GROUP 1

1) Accountancy and auditing:

Definition:
Accountancy
The profession or practice of accounting

Audit:
fr. L auditus act of hearing, fr. audire
1: formal examination of an organization's or individual's accounts or financial situation
2: a methodical examination and review

Accountancy and auditing:
IntroductionThe systematic development and analysis of information about the economic affairs of an organization. This information may be used in a number of ways: by the organization's managers to help them plan and control the organization's operations; by owners and legislative or regulatory bodies to help them appraise the organization's performance and make decisions as to its future; by owners, lenders, suppliers, employees, and others to help them decide how much time or money to devote to the organization; by governmental bodies to determine how much tax the organization must pay; and occasionally by customers to determine the price to be paid when contracts call for cost-based payments.
Accounting provides information for all these purposes through the maintenance of files of data, analysis and interpretation of these data, and the preparation of various kinds of reports. Most accounting information is historical—that is, the accountant observes the things that the organization does, records their effects, and prepares reports summarizing what has been recorded; the rest consists of forecasts and plans for current and future periods.
Accounting information can be developed for any kind of organization, not just for privately owned, profit-seeking businesses. One branch of accounting deals with the economic operations of entire nations. The remainder of this article, however, will be devoted primarily to business accounting.
Examination of the records and reports of an enterprise by accounting specialists other than those responsible for their preparation. Public auditing by independent accountants has acquired professional status and become increasingly common with the rise of large business units and the separation of ownership from control. The public accountant performs tests to determine whether the management's statements were prepared in accord with acceptable accounting principles and fairly present the firm's financial position and operating results; such independent evaluations of management reports are of interest to actual and prospective shareholders, bankers, suppliers, lessors, and government agencies.

2) Economics

Definition

1- a social science concerned chiefly with description and analysis of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
Introduction
Social science that seeks to analyze and describe the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth. In the 19th century economics was the hobby of gentlemen of leisure and the vocation of a few academics; economists wrote about economic policy but were rarely consulted by legislators before decisions were made. Today there is hardly a government, international agency, or large commercial bank that does not have its own staff of economists.

3) Public administration:

Introduction
The implementation of government policies. Today public administration is often regarded as including also some responsibility for determining the policies and programs of governments. Specifically, it is the planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling of government operations.
Public administration is a feature of all nations, whatever their system of government. Within nations public administration is practiced at the central, intermediate, and local levels. Indeed, the relationships between different levels of government within a single nation constitute a growing problem of public administration.

4) Business administration:

Definition:Business administration: a program of studies in a college or university providing general knowledge of business principles and practices

GROUP 2:

1)Political science:

Definition

a social science concerned chiefly with the description and analysis of political and esp. governmental institutions and processes

Introduction
The systematic study of governance by the application of empirical and generally scientific methods of analysis. As traditionally defined and studied, political science examines the state and its organs and institutions. The contemporary discipline, however, is considerably broader than this, encompassing studies of all the societal, cultural, and psychological factors that mutually influence the operation of government and the body politic.

2) Agriculture
Definition:
The science, art, or practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock and in varying degrees the preparation and marketing of the resulting products

Introduction
The science or art of cultivating the soil, growing and harvesting crops, and raising livestock. The art of making land more productive is practiced throughout the world—in some areas by methods not far removed from the conditions of several thousands of years ago and in other areas, with the aid of science and mechanization, as a highly commercial type of endeavor. Agriculture still drafts into its service more of the world's aggregate manpower than all other occupations combined.

3) Forestry
Definition
The science of developing, caring for, or cultivating forests
2: the management of growing timber

Introduction
The management of forested land, together with associated waters and wasteland, primarily for harvesting timber. To a large degree, modern forestry has evolved in parallel with the movement to conserve natural resources. As a consequence, professional foresters have increasingly become involved in activities related to the conservation of soil, water, and wildlife resources and to recreation.

4) Sociology
definition
1 : the science of society, social institutions, and social relationships ; specif: the systematic study of the development, structure, interaction, and collective behavior of organized groups of human beings
2 : the scientific analysis of a social institution as a functioning whole and as it relates to the rest of society

Introduction
a social science that studies human societies, their interactions, and the processes that preserve and change them. It does this by examining the dynamics of constituent parts of societies such as institutions, communities, populations, and gender, racial, or age groups. Sociology also studies social status or stratification, social movements, and social change, as well as societal disorder in the form of crime, deviance, and revolution.

5)Journalism
Definition
1 a: the collection and editing of news for presentation through the media
b : the public press
c : an academic study concerned with the collection and editing of news or the management of a news medium
2 a : writing designed for publication in a newspaper or magazine
b : writing characterized by a direct presentation of facts or description of events without an attempt at interpretation
c : writing designed to appeal to current popular taste or public interest

Introduction
The collection, preparation, and distribution of news and related commentary and feature materials through such media as pamphlets, newsletters, newspapers, magazines, radio, motion pictures, television, and books. The word journalism was originally applied to the reportage of current events in printed form, specifically newspapers, but with the advent of radio and television in the 20th century, the use of the term has broadened to include all printed and electronic communication dealing with current affairs.

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_____________________________________________

A Man Would Do Nothing,
If He Waited Until He
Could Do It So Well
That No One Would Find Fault
With What He Has Done.

GROUP 3

1) Mathematics
The science of structure, order, and relation that has evolved from elemental practices of counting, measuring, and describing the shapes of objects. It deals with logical reasoning and quantitative calculation, and its development has involved an increasing degree of idealization and abstraction of its subject matter. Since the 17th century, mathematics has been an indispensable adjunct to the physical sciences and technology, and in more recent times it has assumed a similar role in the quantitative aspects of the life sciences.
In many cultures—under the stimulus of the needs of practical pursuits, such as commerce and agriculture—mathematics has developed far beyond basic counting. This growth has been greatest in societies complex enough to sustain these activities and to provide leisure for contemplation and the opportunity to build on the achievements of earlier mathematicians.

2) Computer science
Introduction
The study of computers, including their design (architecture) and their uses for computations, data processing, and systems control. The field of computer science includes engineering activities such as the design of computers and of the hardware and software that make up computer systems. It also encompasses theoretical, mathematical activities, such as the design and analysis of algorithms, performance studies of systems and their components by means of techniques like queueing theory, and the estimation of the reliability and availability of systems by probabilistic techniques. Since computer systems are often too large and complicated to allow a designer to predict failure or success without testing, experimentation is incorporated into the development cycle. Computer science is generally considered a discipline separate from computer engineering, although the two disciplines overlap extensively in the area of computer architecture, which is the design and study of computer systems.
The major sub disciplines of computer science have traditionally been (1) architecture (including all levels of hardware design, as well as the integration of hardware and software components to form computer systems), (2) software (the programs, or sets of instructions, that tell a computer how to carry out tasks), here subdivided into software engineering, programming languages, operating systems, information systems and databases, artificial intelligence, and computer graphics, and (3) theory, which includes computational methods and numerical analysis on the one hand and data structures and algorithms on the other.

3) Statistics
Definition
a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of masses of numerical data 2 : a collection of quantitative data

Introduction
the science of collecting, analyzing, presenting, and interpreting data. Governmental needs for census data as well as information about a variety of economic activities provided much of the early impetus for the field of statistics. Currently the need to turn the large amounts of data available in many applied fields into useful information has stimulated both theoretical and practical developments in statistics.
Data are the facts and figures that are collected, analyzed, and summarized for presentation and interpretation. Data may be classified as either quantitative or qualitative. Quantitative data measure either how much or how many of something, and qualitative data provide labels, or names

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_____________________________________________

A Man Would Do Nothing,
If He Waited Until He
Could Do It So Well
That No One Would Find Fault
With What He Has Done.

Group 4

1) Physics
definition
a science that deals with matter and energy and their interactions 2 a : the physical processes and phenomena of a particular system b : the physical properties and composition of something

Introduction
Science that deals with the structure of matter and the interactions between the fundamental constituents of the observable universe. In the broadest sense physics, which was long called natural philosophy (from the Greek physikos), is concerned with all aspects of nature on both the macroscopic and submicroscopic levels. Its scope of study encompasses not only the behaviour of objects under the action of given forces but also the nature and origin of gravitational, electromagnetic, and nuclear force fields. Its ultimate objective is the formulation of a few comprehensive principles that bring together and explain all such disparate phenomena.

2) Geology
Definition
a science that deals with the history of the earth and its life esp. as recorded in rocks b : a study of the solid matter of a celestial body (as the moon)

Introduction:
Scientific study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, and history. The term geology is broadly inclusive and is often regarded as embracing all of the geologic sciences.
Geology is commonly divided into a number of subdisciplines: (1) those concerned with the chemical makeup of the solid Earth, which include the study of minerals (mineralogy) and rocks (petrology); (2) those having to do with the structure of the solid Earth, as, for example, the study of the relationships of rocks and geologic features in general (structural geology) and the science of volcanic phenomena (volcanology); (3) those concerned with landforms and the processes that produce them (geomorphology and glacial geology); (4) those dealing with geologic history, including the study of fossils and the fossil record (paleontology), the development of sedimentary strata (stratigraphy), and the evolution of planetary bodies and their satellites (astrogeology); and (5) economic geology and its various branches—e.g., mining geology and petroleum geology. Some major fields closely allied to geology are geodesy, geophysics, and geochemistry.

3) Geography
Definition
(from Greek gēo, “earth,” graphein, “to write”), the scientific study of the Earth's surface. Geography describes and analyzes the spatial variations in physical, biological, and human phenomena that occur on the surface of the globe and treats their interrelationships and their significant regional patterns.

Introduction:
Geography is one of the oldest subjects of study, and it has been called the mother of sciences. In the classical world geography had close ties with history (as in Herodotus) in attempting to describe what other lands and peoples were like or with astronomy and philosophy (as in Eratosthenes and Ptolemy) in trying to ascertain the size of the Earth and to locate places on it. Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), a German naturalist and geographer, was a key figure in the rise of modern geography because of his exact measurements, his careful recording of observations, and his mapping of significant areal patterns of human and natural features.

4) Chemistry
Definition:
1 : a science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of substances and with the transformations that they undergo

Introduction
The science that deals with the properties, composition, and structure of substances (defined as elements and compounds), the transformations they undergo, and the energy that is released or absorbed during these processes. Every substance, whether naturally occurring or artificially produced, consists of one or more of the hundred-odd species of atoms that have been identified as elements. Although these atoms, in turn, are composed of more elementary particles, they are the basic building blocks of chemical substances; there is no quantity of oxygen, mercury, or gold, for example, smaller than an atom of that substance. Chemistry, therefore, is concerned not with the subatomic domain but with the properties of atoms and the laws governing their combinations and how the knowledge of these properties can be used to achieve specific purposes

5) Botany
Definition:
a branch of biology dealing with plant life 2 a : plant life b : the properties and life phenomena exhibited by a plant, plant type, or plant group

Introduction
the branch of biology that deals with plants. It involves the study of the structure, properties, and biochemical processes of all forms of plant life, including trees. Also included within its scope are plant classification and the study of plant diseases and of the interactions of plants with their physical environment. Over the years various specialized branches of botany have developed, and the principles and findings of botany, moreover, have provided the base on which depend such applied plant sciences as agriculture, horticulture, and forestry.
The science of botany traces back to the ancient Greco-Roman world but received its modern impetus in Europe in the 16th century, mainly through the work of various physicians and herbalists.

6) Zoology
Definition

a branch of biology concerned with the classification and the properties and vital phenomena of animals
2 a : animal life (as of a region)
b : the properties and vital phenomena exhibited by an animal, animal type, or group —

Introduction
Branch of biology that studies the members of the animal kingdom and animal life in general. It includes both the inquiry into individual animals and their constituent parts, even to the molecular level, and the inquiry into animal populations, entire faunas, and the relationships of animals to each other, to plants, and to the nonliving environment. Though this wide range of studies results in some isolation of specialties within zoology, the conceptual integration in the contemporary study of living things that has occurred in recent years emphasizes the structural and functional unity of life rather than its diversity.

__________________
_____________________________________________

A Man Would Do Nothing,
If He Waited Until He
Could Do It So Well
That No One Would Find Fault
With What He Has Done.

Group 6

1) Law
The discipline and profession concerned with the customs, practices, and rules of conduct of a community that are recognized as binding by the community. Enforcement of the body of rules is through a controlling authority.

2) Constitutional law

Introduction
the body of rules, doctrines, and practices that govern the operation of political communities.

In modern times by far the most important political community has been the national state. Modern constitutional law is the offspring of nationalism as well as of the idea that the state must protect certain fundamental rights of the individual. As national states have multiplied in number, so have constitutions and with them the body of constitutional law. But constitutional law originates today sometimes from non-national sources too, while the protection of individual rights has become the concern also of supranational institutions.

3) Muslim jurisprudence,
Muslim jurisprudence, the science of ascertaining the precise terms of the Sharīah, is known as fiqh (literally “understanding”). The historical process of the discovery of Allah’s law (see below) was regarded as completed by the end of the 9th century when the law had achieved a definitive formulation in a number of legal manuals written by different jurists. Throughout the medieval period this basic doctrine was elaborated and systematized in a large number of commentaries, and the voluminous literature thus produced constitutes the traditional textual authority of Sharīah law.

4) International law
Definition
a body of rules that control or affect the rights of nations in their relations with each other
Introduction
Also called public international law or law of nations the body of legal rules, norms, and standards that apply between sovereign states and other entities that are legally recognized as international actors. The term was coined by the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832).
According to Bentham's classic definition, international law is a collection of rules governing relations between states.

5) International relations
Definition
a branch of political science concerned with relations between nations and primarily with foreign policies
Introduction
The study of the relations of states with each other and with international organizations and certain sub national entities (e.g., bureaucracies, political parties, and interest groups). It is related to a number of other academic disciplines, including political science, geography, history, economics, law, sociology, psychology, and philosophy.

__________________
_____________________________________________

A Man Would Do Nothing,
If He Waited Until He
Could Do It So Well
That No One Would Find Fault
With What He Has Done.

GROUP 7

1) Philosophy

Definition

1 a (1): all learning exclusive of technical precepts and practical arts (2): the sciences and liberal arts exclusive of medicine, law, and theology
a discipline comprising as its core logic, aesthetics, ethics, metaphysics, and epistemology 2 a : pursuit of wisdom b : a search for a general understanding of values and reality by chiefly speculative rather than observational means c : an analysis of the grounds of and concepts expressing fundamental beliefs
Introduction
(from Greek, by way of Latin, philosophia, “love of wisdom”), the critical examination of the grounds for fundamental beliefs and an analysis of the basic concepts employed in the expression of such beliefs. Philosophical inquiry is a central element in the intellectual history of many historical civilizations.


2) Psychology
Definition
The science of mind and behavior
The mental or behavioral characteristics of an individual or group b : the study of mind and behavior in relation to a particular field of knowledge or activity

Introduction
scientific discipline that studies mental processes and behaviour in humans and other animals.
Psychology is the science of individual or group behaviour. The word psychology literally means “study of the mind”; the issue of the relationship of mind and body is pervasive in psychology, owing to its derivation from the fields of philosophy and physiology. Psychology is intimately related to the biological and social sciences.

__________________
_____________________________________________

A Man Would Do Nothing,
If He Waited Until He
Could Do It So Well
That No One Would Find Fault
With What He Has Done.

thanks nice sharing

__________________
~It is possible to fail in many ways...while to succeed is possible only in one way.~

GROUP 8

Sindhi language

northwestern Indo-Aryan language spoken in the province of Sindh, Pakistan, and in the neighbouring Rann of Kutch and Kāthiāwār Peninsula in India. The standard Sindhi dialect is Vicholi. Kacchi, spoken in Kutch, is classified by some as a Sindhi dialect strongly influenced by the Gujarati language and is considered by others to be a transitional dialect between Sindhi and Gujarati. Sindhi is closely related to the Lahnda language spoken to the north. It has a large number of Persian and Arabic loanwords (because of centuries of Muslim influence) and is written in a variety of the Persian form of the Arabic alphabet. Hindus use a form of Devanāgarī writing. Little Sindhi literature was printed before 1920.

Pashto language
also called Pushtu, Pakhto, or Afghan, Eastern Iranian language spoken by the Pashtun in eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan. Its dialects fall into two main divisions: the southern, which preserves the ancient sh (as in “Pashto”) and zh sounds, and the northern, which has kh (as in “Pakhto”) and gh sounds instead. Written in a modified Arabic alphabet, Pashto shows strong Indian influence, many Arabic and Persian loanwords, and numerous archaic Persian features. It has been attested from the beginning of the 16th century and became prominent after the creation of the Afghan state in the 18th century. In 1936 Pashto was declared the national language of Afghanistan, and instruction in it is now compulsory. Dari is the other official language.
Pashto literature exists certainly from the 17th century, less certainly from the 11th. The national poet of Afghanistan, Khushāl Khān (1613–94), chief to the Khatak tribe, wrote spontaneous and forceful poetry of great charm. His grandson Afzal Khān was the author of a history of the Pashtun. Popular mystical poets were Abd ar-Rahmān and Abd al-hamīd, in the late 17th or early 18th century, and Ahmad Shāh Durrānī, founder of the Afghan nation, was himself a poet. The Pashto Academy publishes a variety of literary works.

Punjābī language
also spelled Panjabi, central Indo-Aryan language spoken in Punjab (around Lahore and Amritsar), an area now divided between India and Pakistan; to the west, modern Punjābī merges into the Lahnda language .Punjābī is one of the 14 regional languages recognized in the Indian constitution. In vocabulary it is very similar to Western Hindi. It has little literature and shows little borrowing from Persian, Arabic, or Sanskrit. Two alphabets are used: Lahnda, indigenous to the region and related to Devanāgarī; and Gurmukhi, devised by the Sikh Gurū Angad (ruled 1539–52) to be used for the scriptures of the Sikhs and now employed for general purposes as well. Earlier, Punjābī was transported to other regions in India and even to China.

Balochi language
also spelled Baluchi , or Beluchi modern Iranian language of the Indo-Iranian group of the Indo-European language family. Balochi speakers live mainly in an area now composed of parts of southeastern Iran and southwestern Pakistan that was once the historic region of Balochistān. They also live in Central Asia (near Merv, Turkmenistan) and southwestern Afghanistan, and there are colonies in Oman, southern Arabia, and along the east coast of Africa as far south as Kenya.
Balochi is a Western Iranian language that is closely related to Kurdish. Despite the vast area over which it is spoken, its six dialects (Rākhshānī, Sarawānī, Kechī, Lotunī, the Eastern Hill dialects, and the coastal dialects) are all believed to be mutually intelligible. There are an estimated 4,800,000 speakers of Balochi.

__________________
_____________________________________________

A Man Would Do Nothing,
If He Waited Until He
Could Do It So Well
That No One Would Find Fault
With What He Has Done.

GROUP 9

English language
Introduction
West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family that is closely related to Frisian, German, and Netherlandic languages. English originated in England and is now widely spoken on six continents. It is the primary language of the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and various small island nations in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. It is also an official language of India, the Philippines, and many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, including South Africa.

Urdu language
Indo-Aryan language originating in the region between the Ganges and Jamuna rivers near Delhi, now the official language of Pakistan. Numbering some 48,980,000 speakers in the late 20th century, Urdu is the primary language of the Muslims of both Pakistan and northern India.
As a spoken language, Urdu originally derived from Hindustani, the lingua franca of northern India before the partition of 1947. Although Urdu and Hindi arose from the same or very similar colloquial bases, their literary forms are almost mutually unintelligible because of the strong influences of Sanskrit on Hindi and of Persian and Arabic on Urdu. Grammar in the two languages is still nearly the same, however, except in instances in which literary Urdu adopts Persian or Arabic constructions. Nouns and pronouns show only two cases, nominative and oblique; the place of inflectional endings is taken by postpositions (similar to English prepositions, but following the object) attached to the oblique case. Urdu is written in a modified form of the Persian Arabic alphabet.

Persian language
Also called Fārsī, member of the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian language family; it is the official language of Iran. It is most closely related to Middle and Old Persian, former languages of the region of Fārs (“Persia”) in southwestern Iran. Native speakers thus call modern Persian Fārsī. Written in Arabic characters; modern Persian also has many Arabic loanwords and an extensive literature.
Old Persian, spoken until approximately the 3rd century BC, is attested by numerous inscriptions written in cuneiform, most notable of which is the great monument of Darius I at Bīsitūn, Iran. The inscriptions at Bīsitūn were generally trilingual—in Old Persian, Elamite, and Akkadian.
Middle Persian, spoken from the 3rd century BC to the 9th century AD, is represented by numerous epigraphic texts of Sāsānian kings, written in Aramaic script; there is also a varied literature in Middle Persian embracing both the Zoroastrian and the Manichaean religious traditions. Pahlavi was the name of the official Middle Persian language of the Sāsānian empire.
Modern Persian grammar is in many ways much simpler than its ancestral forms, having lost most of the inflectional systems of the older varieties of Persian. Other than markers to indicate that nouns and pronouns are direct objects, Modern Persian has no system of case inflections. Possession is shown by addition of a special suffix (called the ezāfeh) to the possessed noun. Verbs retain a set of personal endings related to those of other Indo-European languages, but a series of prefixes and infixes (word elements inserted within a word), as well as auxiliary verbs, are used instead of a single complex inflectional system in order to mark tense, mood, voice, and the negative.

Arabic language
Southern-Central Semitic language spoken in a large area including North Africa, most of the Arabian Peninsula, and other parts of the Middle East.
Arabic is the language of the Qurān (or Koran, the sacred book of Islam) and the religious language of all Muslims. Literary Arabic, usually called Classical Arabic, is essentially the form of the language found in the Qurān, with some modifications necessary for its use in modern times; it is uniform throughout the Arab world. Colloquial Arabic includes numerous spoken dialects, some of which are mutually unintelligible. The chief dialect groups are those of Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Egypt, and North Africa. With the exception of the dialect of Algeria, all Arabic dialects have been strongly influenced by the literary language.
The sound system of Arabic is very different from that of English and the other languages of Europe. It includes a number of distinctive guttural sounds (pharyngeal and uvular fricatives) and a series of velarized consonants (pronounced with accompanying constriction of the pharynx and raising of the back of the tongue). There are three short and three long vowels (/a/, /i/, /u/ and /ā/, /ī/, /ū/). Arabic words always start with a single consonant followed by a vowel, and long vowels are rarely followed by more than a single consonant. Clusters containing more than two consonants do not occur in the language.
Arabic shows the fullest development of typical Semitic word structure. An Arabic word is composed of two parts: (1) the root, which generally consists of three consonants and provides the basic lexical meaning of the word, and (2) the pattern, which consists of vowels and gives grammatical meaning to the word. Thus, the root /k-t-b/ combined with the pattern /-i-ā-/ gives kitāb ‘book,' whereas the same root combined with the pattern /-ā-i-/ gives kātib ‘one who writes' or ‘clerk.' The language also makes use of prefixes and suffixes, which act as subject markers, pronouns, prepositions, and the definite article.
Verbs in Arabic are regular in conjugation. There are two tenses: the perfect, formed by the addition of suffixes, which is often used to express past time; and the imperfect, formed by the addition of prefixes and sometimes containing suffixes indicating number and gender, which is often used for expressing present or future time. In addition to the two tenses, there are imperative forms, an active participle, a passive participle, and a verbal noun. Verbs are inflected for three persons, three numbers (singular, dual, plural), and two genders. In Classical Arabic there is no dual form and no gender differentiation in the first person, and the modern dialects have lost all dual forms. The Classical language also has forms for the passive voice.
There are three cases (nominative, genitive, and accusative) in the declensional system of Classical Arabic nouns; however, nouns are no longer declined in the modern dialects. Pronouns occur both as suffixes and as independent words.

Bengali language
Bengali Bānglā eastern Indo-Aryan language spoken in Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. Two Bengali dialects are significant: Sādhu-Bhāsā, the literary language, which has a vocabulary with many Sanskrit words and is unintelligible to the uneducated; and Calit-Bhāsā, the colloquial speech, which has many contracted forms. Calit-Bhāsā is spoken by the educated Bengalis as well as by the common people; it is based on the dialect of Calcutta and surrounding districts.
Bengali has preserved case inflection for nouns and pronouns, although western Indo-Aryan languages such as Hindī have tended to lose them. Bengali distinguishes four to six cases, depending on whether the word inflected represents a rational or a nonrational being or thing. Associated with this usage, the singular verb form is used only when familiarity or contempt is intended by the speaker or, in the third-person form, when a nonrational being or object is spoken of.
Bengali, the language of the world-renowned writer Rabindranath Tagore, was the first of the Indian languages to develop Western secular literary styles, such as fiction, drama, and odes.

French language
French Français, Romance language spoken in France, Belgium, and Switzerland; in Canada (principally Quebec) and northern New England; and in many other countries and regions formerly or currently governed by France. It is an official language of more than 25 countries. Written materials in French date from the Strasbourg Oaths of 842.
The standard for French is based on the dialect of Paris, called Francien, which has been the official standard language since the mid-16th century. Francien has largely replaced other regional dialects of French spoken in northern and central France; these dialects made up the so-called langue d 'oïl (the term is based on the French use of the word oïl, modern oui, for “yes”). Standard French has also greatly reduced the use of the Occitan language of southern France (the so-called langue d'oc, from Provençal oc for “yes”). Occitan's major dialect, Provençal, was a widely used medieval literary language. Regional dialects of French survive for the most part only in uneducated rural speech, although the Picard–Walloon dialect of northern France and the Norman dialect of western France gave strong competition to Francien in medieval times, and Walloon is still spoken in Belgium. Other dialects are Orléanais, Bourbonnais, Champenois, Lorrain, Bourguignon, Franc-Comtois, Gallo, Angevin, Maine, Poitevin, Saintongeais, and Angoumois.
French phonology is characterized by great changes in the sounds of words as compared to their Latin parent forms as well as to cognates in the other Romance languages. For example, Latin secūrum “sure, secure” became Spanish seguro but French sûr; Latin vōcem “voice” became Spanish voz but French voix, pronounced vwa.
French grammar, like that of the other Romance languages, has been greatly simplified from that of Latin. Nouns are not declined for case. Formerly, they were marked for plural by the addition of -s or -es, but the ending, though retained in spelling, has generally been lost in speech. Masculine and feminine gender are distinguished but are usually marked not in the noun but rather in the accompanying article or adjective. Plural marking in spoken French is often similarly distinguished. The verb in French is conjugated for three persons, singular and plural, but again, although distinguished in spelling, several of these forms are pronounced identically. French has verb forms for indicative, imperative, and subjunctive moods; preterite, imperfect, present, future, and conditional, and a variety of perfect and progressive tenses; and passive and reflexive constructions.

The above cited material has been retrieved from:
Encyclopoedia Brittanica 2007
Note: additions and corrections are welcomed.

__________________
_____________________________________________

A Man Would Do Nothing,
If He Waited Until He
Could Do It So Well
That No One Would Find Fault
With What He Has Done.

@gr8khali
thanks bro. for heeding to it!

__________________
_____________________________________________

A Man Would Do Nothing,
If He Waited Until He
Could Do It So Well
That No One Would Find Fault
With What He Has Done.