Arms Control and Nonproliferation Treaties Futures?part one.
Rules must be binding, violations must be punished,’
What about last 8 years of Bush Administration Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaties law were through in Bin where was rule ,will you Mr., Obama going to bring Mr., Bush to Justice,’ The threat of global nuclear war has gone down but the risk of nuclear attack has gone up this is speech by USA president in Prague keynote speech on nuclear non-proliferation " Prague’s 1989 Velvet Revolution had ‘helped to bring down a nuclear power without a shot being fired,’ Mr., Obama.What about India,Pakistan,North Korea, and Iran will u bring them back in NPT treaties or …………..

While U.S. fears of a surprise attack derive from the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Soviet fears of a surprise attack derived from the Nazi invasion of June 1941. These interlocking fears led both sides to prepare for all eventualities: preemption, launch-on warning, and retaliation. in south Asia Pakistan did same fear of nuclear attack by India Pakistan got A-bomb, North Korea fear of attack by USA got A-bomb too, now Iran is going same fear of attack by USA and Israel he is determine to has a nuclear force.

The Obama administration must break this logjam—both with the developing world And with Russia—in order to effectively combat the nuclear threats of the 21st century. A renewed commitment on the part of the United States to reducing its nuclear arsenal,Along with a reinvigorated strategic dialogue with Russia, would bolster America’s Nonproliferation bona fides and enable it to reassume its traditional leadership role in efforts to strengthen the global nuclear nonproliferation regime.

USA president said in his speech , I will take the lead to work for a world in which the roles and risks of nuclear weapons can be reduced and ultimately eliminated." US President Barack Obama is to convene ambitious arms reduction talks with Russia that could see both countries slash 80 percent of their nuclear weapons, the radical treaty would cut the number of nuclear warheads to 1,000 each, the deal paves the way to replace a US-Russian strategic weapons reduction programmed which expires at the end of 2009.

A comprehensive nuclear-test-ban treaty (CTBT) is the oldest item on the nuclear arms control agenda. Three treaties currently bar all but underground tests with a maximum force equal to150,000 tons of TNT. The Natural Resources Defense Council states the United States conducted 1,030 nuclear tests, the Soviet Union 715, the United Kingdom 45, France 210, and China 45.The last U.S. test was held in 1992; Russia claims it has not tested since 1990. In 1998, India and Pakistan announced several nuclear tests. Each declared a test moratorium; neither has signed the CTBT. North Korea conducted a nuclear test in 2006.

The U.N. General Assembly adopted the CTBT in 1996. As of January 23, 2009, 180 states had signed it; 148, including Russia, had ratified. Of the 44 that must ratify the treaty for it to enter into force, 41 had signed and 35 had ratified. In 1997, President Clinton sent the CTBT to the Senate. In October 1999, the Senate rejected it,48 for, 51 against, 1 present. It is on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee’s calendar. It would require a two-thirds Senate vote to send the treaty back to the President for disposal or to giveadvice and consent for ratification.

The Obama Administration plans to seek Senate approval of the CTBT, followed by a diplomatic effort to secure ratification by the remaining states that must ratify for the treaty to enter into force.

Beginning with the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty and continuing through the 1996 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, there have been many treaties to limit or reduce nuclear weapons testing and stockpiles. The 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty has as one of its explicit conditions that all signatories must "pursue negotiations in good faith" towards the long-term goal of "complete disarmament". However, no nuclear state has treated that aspect of the agreement as having binding force.

Only one country—South Africa—has ever fully renounced nuclear weapons they had independently developed. A number of former Soviet republics—Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine—returned Soviet nuclear arms stationed in their countries to Russia after the collapse of the USSR.

The United States and Soviet Union began to sign agreements limiting their strategic offensive Nuclear weapons in the early 1970s. The United States is also a prominent actor in an international regime that attempts to limit the spread of nuclear weapons. This regime, although suffering from some setbacks in recent years in Iran, Pakistan, India and North Korea, includes formal treaties, export control coordination and enforcement,

U.N. resolutions and organizational controls. The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) serves as the cornerstone of this regime, with all but four nations participating in it. The International Atomic Energy Agency not only monitors nuclear programs to make sure they remain peaceful, but also helps nations develop and advance those programs. Other measures, such as sanctions, interdiction efforts, and informal cooperative endeavors, also seek to slow or stop the spread of nuclear materials and weapons.

Following 28 march 2009 agreement with Russia for new talks on nuclear arms, Obama proposed a series of steps to eventually eliminate existing nuclear arsenals. halting the proliferation of nuclear weapons to additional states and ‘a lock down’ on the material used in manufacturing atomic weapons, to be completed in four year’s time, As part of his plan, Obama wants to see the creation of an international fuel bank that would allow countries to access ‘peaceful power without increasing risks of proliferation’

Regarded as the cornerstone of the nuclear nonproliferation regime, the NPT divides the world into nuclear-weapon states and non-nuclear weapon states. The treaty considers China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States nuclear-weapon states. Every other country in the world is considered a de jure non-nuclear weapon state, even if they de facto possess nuclear weapons. Thus, India, Israel, North Korea, and Pakistan are
Considered non-nuclear weapon states under the NPT. Those four countries are also the only countries that aren’t party to the treaty.

Nuclear-weapon states:
Won’t proliferate to non-nuclear weapon states (Art I)
Facilitate the use of peaceful nuclear technology (Art IV)
Negotiate in good faith toward nuclear disarmament (Art VI)
Non-nuclear weapon states party:
Foreswear nuclear weapons (Art II)
Accept IAEA safeguards over peaceful nuclear activities (Art III)

Key nuclear weapons-related facilities of USA
(1)Bangor Naval Submarine Base, WA Trident SBLMs and nuclear-capable sea-launched cruise missiles. Houses an estimated 2,364 warheads.
(2) Barksdale AFB, LA B-52H bombers. Houses 940 warheads.
(3) Kansas City Plant, Kansas City, MO Manufactures and procures non-nuclear components for nuclear weapons. Employs ~2,900 personnel.
(4) Kings Bay Naval Submarine Base, GA Trident SBLMs and nuclear-capable sea-launched cruise missiles. Houses an estimated 1,364 warheads.
(5) Kirtland AFB, NM Home of the Air Force Materiel Command’s Nuclear Weapons Center (NWC). Houses an estimated 1,914 warheads.
(6) Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA Weapons design, surveillance, assessment, and refurbishment. Employs ~5,100 personnel.
(7) Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM Weapons design, surveillance, assessment, and refurbishment. Employs ~5,900 personnel.
(8) Malmstrom AFB, MT Minuteman III ICBMs. Houses an estimated 535 warheads.
(9) Minot AFB, ND B-52H bombers, Minuteman III ICBMS, and nuclear-capable advanced cruise missiles and air-launched cruise missiles. Houses an estimated 1,250 warheads.
(10) Nellis AFB, NV Houses an estimated 902 warheads.
(11) Nevada Test Site, Las Vegas, NV Supports stockpile stewardship and sustains U.S. readiness to resume underground nuclear testing. Employs ~2,200 personnel.
(12) Offutt AFB, NE Home to U.S. Strategic Command (STRATCOM).
(13) Pantex Plant, Amarillo, TX Range of warhead surety and safety services, along with pit storage and warhead assembly and disassembly. Employs ~3,200 personnel.
(14) Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM; Livermore, CA; Kauai, HI; Tonopah, NV Responsible for non-nuclear components and systems engineering. Employs ~5,100 personnel
(15) Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC Produces and manages tritium for use in nuclear weapons. Employs ~1,700 personnel.
(16) Warren AFB, CO, NE, WY Minuteman III ICBMs. Houses an estimated 170 warheads.
(17) Whiteman AFB, MO B-2 bombers. Houses an estimated 136 warheads.
(18) Y-12 National Security Complex, Oak Ridge, TN Fabricates warhead parts and components from special nuclear materials. Employs ~4,000.

The United States currently has an estimated 10,000 nuclear warheads inits total stockpile of which approximately 5,400 nuclear warheads are in the active stockpile: 4,075 “operational” weapons and another 1,260 warheads kept in “reserve.” The operational stockpile consists of around 3,575 “strategic nuclear forces” and 500 “non strategic (‘tactical’) nuclear forces.” The remainder of the weapons is in storage awaiting dismantlement. Strategic nuclear forces. A nuclear warhead is generally considered “strategic” if it is delivered using a long-range strategic delivery platform as part of a deterrence mission.

Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles or IcBMs.
America has an estimated 500 Minuteman III ICBMs, but plans reductions to 450. The ICBMs are located at three U. S. Air Force bases in five states: Minot AFB (ND), Malmstrom AFB (MT), and Warren AFB (which overlaps corners of CO, NE, and WY). These ICBMs carry an estimated 764 nuclear warheads, most of which are 20 times more powerful than the atom bomb dropped on Hiroshima.

Ballistic Missiles Submarines or SSBNS. The United States has 14 SSBNs, two of which are currently in overhaul. These are based out of Bangor Naval Submarine Base (WA) or Kings Bay Naval Submarine Base (GA). The SSBN fleet can carry 288 Trident II D5 ballistic missiles. Each missile, in turn, can carry six nuclear warheads for a total of 1,728 operationally deployed strategic warheads on the SSBN fleet—nearly 40 percent of the operationally deployed arsenal. The explosive power of these warheads ranges from eight times to 30 times more powerful than the Hiroshima device, depending on the warhead model. More than 60 percent of SSBN patrols now occur in the Pacific, compared to just 15 percent in the 1980s. The targets for these patrols are likely China, North Korea, and Russia.

Long-range heavy Bombers. Two bombers, the B-2 Spirit and B-52 Stratofortress, are dual-hatted for nuclear and conventional missions. America has 16 B-2s and 56 B-52s on operationalstatus, and another four B-2s and 38 B-52Hs are used for training, testing, and backup missions. The B-52s are stationed at Barksdale AFB (LA) and Minot AFB (ND), and the B-2s at Whiteman AFB (MO). The bombers can carry several different types of nuclear weapons, including some with a so-called “dial-a-yield” capability that enables the user to choose from a range of explosive yields. The explosive power of the air-delivered strategic arsenal ranges from less than the explosive yield of the Hiroshima bomb to 80 times as powerful. More than 1,000 strategic warheads are operationally deployed to the bomber force.

Non-strategic “tactical” Nuclear Forces. These are nuclear weapons intended for tactical use on a military battlefield. There are no binding international legal constraints on them. America has an estimated 1,290 non-strategic weapons, of which 500 are considered “operational” and ready for deployment. The remaining 790 are considered “inactive.” An estimated 350 warheads from the active stockpile are forward deployed on the territory of several NATO allies. The non-strategic arsenal consists of sea-launched Tomahawk cruise missiles and air-launched gravity bombs.

The NPR settled on 1,700–2,200 operationally deployed warheads, which marked a reduction of around two-thirds in the operationally deployed force. That figure was codified in a May 2002 agreement with Russia called the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty, or SORT. (Some senior officials, such as then-Deputy National Security Advisor Hadley, reportedly supported even deeper reductions, perhaps by several hundred, but were deterred by the prospect of a battle with then-Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld). 2001 NPR did great damage to America’s nonproliferation credentials. The defense department, which had responsibility for the public relations component of the NPR, had neglected to invest any time or energy into how the NPR results might be Received by the administration’s many critics.

Global Nuclear Stockpile from 1955- 2008
1955 USA has 3,057 warheads, Russia has 200, and Rest of world has 10.
1965 USA has 31,982; Russia has 6,129, and Rest of world 351.
1975 USA has 27,826; Russia has 19,055, and Rest of world 723.
1985 USA has 24,237; Russia has 39197, and Rest of world 1,085.
1995 USA has 12,144; Russia has 27,000, and Rest of world 1200.
2005 USA has 10,295; Russia has 17,000, and Rest of world 850.
2008-09 USA has 5,400; Russia has 14,000, and Rest of world 960.

U.S. ICBMS, 1959–2008
(1) Atlas D, Peak no. Deployed launcher type 30/soft, Dates Deployed 1959–1963 Warheads yield, 1 W49/1.4 megatons
(2) Atlas E, Peak no. Deployed launcher type, 27/coffin, Dates Deployed, 1961–1964 Warheads yields, 1 W38/4.5 megatons
(3) Atlas F, 72/silo lift, Dates Deployed, 1962–1964, Warheads yields, 1 W38/4.5 megatons.
(4) Titan I, Peak no. Deployed launcher type, 54/silo lift, Dates Deployed, 1962–1964 Warheads yields, 1 W38/4.5 megatons.
(5) Titan II, Peak no. Deployed launcher type, 54/silo, Dates Deployed, 1963–1986 Warheads yields, 1 W53/9 metagons.
(6) Minuteman I, Peak no. Deployed launcher type, 800/silo, Dates Deployed, 1962–1974, Warheads yields, 1 W59/1 megatons
(7) Minuteman II, Peak no. Deployed launcher type, 450/silo, Dates Deployed, 1966–1990 Warheads yields, 1 W56/1.2 megatons
(8) Minuteman III *, Peak no. Deployed launcher type, 550/silo, Dates Deployed, 1970–2008,Warheads yields, 1–3 MIrV W62/170 kilotons & W78/ 335 kilotons
(9) MX/Peacekeeper, Peak no. Deployed launcher type, 50/silo, Dates Deployed, 1986–2005,Warheads yields, 10 Mirv W87/ 300 kilotons

We estimate that Russia has approximately 5,200 nuclear warheads in its operational stockpile and 8,800 in reserve or awaiting dismantlement, for a total of 14,000 nuclear weapons. U.S. plans for building missile defense sites in Poland and the Czech Republic provoked nuclear threats from the Russian military. Col. Gen. Nikolai Solovtsov, chief of Russia’s Strategic Missile Command (SMC), repeatedly stated that such a system would be a potential target for Russian nuclear weapons.

Strategic bombers. Russia’s inventory of long-range bombers increased by one Tu-160. Another may be under construction. Unconfirmed plans were reported for a fleet of 30 Tu-160 aircraft by 2030. Putin declared in October 2007 that the Tu-95 MS will also be
modernized.

Nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs). Russia has 11 Delta-class SSBNs of two types, Delta IV and Delta III, which are deployed in two of Russia’s four fleets. We estimate that these boats are equipped with 176 SLBMs carrying a total of 624 warheads. Russia aims to someday have six Boreyclass SSBNs, but the second one will probably not be ready until 2010.Each Borey-class submarine will be equipped with 16 Bulava SLBMs, which are not operational but will have a range of 8,000–9,000 kilometers (5,000–5,600 miles) and are declared by Russia under START to carry six warheads.

Nonstrategic weapons. Unlike other nuclear weapon states, Russia retains a relatively large inventory of nonstrategic nuclear weapons for delivery by naval vessels and land-based maritime aircraft. We estimate that approximately 698 of 2,270 naval warheads are operational for delivery by approximately 280 submarines, major surface ships, and naval aircraft. The warheads arm cruise missiles, antisubmarine rockets, anti-air missiles, torpedoes, and depth bombs

The number of nuclearcapable ships and submarines has declined from approximately 400 in the 1990s to slightly more than 100 today. We estimate that in 2015, Russia will have a total of 2,490 strategic nuclear weapons, a 20 percent decrease from today. This comprises 844 ICBM warheads (depending on future warhead loadings), which is a 47 percent reduction; 896 SLBM warheads, a 23 percent increase; and 878 warheads on the bomber force, a slight decrease

Russia’s nonstrategic warhead stockpile,in mid-1991, was approximately 15,000.Using this number as a baseline, , Russia would have an estimated 5,390 warheads in its nonstrategic arsenal today. Of these, we estimate that about 2,080 are operational for delivery by antiballistic missiles, air-defense missiles, tactical aircraft, or naval cruise missiles and torpedoes. 28 The remaining 3,310 weapons are in reserve or awaiting dismantlement. Of the approximately 2,000 nonstrategic warheads for delivery by aircraft, we estimate that roughly 650 are operational. This includes air-to-surface missiles and bombs for delivery by Tu-22 M3 Backfire bombers, and bombs for delivery by Su-24 Fencer fighter-bombers and possibly other tactical aircraft.

Key nuclear weapons-related facilities of USSR.
(1)Cold War name Arzamas-16, Current name -Sarov Established- 1946, Primary function(s) Weapons design and research, warhead assembly.
(2) Cold War name Sverdlovsk-44, Current name- Novouralsk, Established- 1946, Primary function(s) Uranium enrichment
(3) Cold War name Chelyabinsk-40 and later 65, Current name- Ozyorsk Established- 1947, Primary function(s) Plutonium production, component manufacturing
(4) Cold War name- Sverdlovsk-45, Current name- Lesnoy, Established-1947,Primary function(s), Uranium enrichment, warhead assembly
(5) Cold War name -Tomsk-7, Current name- Seversk, Established- 1949, Primary function(s), Uranium enrichment, component manufacturing
(6) Cold War name- Krasnoyarsk-26, Current name- Zheleznogorsk, Established- 1950, Primary function(s), Plutonium production
(7) Cold War name- Zlatoust-36, Current name- Tryokhgorny, Established-1952, Primary function(s), Warhead assembly
(8) Cold War name- Penza-19, Current name- Zarechny, Established- 1955, Primary function(s), Warhead assembly
(9) Cold War name- Krasnoyarsk-45, Current name- Zelenogorsk, Established- 1956 Primary function(s), Uranium enrichment
(10) Cold War name- Chelyabinsk-70, Current name- Snezhinsk, Established 1957, Primary function(s), Weapons design and research

Soviet/RUSSIAN ICBMS, 1960–2008
(1) R-7, Peak no. Deployed launcher type, 6/soft, Dates Deployed, 1960–1967, Warheads yields, 1/3 or 5 megatons
(2) R-16, Peak no. Deployed launcher type, 128/soft & 69/hard, Dates Deployed, 1961–1977, Warheads yields, 1/3, 5, or 6 megatons
(3) R-9, Peak no. Deployed launcher type, 23/hard, Dates Deployed, 1963–1977, Warheads yields, 1/5 megatons
(4) R-36, Peak no. Deployed launcher type, 210/silo, Dates Deployed, 1966–1979, Warheads yields, 1/20 megatons
(5) R-36, Peak no. Deployed launcher type, 120/silo, Dates Deployed, 1967–1978, Warheads yields, 1/8.3 megatons
(6) SS-9 Scarp M3 , Peak no. Deployed launcher type, 18/silo, Dates Deployed, 1969–1979, Warheads yields, 1/2.3 megatons
(7) SS-9 Scarp M4, Peak no. Deployed launcher type, 12/silo, Dates Deployed, 1970–1977, Warheads yields, 3 MrV/2.3 megatons
(8) SS-11 Sego M1, Peak no. Deployed launcher type, 990/silo, Dates Deployed, 1965–1979, Warheads yields, 1/1.1 megatons
(9) SS-11 Sego M2, Deployed launcher type, 248/silo, Dates Deployed, 1973–1990, Warheads yields, 1/1 megatons
(10) SS-11 Sego M2, Deployed launcher type, 220/silo, Dates Deployed, 1975–1990, Warheads yields, 3 MrV/220 kilotons
(11) SS-11 Sego M3, Deployed launcher type, 120/silo, Dates Deployed, 1975–1979, Warheads yields, 3 MrV/220 kilotons
(12) SS-13 Savage M1, Deployed launcher type, 60/silo, Dates Deployed, 1969–1979, Warheads yields, 1/430 kilotons
(13) SS-13 Savage M2, Deployed launcher type, 60/silo, Dates Deployed, 1976–1990, Warheads yields, 1/800 kilotons.
(14) SS-17 Spanker M1, Deployed launcher type, 120/silo, Dates Deployed, 1975–1983, Warheads yields, 4 MIrV/400 kilotons.
(15) SS-17 Spanker M 2, Deployed launcher type, 150/silo, Dates Deployed, 1984–1990, Warheads yields, 4 MIrV/500 kilotons.
(16) SS-18 Satan M1, Deployed launcher type, 148/silo, Dates Deployed, 1974–1982, Warheads yields, 8 MIrV/700 kilotons
(17) SS-18 Satan M2, Deployed launcher type, 10/silo, Dates Deployed, 1976–1980, Warheads yields, 10 MIrV/400 kilotons
(18) SS-18 Satan M3, Deployed launcher type, 30/silo, Dates Deployed, 1976–1985, Warheads yields, 1/20 megatons
(19) SS-18 Satan M4, Deployed launcher type, 278/silo, Dates Deployed, 1979–2005, Warheads yields, 10 MIrV/500 kilotons
(20) SS-18 Satan M5, Deployed launcher type, 30/silo, Dates Deployed, 1987–2005
, Warheads yields, 6 MIrV/400 kilotons
(21) SS-18 Satan M6, Deployed launcher type, 58/silo, Dates Deployed, 1988–2008, Warheads yields ,
(22) SS-19 Stiletto M3, Deployed launcher type, 360/silo, Dates Deployed, 1979–2008, Warheads yields,
(23) SS-24 Scalpel M1, Deployed launcher type, 36/rail, Dates Deployed, 1987–2005 Warheads yields, 10 MIrV/400 kilotons.
(24) SS-24 Scalpel M2, Deployed launcher type, 56/silo, Dates Deployed, 1988–2000, Warheads yields, 10 MIrV/400 kilotons.
(25) SS-25 Sickle, Deployed launcher type, 369/silo, Dates Deployed, 1985–2008, Warheads yields, 1/800 kilotons.
(26) SS-27 Sickle, Deployed launcher type, 48/silo, Dates Deployed, 1988–2008, Warheads yields, 1/800 kilotons.
(27) SS-27A Sickle, Deployed launcher type, 6/road, Dates Deployed, 2007–2008, Warheads yields, 1/800 kilotons.
(28) SS-19 Stiletto M1, 2 , Deployed launcher , 190/silo, Dates Deployed, 1974–1982 Warheads yields, 6 MIrV/400 kilotons