Pakistan Affairs notes.....

[alihashmatkhoso]

TOPIC NO-1
EVOLUTION AND GROWTH OF MUSLIM SOCIETY IN SUB- CONTINENT

The Arabs came to the Indian sub continent as traders long before they came as invaders.
• Earliest contacts of Islamized Arab with Indian sub continent
Since the first appearance on the world stage, Islam has had close relation with sub continent
1. In the region of Hazrat Umar Farooq(R, A) (634-644), Sarafqi who governed Oman sent an expedition to Thana and Barouch without seeking permission of caliph.

2. Hazrat Usman(R, A) sent an expedition through Baluchistan into Sindh to gather information about the people of India.

3. Hazrat Ali (R, A) appointed Muahlib to pursue sub continent
• Muhammad bin Qasim and the conquest of Sindh
Muhammad bi Qasim was conquest Sindh in 712 A.D. al walid ibn abdul malik. The king of Ceylon (present day Srilanka) dispatched a ship to the governor of Iraq ; Hajjaj bin Yousaf . The ship was attacked by the pirates as it passed the mouth of Indus. The were seized by the pirates and the Arab merchants were detained. Hijjaj bin Yousaf asked Raja Dahir, to set the captives free and take action against the pirates. Raja Dahir bluntly replied that he had no control over the pirates. Hijjaj Bin Yousaf the decided to retaliate.
First two expeditions sent by Hijjaj against Dahir failed. He then commissioned his son in law Imdad ud Din Muhammad Bin Qasim, who at that time was at Fars (Iran), was reinforced 6000 men from Syria and other places.
• Muhammad bin Qasim recalled and post Qasim developments.
After the death of Walid Bin Abdul Malik, Suleman bin Abdul Malik succeeded him, New caliph recalled Muhammad bin Qasim to his country where he was executed in 715 A.D. Recalling of Muhammad Bin Qasim stopped the further advance of Arab army towards north and east.





• Muslim intrusion from the north-west

By the 10th century, many new principalities were conquered and ruled by the Turks who had been initially brought into the Arab Armies as slave soldiers. The Turks were central Asian people who after their conversion to Islam in the 8th and 9th century led the next wave of Islamic conquests.


• Ghaznavid Density

Ghaznavid dynasty receives its name from the city of Ghazni in modern Afghanistan. Alaptagin one of the most enterprising of Turkish officers was the founder of Ghazni. After the death of Alaptagin in 977 A.D his son in law Subuktugin ascended the throne of Ghazni.
• Subuktugin
• He deserve the footnote in the history for being the first Muslim to move across the Khyber pass into the sub-continent. After his victory, subuktugin did not established a foothold across the Khyber pass and returned to Ghazni.


• Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi, the idol broker
He became the king of Ghzni in 997 A.D after the death of his father Subuktugin. Between the year 1001 and 1025 he conducted seventeen campaigns in India. The most famous expedition od Mahmood’s was on the temple of somnath in 1025 A.D. The house of Ghazni fell into terminal decline with the death of Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi in 1031 A.D. However, thenks to sheer awe in which his name was held, the Ghaznavid dynasty managed to survive another 150 years.

• Critical analysis of sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi
• Hindu writers have described him as a barbarian who indulged in wanton crimes against humanity and civilization.
• Muslim writers present Sultan Mahmood as the champion of Islam and the idol breaker.
Sultan Mahmood contented himself with raiding the sub-continent. Rather he eyed the treasures of the land of Indo-Pak coupled with the added attraction of fighting the idol worshippers.


• Ghurid Dynsity


• Expansion of Muslim power from the Indus valley to India
2. Muizz ud din Sam commonly known as Shahabudin Ghuri captured the throne of Ghazni in 1174 A.D. he than laid his first raid into the sub-continent in1175 A.D capturing Peshawar, Mulatn, and Sindh. In 1186 Ghuri captured Lahore by defeating the last Ghaznavid king Khusru Malik bringing the Ghaznavid dynasty to an end.
Expansion of Muslim power from the Indus valley to India
Muhammad Ghuri became the first Muslim conqueror to move across the rivers of Punjab to fight the Hindu rulers for Delhi. His capturing of Bhainda angered the Chauhans and war became inevitable.
• First battle of Tarain
The battle B/w Ghuri and combined army of Rajputs led by pirthvi raj Chuhan took place at Tarain.in 1190-91. Ghuri was defeated and had to retreat to his bastion of Ghazni.
• Second battle of Tarain
In 1192 another battle took place b/w the armies of Ghuri and Pirthvi. This time Mamood ghuri eventually turned successful and Punjab was captured. After this Ghuri captured whole of the northern part of the sub-continent. He also moved south wards and captured Banars, Gwalior as wellas Rajhistan.

Mahmood Ghuri appointed his brilliant slave general Qutub ud din Aibak as a governor of Lahore and Delhi while himself returned to ghazni.
• Muhammad Ghauri an Appraisal.
He must credited for providing the Muslim with an opportunity of establishing permanent foothold in the sub-continent. After his death the Ghurid dynasty relapsed into insignificance but the dominations it had conquered in India were not lost to the Muslim; they were consolidated under the rule of Ghuris until 1857, there was always a Muslim ruler on the throne of Delhi.

Delhi Sultanate
The period from the death of Muhammad Ghuri in 1206 till the advent of Mughals in the Sub-continent in 1526 is known in history as a period Delhi sultanate


• Five Dynasty ruled on sub continent
(S.K.T.S.L)


1. Slave or Mamulak Dynasty (1206-1290)

The slave dynasty was founded by Qutub ud din Aibak who was credited with the establishment of first Muslim sultanate in the sub-continent. The rulers of slave dynasty were all the Turks.
Qutub ud din Aibak was succeeded by his son in law Shams udin iltumish in 1210. In the early years of his region he was faced threats from Nasirudin Qabecha of Multan and the khilji ruler of Bengal and Bihar, Ali Mardan khan. Iltutimish was able to subdue both khilji and Qabacha but the khilji threat did not go away and many years later they were eventually successful in taking over Delhi. Iltumish was succeeded by his daughter Razia sultana in 1236. She has the distinction of being the first female Muslim ruler of the sub-continent. Although a very competent ruler, her only disqualification was that she was a woman, thus she was unable to survive very long time and was murdered in 1240 and replaced by his half brother Bahram shah. Another famous ruler of this dynasty was Ghaisud din balbone , was a Turkish slave. He ascended the throne of delhi in 1266. And restored law and order. The slave dynasty ended when the khiljis appeard to take charge of the throne of delhi.


2. Khilji dynasty (1290-1320)

Dynasty was founded by Jalaludin khilji, at the age of 70. He was succeeded by his nephew Alaudin khilji who became the first Muslim ruler to conquer centeral and southern India. He died in 1316 and was succeeded by Mumbarak shah who proved to be the last ruler of the khilji dynasty.


3. Taghlak Dynasty(1320-1412)


Founded by Ghaisud din Tughliq in the year 1320A.D. He ruled delhi for five years and was killed in 1325 by his own son Juna khan or Muhammad Tughliq who became the ruler of delhi. In 1398, Timor invaded the sub-continent and decimated whatever came in his way.his invasion shook the Tughlaq dynasty to its core and ultimately in 1412A.D the Tughliq dynasty went into oblivion for good.



4. Sayyed Density (1414-1451)

Founded by Khizr Khan who appointed as a nominee by Timor to delhi. It lasted till 1451. And four Sulatns ruled Delhi during this time. Last one was Shah Alam who was happy to retire in peace after giving his authority to rule to Bahlol Khan Lodhi, the first Pathan sultan of Delhi.


5. Lodhi Dynasty ( 1451-1526)
Bahlol Lodhi was succeeded by Sikander lodhi. The last ruler of Lodhi dynasty was Ibrahim Lodhi defeated by Babur in the first battle of Panipat in 1526..


• Delhi Sultanate and Islam

Majority of saints and Sufi came to the Indian sub continent in the reign of Delhi sultanate. These Sufis played an important role in spreading the teaching of islam.

• Mughal Dynasty (1526-1857)
Mughals ruled India from the 1526 till 1857, founded by Bbur who had descended from the Turik conqueror Timor on his father side and from Mangol ruler Genghis Khan on his mother’s side


Rulers of Mughal

Babur (1526-1530)
Humayon (1530-1555)
Akber (1555-1605)
Jahangir (1605-27)
Shah Jahan (1628-58)
Aurangzab (1658-1707)

Factors contributing towards the spread of Islam in sub continent

• Arrival of mystics and missionaries

• Inter marriages

• Irresistible appeal of Islamic teaching
Monotheism, equality, tolerance, justice

• Financial aid to religious seminars

• Liberation from caste system

• Escaping from Jazya( poll tax)