Four big terms in statistics are population, sample, parameter, and statistic:

A population is the entire group of individuals you want to study, and a sample is a subset of that group.

A parameter is a quantitative characteristic of the population that you’re interested in estimating or testing (such as a population mean or proportion).

A statistic is a quantitative characteristic of a sample that often helps estimate or test the population parameter (such as a sample mean or proportion).
Descriptive statistics are single results you get when you analyze a set of data — for example, the sample mean, median, standard deviation, correlation, regression line, margin of error, and test statistic.
Statistical inference refers to using your data (and its descriptive statistics) to make conclusions about the population. Major types of inference include regression, confidence intervals, and hypothesis tests.


Types of data:
Qualitative & Quantitative

Qualitative data is information about qualities; information that can't actually be measured. Some examples of qualitative data are the softness of your skin, the grace with which you run, and the color of your eyes.


continuous data is quantitative data that can be measured.
it has an infinite number of possible values within a selected range e.g. temperature range.


discrete data is quantitative data that can be counted
and has a finite number of possible values
e.g. days of the week.

MBA/MPA

For economists, the word “utility” means:
A. versatility and flexibility
B. rationality
C. pleasure and satisfaction
D. purposefulness

According to Emerson: “Want is a growing giant whom the coat of Have was never large enough to cover.” According to economists, “Want” exceeds “Have” because:
A. people are greedy
B. productive resources are limited
C. human beings are inherently insecure
D. people are irrational

Promotion aims are
A. to present information to consumers as well as others
B. to increase demand
C. to differentiate a product
D. all of options


A good can be categorized as tangible or:
A. raw material
B. Commodities
C. intangible
D. services

Step which is not related to product life cycle is
A.growth stage
B.cash cow stage
C.maturity stage
D.introduction stage

Good at a place which is easy for customers to access is
A.product
B.price
C.promotion
D.distribution

In economics and commerce, products relate to a broader class of
A.marketing mix
B.raw materials
C.Commodities
D.Goods

Intermediaries that buy and resell goods are
A.merchants
B.sellers
C.a & b
D.none of these

Four P
A.1962
B.1960
C.1965
D.1970

Word "brand" is frequently used as a
A.customers
B.marketing
C.advertising
D.metonym

Metonym means: a word, name, or expression used as a substitute for something else with which it is closely associated. For example, Washington is a metonym for the US government.

Firm buy either wholesale from other firms or directly from manufacturer on agreement or is
A.c 2 c
B.a 2 a
C.a & b
D.b 2 b

C 2 C is Consumer to consumer
A 2 A Organization level or Network level means such as ERP system & accounting system
B 2 B is business to business.

Visual trade name that recognized brand is
A.logo
B.customer
C.sounds
D.slogan

When manufacturer, wholesalers, and retailers perform as a unified method, they encompass a
A.vertical marketing system
B.horizontal marketing system
C.power-based marketing system
D.conventional marketing system

Beginning of theory of marketing has their roots among Italian economist Giancarlo Pallavicini in
A.1958
B.1969
C.1959
D.1955

More instability in currency is called as
A.country risk
B.financial risk
C.currency risk
D.liquidity risk

Gold standard introduced in
A.1913
B.1990
C.1876
D.1944

Order cost is cost of the

A.executing order
B.processing order
c.opportunity cost
D.none of these

A bank is considered as a custodian and trustee of money is
A.Wadiah
B.safekeeping
C.a & b
D.Hibah

Earliest Islamic bank was established in Malaysia in

A.1980
B.1983
C.1982
D.1988

An agreement in which advance fee is made for commodities to be delivered afterwards on is
A.murabaha
B.bai salam
C.ijarah
D.b& c

Giving share of investor to customer on lease is the
A.basis of musharika
B.basis of diminishing musharika
C.basis of ijarah
D.basis of hibah

Islamic banking structure is based on
A.risk sharing
B.interest sharing
C.a & b
D.premium sharing

Portfolio Investment is dealing in
A.Same securities
B.Short term investment
C.Different securities
D.Don

Joint venture is
A.Not jointly owned by
B.Jointly owned by two or more firms
C.Acquired by firm
D.It is licensing

Idea of advertising efficiency initial come to prominence in the
A.1991
B.1990
c.1997
D.1995

@minahil
I called SPSC office but no one picked the phone. Did you or any one else have talked to them?

President: Mamnoon hussain -12th- age 77 - office 9th sept 2013 ( tenure completing on 9th sept 2018 )

P.M: Imran Khan - 22nd - age 65 - office 18th aug 2018

C.justice: Mian Saqib Nisar - 25th - office 31st dec 2016

Attorney G: Anwar Masood Khan - 34th - 25th aug 2018

Auditor G: Javaid JAhangir - 20th - office August 2017

Governor SBP: Tariq Bajwa- 19th- office 7 july 2017

DG ISI : Lt.Gen Naveed Mukhtar 21st - 12-dec-2016

DG ISPR: Maj.Gen Asif Ghafoor office 15 dec 2016

Chairman JOCS: General Zubair hayat - 15th - 28 nov 2016

COAS: Qamar Javed Bajwa - 10th - 28 nov 2016

CNS: Zafar Mahmood Abbasi - 6-oct-2017

CAS: Mujahid Anwar Khan - 19 march 2018

1st - redefined boundaries of Pakistan - may 4th 1974

2nd - Defined Muslims and decalred Ahmadis as non mulsims - Sept 7, 1974

3rd - Extended period of preventive detention - Feb 18, 1975

4th - Addition to seats of minorities and took back power from courts to grant bail to preventive detention - nove 21, 1975

5th - Widened scope of restriction of high court - sept 5 , 1976

6th - Retirement age set of Chief justice of supreme court at 65 and Chief jsutice of high court at 62 - December 22nd 1976

7th- prime minister to obtain vote of confidence - may 16th 1977

8th- Parliamentary to Semi-presidential form of government, powers added to presidency - november 18th 1985

9th- shaira law to be supreme law of land ( bill lapsed because assembly dissolved) !986

10th- interval period between national assemblies set to 130 days - march 29th 1987

11th- revision of reserved seats of women - 1989

12th- Speedy trial for 3 years - 1991

13th- Stripped power of president to dissolve assembly - 1997

14th dismissal of parliamentarians if they deflect - july 3rd, 1997

15th bill to impose sharia law as supreme law - 1998 ( did not passs)

16th increased term for appointed on quota system from 20 to 40 years -1999

17th reversal of 13th amendment - 2003

18th removal of presidential powers - april 8, 2010

19th take powers from Chief Justice of Pakistan for the appointment of ad hoc judges and transferred them to the Judicial Council of Pakistan (JCP) - dec 22, 2010

20th- about care taker government and free fair election - 14th feb 2012

21st- Speedy military trial courts - january 7 2015

22nd- qualification and procedure for the appointment of the chief election commissioner (CEC) and members of the Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) - 2016

23rd- extension of 2 years to military courts - 2017

Major military operations carried out in Pakistan against local and foreign militants in recent past.

Op Rah-I-Haq-1 ( swat valley and shangla district - 2007)
Op Rah-I-Haq-2 ( swat valley and shangla district -2008)
Op Sirat-i-mustaqeem ( khyber agency - 2008 )
Op Sherdill jointly launched with frontier corps ( bajaur agency - 2008)
Op Rah-I-Haq-3 ( swat valley and shangla - 2009)
Op Black thunderstorm ( Buner, lower Dir and shangla district -2009)
Op Brekhna ( mohmand agency - 2009 )
Op Rah-i-Rast also known as swat op ( 2009 )
Op Rah-I-Nijat ( south Waziristan 2009 )
Op Zarb-I-Azab ( north waziristan, Pak-Afghan border 2014)
Op Radd-ul-fasaad ( across the country - 2017 )

Op = operation

Shaikh Ahmed Sirhind

Sheikh Ahmed Sirhind was also known as Imam Rabbani Hazrat Mujadid Alaf Sani
Shiekh Ahmed Sirhindi was born at Sirhind on june 15, 1564, Was the Descendant of Caliph Hazrat Umar
Mujadid -Alaf-Sani means the one who brought revival of islam in 2nd millenium
Recieved Khilafat from father in Chistiya & Suharwardiya order
He was improsined in fort Gwalior beacuse of not offering prostation to emperor Jahangir
Emperor Jahangir set him free after two years and gifted 1000 rupees plus a dress
Sheikh Ahmed Sirhind stayed at the royal court of Emperor for 3 years before going to back to his area
Passed away on Dec 10, 1626


Hazrat Shah Walliulah Muhadis Dehlvi

Hazrat Shah Walliulah Muhadis Dehlvi was born as Qutub-ud-din on 21st feb 1703 in delhi
His father was Shah Abdur Rahim, who was incharge of compilation of fatwa-i-alamgiri
Shah Waliullah is regarded as the father of modern muslim india
He asked help from Ahmed Shah Abdali against Maratha's which led to the 3rd battle of Panipat 1761
Shah translated Holy Quran to Persian and later his two sons translated it into urdu language
Shah wrote 50 books, famous is Hujjat-ul-baligha
Passed away on August 20, 1762




Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi

Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi was born on 29th November 1786 into a Rai Barely family
started as a Sawar in the service of Nawab of tonk and left tonk when it was declared Dar-ul-Hard by Shah Abdul Aziz
Was a disciple of Shah Walliulah's son Shah Abdul Aziz & took Bait in 1807
Syed Ahmed's objectives were to create a islamic state, thus started an armed struggle, 1st battle was at Akora on 21st dec 1826



Fraizi Movement

Haji Shariatullah was born in 1781 in shamail, Faridpur District
Left for Hijaz ( arabia ) in 1799 and came back ion 1820
he started Fraizi movement to give up un-Islamic practices and act upon their duties as Muslims
He was inspired by Sheikh abdul Wahabi, who stared Wahabi movement in arabia
Passed away in 1840
His son Muhammad Mohsin, known as Dadhu Mian, succeeded Haji Shariatullah
During the revolt of 1857, he was put under arrest for organizing the peasants of Faridpur districts against the British government. He died in 1860.
Mir Nasir Ali was known as titu Mir, born in 1782.
Titu Mir was able to defeat Krishna Deva and set up government.
In 1831, Titu Mir died fighting the British forces.



Aligarh Movement

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was born in delhi on 17 oct 1817
Maternal Grandfather was prime minister in mughal court for 8 years
Sir syed Joined Govt Service in 1838, Became munsif in 1841 @ fatehpur sikri, Chief Judge in 1846 @ Delhi
He was appointed as a member of imperial council in 1877 & Knighted in 1888
in 1859 sir syed started a school at muradabad, 2nd school was at Ghazipur 1863 & 3rd school at Aligarh in 1875
MAO school started at aligarh was promoted to college in 1877.
A scietific society was established by sir syed at Ghazipur in 1864
Muhammadan Educational conference was started in 1866
He died on 27th March 1898


Tehreek-i-Deoband

Started with Madarsah Dar-ul-uloom-i-Deoband at Saharanpur on 14th April 1866.
the idea was floated by Haji Muhammad Abid
Maulana Muhammad Qasim was the 1st Principal & Mulana Muhammad Yaqub as a Head Master
by 1931, Madarsah had 900 students across india
Jamiat-ul-ullema Pakistan was formed by Maulana thanvi
Mualan Qasim died on 15th apr 1880


Nadvat-ul-ulema Lucknow

Established in 1894 by Maulvi Abdul Ghafoor, Maulana Shibli Naumani and Maulana Abdul Haq at Lucknow
Established with purpose of imparting knowledge in western & religious studies
Regular Functions were started on 2nd dec 1898
Maulana Shibli was born in 1857 @ Azamgarh, resigned from aligarh in 1904 and later joined Nadvat-ul-ulema
Abdul Kalam Azad was a pupil of Mulana Shibli Naumani


Anjuman-e-Hayat-Islam

founded on 2nd sept 1884 in Masjid Bakan Khan, Mochi gate, Lahore.
1st president of the institute was Khalifa Hameedudin
To collect funds for the institute, a scheme Muthi Bhar Aata was launched
1st Girls school opened in 1925 & islamia women college in 1938



Sindh Madarsah, Karachi

Syed Hassan Ali Affandi Founded this institute in Bolton Market, 1885.
The institute was inaugrated by Lord Duffin
Sindh Madarsah Karachi was upgraded to Sindh Mulsim college in 1943.
Quaid-i-Azams will granted a sizeable portion to this institute, as he completed his matriculation here.

@aspirant I have been calling spsc number +92229200246,it's always busy ,when ring goes no one answers any update from your side?

No one is picking the phone. I tried all three numbers, seems like they are in deep sleep.

Yes bro @aspirant, now I'm thinking either to not take simple calculator or take it and ask invagilitor before beginning of the test