@ Urooj Zahra

In the very outset, I would like to congratulate you on your success in CSS-2008. May God always shower his blessings upon you. You are doing a great job and you'll get the reward of it from God. Insha Allah.

I have never written any essay by my own self. I just content on reading despite knowing the fact that its nothing without practising. But here is good news regarding my point of view, that I have changed it and soon but very soon I would post an essay here and I hope you definitely would check that. Once again thanks for your whole suggestions about "Essay Writing" which you made in aforementioned posts.

Hello everyone,

I hope you all are having good time writing essays I was occupied in some other work so I couldn't post anything new to this thread as I had scheduled. Today, I intend to give some tips regarding managing essay and making its main body well linked. The terms that are used to explain this strategy are called Hooks; reverse or transition. In the essay on terrorism that I am going to post next I've used transition hook only that we use from moving one paragraph to the next paragraph with different idea. Reverse hook is used as the first line of any new paragraph if the newparagraph is meant to further explain the points of the previous paragraph. However, we use transition hook as the last line of the previous paragraph that gives idea of what will be the theme of the next new paragraph. I hope you all got my point. If you find difficulty in understanding do let me know. I'll come up with different words to explain the same point again

Do take notice of the use of transition hook in the next essay on terrorism. I am going to distinguish the sentences of transition hooks with bold letters.

Few Points about the essay.

I have few points to make about the essay that comes to you next.

I wrote about Terrorism on the same outline that was developed earlier. I don't say that this essay is perfect and the only way of going about it. One always look for even better ways. As I am introducing new theme in every new paragraphs so I have only used transition hook; i.e the last line of the previous paragraph introducing the next paragraph. For disticntion I am making the font look bold. Also, due to shortage of time I have skipped the theme of one paragraph explaining the way forward. The points of this section are included in the outline but not in the essay. Watch out! I'm also giving the outline which was prepared previously.

I would stress that outline making should be well practiced and whenever you write essay start it with outline, then introduction followed by the remaining essay.

Topic: TERRORISM


Outline


A. Introduction
a. Terrorism as an issue
b. Implications of Terrorism
c. Thesis Statement

B. Probing Terrorism
a. What is Terrorism?
b. Various perspectives about Terrorism
c. Right demarcation between Terrorism and Not-Terrorism.

C. Terrorism an issue of Today
a. Today’s World and the menace of Terrorism
b. Is there any limit to Terrorism?
c. Picture of World without Terrorism.
d. Double standards of think-tanks about Terrorism

D. Exploring the Kinds of Terrorism
a. State-Sponsored Terrorism
b. Non-State Terrorism
c. Ambiguity about Freedom Fighter
d. Terrorism under religious cover.
e. Suicidal trend

E. Terrorism from the annals of History
a. From tribal feuds to colonialism
b. Warfare as eon of Terrorism
c. Examples of exploitation and violence from History.

F. Who are the Victims of Terrorism
a. The most recent episodes of Pre-emptive victims
b. So called guardian of peace as the perpetrators of Terror

G. Flawed concept of associating Islam with Terrorism
a. Setting the facts right
b. Terrorism Vs Jihad
c. Episodes from Muslim Ummah examples of Palestine, Kashmir etc.
d. Detailed case study of Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iraq etc.

H. Factors behind expansion of Terrorism:
a. Long-standing International Conflicts.
b. Double-standards of super-powers.
c. Role of extremism
d. Absence of understanding and study.
e. The great games.
f. Quest for economic and strategic depth
g. Nuclear proliferation.

I. A Way Forward.
a. Balancing the power equation.
b. Equitable resolution of Conflicts.
c. Promoting trust and understanding.
d. Bridging the gap between the West and the East.
e. Focusing on social issues.
f. Rationally normalizing the quagmire of danger-zones of the world
g. Finding economic resources other than oil
h. Taking responsibility
i. Protecting future generations from the malice of the World Wars.

J. CONCLUSION:


The image of world today is blurred due to bad aura of terrorism. Yes, Terrorism, a threat that exits. It is rightly the issue of today as it encircles human life and makes it liable to annihilation. The implications of Terrorism are far and wide and its solution still unfound. To traverse this issue for greater good it is necessary to probe this issue as it stands today, get detailed knowledge of its various kinds, supplement its study from history, sympathize with its victims, disassociate it with Islam, underpin its factors and to reach a valid conclusion devising a way forward.


To begin with the enterprise of probing terrorism; it is pertinent to elucidate it and clear its conceptual framework. This can be done in the light of its various definitions and perspectives. Terrorism is defined as: “the act of violence against innocent civilians by few to create unrest and instability.” This definition regards terrorism as brutality and aggression without any justification. A different perspective of Terrorism is given forth by defining terrorist as: “one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter.” While one defines Terrorism in these words it is pertinent that one doesn’t sabotage the fundamentals of justice, liberty and human rights. The freedom fighters of Kashmir, Kosovo, Cyprus, Bosnia, Myanmar and Cambodia are not to be confused with the terrorist agents that play as negative forces to destabilize freedom movements. Also, the forces that aim to disrupt the working of mandated governments and emerge as separatist movements with no justification but that of gaining political or economic foothold are to be condemned as terrorists. It is interesting to note that maximum episodes of terrorism are associated with the struggle for freedom or independence. In the framework of new world order Terrorism posses itself as an eminent threat


In present scenario the bells of terrorism are heard ringing in many regions of the world. In the time line of Terrorism September 11, 2001 inaugurates a new calendar. It is ironic to see that in the aftermath of 9/11 human beings are distinguished from terrorists and non-terrorists as those who are not friends of US and those who are; respectively. At this juncture it is of utmost importance to establish valid limits. It is essential to hold and justified that the victims of terrorism are not limited to the citizens of United States of America and the perpetrators of terror do not belong to the near environs of the both sides of the Tora Bora Mountains. The world is threatened by terrorism on equal footings and the allegiance of terrorists is associated with its only agenda that is to spread aggression for self-interests by creating confusion leading to further confrontation. Indeed, the terrorists all over the globe are working as a network channeled to expand aggression. The more they are distinguished through nomenclature and religious beliefs the tougher it would become to curb them. Unfortunately, the double standards of think-tanks and policies devised defaming Islam hence become detrimental to the anti-terrorist cause. These flawed policies are further alienating the people with each other who want to do away with terrorism and picture world free of terror. Certainly, to them the image of world free of terrorism looks like a Utopian idea and dream today. Still, such a spirit is required to look ahead towards peaceful human co-existence. Explanation of various kinds of terrorism would further assist in better rectification of the problem.

The instances of terror committed today are of multiple kinds. However, the bad name is earned by even those who are not responsible for its prevailing trend. In this respect it will be helpful if all these kinds of terrorism are explained and its true perpetrators are made responsible. First distinction which is required to be made is amongst non-state and state sponsored terrorism. Non-state sponsored terrorism is that in which terrorists are not assisted by any state but they work on their own agenda. A good example in this regard is the case of Kashmir. Due to Indian propaganda it is mostly taken for granted that terrorism in Kashmir is sponsored by Pakistan which is certainly not the case. Contrary to non-state terrorism one may rightly claim that the nature of terrorism in Myanmar previously Burma is that of state sponsorship; where military junta is brutally violating human and basic civic rights. Yet, another kind of terrorism; which is most rampant today is that of fundamental terrorism or the act of terror justified under the aegis of religion; particularly Islam and further encouraged through the proposition of faulty theories like that of the clash of civilization. There is substantial historical evidence proving how terrorism expanded over the centuries.

Terrorism is certainly not anything new. Aggression and oppression has victimized humanity right from the beginning. Only this is sad to know how the cards were turned, facts manipulated images molested and falsely interpreted to present such a picture of terrorism as it is portrayed today. The stories of by gone times open windows to brutal warfare based on tribal feuds. That was precisely terrorism without the role of religion. This way assigning Islam the responsibility of terror today is wrong. Early Islamic progress also supplements with enough proof of its peaceful nature. Also the responsibility of Crusades is falsely given to Islam. During the era of colonialism and neo-colonialism the policies of colonial masters itself generated events of Terrorism. The two World Wars is ample proof for that. Even if it doesn’t suffice then who can deny the reign of terror in France which is named after terror, 100 Years War, 30 Years War, wars of independence. In all these accounts one party certainly professes the terrorist agenda. Identification of the victims of terrorism is very important.


This truth is credited that post 9/11 scenario defined new victims of terrorism. These circumstances must not overshadow the real losers and victims of terrorism. Attack on the twin towers can not be justified in any account and the sympathy of every human being lies with each one of the victims of that event. However, making it a base of pre-emptive strike and victimizing millions of innocent lives across the globe is no solution to it. In fact through such regimen guardians of peace turn into the so called guardians of peace and the actual promoters of terrorism. Today, mainly the phenomenon of terrorism is to do with Islam due to wrong interpretations of ground realities.


At this juncture it becomes of vital importance to set the facts right by disassociating Islam with terrorism. This job can be done by people of both Islamic and non-Islamic beliefs if the standard of humanity is not correlated with religious identities. If religious bias still exists then improvement of this situation might be a difficult task. To undertake this mission it will be of help to make distinction between Islam and terrorism. The unique religion of Islam is blessed with divine principles; Jihad being one of them. Non-Muslims wrongly take Jihad as a threat to their survival. However, it is not to be denied that the essence of Jihad is to maintain peace. The fundamental of Peace is maintained superior in Islam. Jihad strengthens peace by defining limits to it in such respects as civilians must not be harmed, strike is never to be initiated, prisoners of war are not be mistreated or tyrannized, women, children and old people are not to be harmed, property, animal and fields etc are not to be sabotaged and above all only state should declare Jihad. From this definition one very visibly sees that no such thing is ever observed by terrorists. It becomes evident that Jihad and Terrorism are diametrically opposite to each other both in theory and practice. Whatever happened in Islamic history or whatever is done more recently is in no way associated with Islam. The real culprits of terrorism purposefully used Islam to cover up their heinous crimes against humanity. Islam ill-legitimizes suicide bombing another mode of action of terrorist elements. The condition of millions of Muslims around the globe is miserable; yet they are blamed as terrorists. There are countless examples from the Muslim world that are afflicted by the designs of terror in one way or other. In Palestine acts of terror are vindicated by Israeli lobby on innocent lives. This is a grievous situation that it is sponsored and backed by super powers that believe in pre-emption, hold dual standards and practice biased policies. The same way the real cause of liberation is reshaped through cunning designs of stake holders and ground is prepared for the germination of terror viruses. In the name of protection and vigilance such havoc was created in Iraq back in 2003 which see no signs of abatement. Many more Muslim countries like Syria, Lebanon, Libya, Jordan, Egypt, Sudan and Somalia are turned into shatters in the aftermath of wrong fundamental associated with terrorism. Some other Muslim countries strive hard to present their softer image and maintain it upheld in the quagmire of terrorism. Detailed analysis of the situation in Afghanistan and Pakistan speaks volumes of the reasons for surge in terrorism. The question is: Is cold war between the two super powers at the conclusion of last century not responsible for today’s terrorism? The bleak situation in Afghanistan, the turmoil in Pakistan, the threat to world peace, the phenomenon of Talibanization and the crisis in mid east are all due to wrong policies of recent the cold war rivals. Seeds had been sown then; yield is coming now. Identification of some other factors contributing to the expansion of terrorism will help in finding better solution to terrorism.

There are multiple factors that continue to lift up the graph of terrorism. From the case studies of long standing international conflicts pointed out earlier one may readily claim that these issues set the modus operandi of terrorists. Secondly, the irresponsible attitude of super-powers and major stakeholders in international affair give chance to terrorism. Thirdly, the encouraged souls and spirits of fundamentalism, religious fanaticism, Zionist or Islamic are the very aggressors. Fourthly, absence of research study, understanding and practice of co-existence are the other dimensions that give space to the horrific episodes of destruction. Fourthly, absence of research, study, understanding and practice of co-existence stimulated by tolerance are the other dimensions that give space to horrific episodes of destruction. Fifthly, the world stage has acquired the outlook of a chess board after covering phases of human evolution. This transition has resulted in various Great Games and New Great Games in different regions of world. These Olympic actions are also one of the many causes of terrorism. Like various other actions the driving forces of terrorism also include quest for strategic powers.......

(Use transition hook leading to conclusion)

Skipped to Conclusion:

By analyzing all aspects and implications of terrorism, it is evident that it is greater than all other problems faced by humanity. It shatters the dignity and the very existence of our society. Only a scholarly research announcing the repercussions of terrorism is in multifaceted ways does not clear the clouded history of human turmoil. Neither do the victims of terror gain salvation nor does Islam is stopped being blamed for aggression. Even now new avenues of terrorism are emerging. In the wake of everything war against terror can still be operated successfully and humanity can be given chance to pursue its way forward against the odds of Terror.

(In conclusion the idea of whole thesis statement is presented with different choice of words.)

You have got powerful vocubulary and also you have got the skill to use it as well

One thing I would like to ask about the transition sentences is that they do not seem to be connected much with the very paragraphs of which they are part. Is it ok?

Also I am waiting for your kind reply on the questions on the comprehension and precis threads...

Yes, they are not connected to the paragraph they are in. The give the idea of what comes next. I'll be able to post something on preci and comprehension section by tomorrow. I've only used the vocabulary that I come across the most. I'm just familiar with few words

I could not connect to net due to some reasons the last few days. It seems that friends are busy in last minute study because nobody else has contributed to essay or comp.

anyway, now after exam, we will continue InshaAllah essay practice....