympthetic division of autonomic nervous system. Its activation increases the heart beat, expands vessels, accelerates blood flow, enlarges the size of pupil (thus makes us more watchful) etc. These are the changes whcih are brought about by the activation of sympathetic division. These changes help us a lot to deal with emergency situations. When the negative situation passes away, the parasympthetic division starts its function. It sends signals to the excited body organs to come into their original state. From the last statement we can conclude that the parasympathetic division of autonomic division remains in play when the situations are ordinary. It overseas the various body fucntions which comes under its purview. Only in the emergencies the sympathetic division comes into play to enable us to deal with the emergency situation.

[B][B][COLOR="Blue"]3--Conclusion.
[/COLOR][/B][/B]From the above discussion, the role of nervous system in regulating our various body functions is almost clear. It does not only control those body functions which keep us alive, but also responsible for our emotions, thoughts, actions, hopes and aspirations. The branch of science which studies the basic elements of nervous system and their connection with human behaviour is known as neuroscience. With the help of modern equipment, the psychologist are now more able to understand the basic structure of nervous system and thus have produced many drugs to cure various psychological disorders having biological causes. The neuroscientists are making rapid progress in understandig human brain. But we know that much is still remaining to uncover, for the human brain is most complex and astonishing object of the world.

[B][COLOR="Green"]All respected members are requested to assess my attempt.[/COLOR][/B]

aamir042

Friday, September 21, 2012 08:10 PM

i have appeared for css 2012 and had opted psychology as my optional. My psychology papers went well. Just a friendly advise to people who are active on this thread. In paper you would be pressed for time as 35 min per question is not a lot of time. Therefore, try to curtail the length of your answer. Your attempt is good but you will not be able to write all that detail in 35 mins.

Regards,
Aamir

shakeel ghori

Friday, September 21, 2012 09:13 PM

@Dear amir
Thanx for your kind suggestion. We too know that, within that span of time which will be available during solving paper, one will not be able to write the whole of his ideas. But here we are just trying to improve our concepts and written skills. So, considering time is unimportant for us. We just try to define what ever we can. The length of our topic certainly will not be so, in examination. In exams one needs to be specific and straightforward. What is to write and what not is the matter of one's justification; and of wisdom of course.

10:34 PM (GMT +5)

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