Let solve journalism past papers
 

Let learn and teach journalism.This thread is created to share journalism Knowledge.

2. Is communication a reciprocal process? Comment in detail.
 

[B]CE-2013 - Q2. Is communication a reciprocal process? Comment in detail.[/B]

[B]Communication[/B]

[B]-Definition:[/B]
Communications is the exchange of ideas, knowledge, and information from one person to another. The word communication contains all procedures in which one mind can effect the another. This process not only contains the written and oral speeches but pictorial arts, facial expressions, gestures, postures and other behaviors which can effect the minds of human beings.

[B]- Important Types of Communication:

1-Verbal communication
2-Non-verbal communication
3-inter-Personal communication
4-intra-personal communication
5-extra-personal communication
6- one way communication
7- two way communication
[/B]
[B]Nature of Communication:[/B]
Communication process can be one way process or the two way process.
In one way process of communication information can be transferred form one party to another . It does not contain the acknowledgement, feedback or response.
[IMG]https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSw8KqJ84xlCv_lty_UKxna_f8PKke6rBkGNfcOOoux0hKx_8-Waw[/IMG]
In two way communication process information are exchanged not only from sender to receiver but key information are exchanged from receiver to sender too in the form of acknowledgement, feedback and response.
[IMG]https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQB7f6lLvXwACl3RbS7yE-URplrID589v0erYXYCDHP6LDHpIWF[/IMG]


[B]Is communication is the reciprocal process?
reciprocal process :
[/B]yes communication is the reciprocal process . Reciprocal communication is the effective communication process. It is the two way process of communication in which both the parties sender and receiver exchange the key information to one another.
In reciprocal process of communication two or more people communicate in reciprocal way. It is in contrast to the way in which only one party is able to express itself such as T.V and Radio broadcast.
It is the great range of communication which allows verbal and non verbal communication.
[B]Examples:[/B]

[B]1-Face to face communication:[/B]
Best example of the reciprocal communication is the face to face communication. Face to face communication occurs when two are more people gather together within a space and talk to each others like delivering of lectures in schools, colleges, and universities etc is the reciprocal ,two way process of communication. Business meetings in which conversations are made for making business decisions, is the reciprocal process of communication. in our daily life we see the people who are engaged in day to day activities and communicate in reciprocal way.

[B]2-Non-face to face communication:
[/B]on the telephone and cell phone two people talk to one and anther. similarly on internet online chat rooms people communicate .these all communication are the two and reciprocal process.

Q 3. Describe in detail the educational and news functions of journalism? (2013)
OUTLINE:
definition
significance of journalism
functions of journalism
I)NEWS role
a) provides information
b) acts as watchdog
c) voice the voiceless
d) acts as a mediator between public and authorities
II) educational role
a) creates public awareness
b) mobilises opinion
c) interprets facts
conclusion

[QUOTE=Qurban Ali Qureshi;650814]Let learn and teach journalism.This thread is created to share journalism Knowledge.[/QUOTE]

thanks a lot. atleast some one else too has shown interest in solving past papers.i am also trying to solve past papers of journalism.i will also upload outlines of other questions in coming days.inshaALLAH

[quote=qurban ali qureshi;651009][b]q2. Is communication a reciprocal process? Comment in detail.[/b]

[b]communication[/b]

[b]-definition:[/b]
communications is the exchange of ideas, knowledge, and information from one person to another. The word communication contains all procedures in which one mind can effect the another. This process not only contains the written and oral speeches but pictorial arts, facial expressions, gestures, postures and other behaviors which can effect the minds of human beings.

[b]- important types of communication:

1-verbal communication
2-non-verbal communication
3-inter-personal communication
4-intra-personal communication
5-extra-personal communication
6- one way communication
7- two way communication
[/b]
[b]nature of communication:[/b]
communication process can be one way process or the two way process.
In one way process of communication information can be transferred form one party to another . It does not contain the acknowledgement, feedback or response.
[img]https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:and9gcsw8kqj84xlcv_lty_ukxna_f8pkke6rbkgnfcoooux0hkx_8-waw[/img]
in two way communication process information are exchanged not only from sender to receiver but key information are exchanged from receiver to sender too in the form of acknowledgement, feedback and response.
[img]https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:and9gcqb7f6llvxwacl3rbs7ye-urplrid589v0eryxycdhp6ldhpiwf[/img]


[b]is communication is the reciprocal process?
Reciprocal process :
[/b]yes communication is the reciprocal process . Reciprocal communication is the effective communication process. It is the two way process of communication in which both the parties sender and receiver exchange the key information to one another.
[i][color="darkorange"]in reciprocal process of communication two or more people communicate in reciprocal way.[/color][/i] it is in contrast to the way in which only one party is able to express itself such as t.v and radio broadcast.
It is the great range of communication which allows verbal and non verbal communication.
[b]examples:[/b]

[b]1-face to face communication:[/b]
best example of the reciprocal communication is the face to face communication. Face to face communication occurs when two are more people gather together within a space and talk to each others like delivering of lectures in schools, colleges, and universities etc is the reciprocal ,two way process of communication. Business meetings in which conversations are made for making business decisions, is the reciprocal process of communication. In our daily life we see the people who are engaged in day to day activities and communicate in reciprocal way.

[b]2-non-face to face communication:
[/b]on the telephone and cell phone two people talk to one and anther. Similarly on internet online chat rooms people communicate .these all communication are the two and reciprocal process.[/quote]
what about intra personal communications-it is not between two people.it is the communication within oneself and reciever and sender are in the same person.

sadafnoorelahi yes intra-personal communication is the communication of one by oneself.
intra-personal is not the reciprocal communication. Similarly mass communication may or may not be reciprocal communication.

either communication is not reciprocal process

or
mass communication too is a reciprocal process
it has to be only one of the following.both can't go along

Q3.Describe in detail the educational and news functions of journalism.
 

[B][U][CENTER]Describe in detail the educational and news functions of journalism. CE-2013
[/CENTER][/U][/B]Journalism:
it is the profession of writing for newspapers and magazines and broadcasting of news through Mass Media.
it involves two steps:
1- collections of information
2- broadcasting and dissemination of information.
it is the mechanism of investigation,covering and reporting relevant issues, events and trends for the large audience of the broadcast ,print and online media like T.V ,radio and network; newspapers and magazines;and internet respectively.

[B]Educational functions of journalism:
[/B]educational functions involves two types of the education.
[B]1-Formal
2-Informal
[/B]
[B]1-Formal education
definition:[/B]
Formal education is the normal teachings and covering of syllabi in schools ,colleges,universities and other educational institutions Like Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics, IT subjects etc.

[B]Formal educational functions of journalism:[/B]

Formal education functions of journalism involves the teaching the audience through T.V channels Like the Virtual university ,which runs the T.V channels where students are being taught formal education. Similarly Some other T.V channels like Peace T.V contain the series of Speeches and Lectures by different Ulemah Specially Doctor Zakir Naik.

[B]2-Informal Education:
Definition:
[/B]informal education is informing the large audience and creating awareness among them through mass media.

[B]Informal Education functions of Journalism:
[/B]informal educations involves to create social, political and economical awareness among people through mass media.
[B]Social awareness:
[/B]-Different Islamic T.V channels likes Q.T.V, Haq T.V, Madani T.V etc. are creating Islamic awareness among the people. They give the Islamic solutions of different social problems.They impart knowledge of Quran and Hadiths.
-Different T.V channels like national geographic channel are imparting the
knowledge of science, also new channels are informing us about the business, political and social problems.
- some Film and drama channels which highlight the daily life issues and their solutions like drama on terrorism in which molvies in madarsas wash out the minds of the their students and prepare them for suicides attacks on the people gathering places.
[B]political awareness[/B]:
Different news channels that highlight the political problems. They negotiate and debate on political issues, government policies etc. The some shows on these channels in which political problems are discussed, their solutions are mentioned. incident of Skiander Hayyat in the Islamabad was clearly shown by these news channels and highlighted the weaknesses of the security policies of the current government. These channels highlighted the fake Degrees of MNA and MPA.

[B]News Functions of the Journalism:
[/B]There are Three news functions of the Journalism.
1- To Inform
2- To Educate
3- To Entertain

[B]1-To Inform:
[/B]To give the news of the social, political and economical issues, and whether conditions .Like giving the news of the murders, killings,suicides, attacks, injustices, floods, storms, currency rise and fall , stock exchange, political activities, government activities, whether conditions of different areas, brands, marketing, business etc.
For example . Nawaz Sharif became the prime minister of the Pakistan
target killer killed the five men in the Karachi. These news only contain the elements of information so these are the information for the audience.

[B]2- To educate
[/B]News of discoveries, inventions, progress and advancement in the field of science and information Technology, educational advertisements etc fall in the category of the educational news.
for example. Admissions date for the Lahore university. Scholarship announced by the H.E.C, new discoveries in the human body, plants,Solar system and earth.

[B]3-To Entertain.
[/B]These types of news contains the
1- Actors and actresses news
2-drama news
3- film news
like new film of shah Rukh khan will be released in end of this month ,in which he played the role of the 12 year child

sadafnoorelahi what do you think about my approach of solving questions and materials?

[QUOTE=Qurban Ali Qureshi;651115][B][U][CENTER]Describe in detail the educational and news functions of journalism.
[/CENTER][/U][/B]Journalism:
it is the profession of writing for newspapers and magazines and broadcasting of news through Mass Media.
it involves two steps:
1- collections of information
2- broadcasting and dissemination of information.
it is the mechanism of investigation,covering and reporting relevant issues, events and trends for the large audience of the broadcast ,print and online media like T.V ,radio and network; newspapers and magazines;and internet respectively.

[B]Educational functions of journalism:
[/B]educational functions involves two types of the education.
[B]1-Formal
2-Informal
[/B]
[B]1-Formal education
definition:[/B]
Formal education is the normal teachings and covering of syllabi in schools ,colleges,universities and other educational institutions Like Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics, IT subjects etc.

[B]Formal educational functions of journalism:[/B]

Formal education functions of journalism involves the teaching the audience through T.V channels Like the Virtual university ,which runs the T.V channels where students are being taught formal education. Similarly Some other T.V channels like Peace T.V contain the series of Speeches and Lectures by different Ulemah Specially Doctor Zakir Naik.

[B]2-Informal Education:
Definition:
[/B]informal education is informing the large audience and creating awareness among them through mass media.

[B]Informal Education functions of Journalism:
[/B]informal educations involves to create social, political and economical awareness among people through mass media.
[B]Social awareness:
[/B]-Different Islamic T.V channels likes Q.T.V, Haq T.V, Madani T.V etc. are creating Islamic awareness among the people. They give the Islamic solutions of different social problems.They impart knowledge of Quran and Hadiths.
-Different T.V channels like national geographic channel are imparting the
knowledge of science, also new channels are informing us about the business, political and social problems.
- some Film and drama channels which highlight the daily life issues and their solutions like drama on terrorism in which molvies in madarsas wash out the minds of the their students and prepare them for suicides attacks on the people gathering places.
[B]political awareness[/B]:
Different news channels that highlight the political problems. They negotiate and debate on political issues, government policies etc. The some shows on these channels in which political problems are discussed, their solutions are mentioned. incident of Skiander Hayyat in the Islamabad was clearly shown by these news channels and highlighted the weaknesses of the security policies of the current government. These channels highlighted the fake Degrees of MNA and MPA.

[B]News Functions of the Journalism:
[/B]There are Three news functions of the Journalism.
1- To Inform
2- To Educate
3- To Entertain

[B]1-To Inform:
[/B]To give the news of the social, political and economical issues, and whether conditions .Like giving the news of the murders, killings,suicides, attacks, injustices, floods, storms, currency rise and fall , stock exchange, political activities, government activities, whether conditions of different areas, brands, marketing, business etc.
For example . Nawaz Sharif became the prime minister of the Pakistan
target killer killed the five men in the Karachi. These news only contain the elements of information so these are the information for the audience.

[B]2- To educate
[/B]News of discoveries, inventions, progress and advancement in the field of science and information Technology, educational advertisements etc fall in the category of the educational news.
for example. Admissions date for the Lahore university. Scholarship announced by the H.E.C, new discoveries in the human body, plants,Solar system and earth.

[B]3-To Entertain.
[/B]These types of news contains the
1- Actors and actresses news
2-drama news
3- film news
like new film of shah Rukh khan will be released in end of this month ,in which he played the role of the 12 year child[/QUOTE]

awesome.you have an impressive way of answering and i am bound to acknowledge it.

q.4[B] Have newspapers lost their importance after the fast growth of cable television and social media in Pakistan? Comment. CE-2013[/B]
[B]Newspaper readership in Pakistan[/B]
A private market research company, MEMRB, estimates that, in 2007, approximately 14.6 million Pakistanis read a newspaper at least once a week. The % indicates those from the estimated 14.6 million reading the newspaper at least once in the past month.press in Pakistan is dominated by jang news.the most popular English daily is dawn news, founded by quaid-e azam mohammad ali Jinnah himself.

year 1997 2005 2006
language
sindhi 44 80 35
punjabi 0 (increased to 18 by 1998) 5
balochi 2 8
pushto 20 34

[B]popularity of newspaper in pakistan[/B]
According to the latest edition of the trivia book Top 10 of Everything 2011 by Russell Ash, Pakistan has the 10th highest newspaper circulation in the world!
We may not think of ourselves as newspaper reading people, but seems like newspapers do sell!
the general perception is that newspaper circulation has been pathetic in Pakistan but the numbers quoted in this book and taken from surveys of UNESCO put Pakistan at number 10 in the world in terms of the highest circulation of newspapers
[B]The role of newspapers in a new media world[/B]
All Pakistan Newspapers Society (APNS) decided to hold the South Asia Media Summit (SAMS) to celebrate 60 years of existence
The role of social media as a news outlet populated by multiple citizen journalists combined with competition among TV news networks to break the latest story, means that newspapers are no longer a primary news source.Newspaper circulation appears to be declining as a result of increasing competition from TV, radio and news websites on the internet. Reliable circulation figures for newspapers in Pakistan are hard to come by.
[B]statistics of F.B.S[/B]
According to the Federal Bureau of Statistics in Islamabad, the average daily sale for all Pakistani daily newspapers fell to 6.1 million in 2008, from a peak of 9.9 million in 2007.
In the context of TV, Hameed Haroon, CEO, the Dawn Media Group pointed out “many people feel that the electronic media’s presentation of news is more exciting so they don’t buy a newspaper,”
[B]CONCLUSION:[/B]
ALTHOUGH THERE IS A DECLINE IN THE READERSHIP AND SALE OF NEWSPAPER TODAY,BUT STILL THERE IS SUFFICIENT APPETITE FOR NEWSPAPER IN PAKISTAN

Q.7:Describe the socail and economic aspects of advertising
 

[B][U]Q.7: Describe the social and economic aspects of advertising. CE-2013[/U][/B]

[B]Advertisement:
[/B]It is the non-verbal form of communication for marketing, used to persuade,encourage or manipulate the audience (readers, viewers, listeners),usually paid by sponsors to promote specific products, services or ideas through mass media.

[B]Social and Economic aspects of Advertisement
[/B]
[B][COLOR="Blue"]Economic Aspects[/COLOR]:[/B]

[B]1- Effect on value of the products or services:[/B]
Why do some people usually prefer coca- cola over other cola? similarly why do people prefer iPod over some other brands? do they functionally better than that of other brands? no, not necessarily. Advertisement has given an added value to the products. Advertisement adds the values to the products and services by creating positive and good image in the minds of the consumers which helps in persuading and convincing the consumers to buy these product preferably .
Advertisement educates the consumers the uses of the products and services. It familiarizes the new features and traits of the product. For example the mobile phones were considered the necessity but advertisement highlighted the new trends and features of cell phones which in turn encouraged the consumers to by these phones .

[B]2-Effect on prices
[/B]As advertisement adds the values to the products and services. It means it also adds the cost to the products and services,true? and if the expanses of the advertisement are stopped then cost will be lower,true? not necessarily. Advertised products may adds the cost to the products but vice-versa is also true. Advertisement encourages the competition in the marketing which result in lowering the prices. Due to advertisement mass productions occurs and mass product in turn make down the aggregate cost of the products.

[B]3-Effect on consumer demands and choices:
[/B]Due to advertisement consumers prefer other products and services over the others. When consumers find new featured products then they use the products ,and other old products are demoted. It changes the trends of the market. For example if they were using the Nokia cell phone and they found new feature on other brands of another company then they use these new branded phones .

[B]4-Effect on business cycle:[/B]
Due to advertisement sellers get the massive revenues from the products which in turn helps in employing large number of people. it increases the pay rolls system. sellers use these revenues in the betterment of the products and services.

[B]Social aspects of the advertisement:[/B]

[B][COLOR="Blue"]A-Negative social aspects[/COLOR]:[/B]

[B]1- Deception in advertisement:[/B]
Criticism occurs due to deception in the advertisement by the sellers.
Sellers should show the real and actual image of the products. if the sellers show the deceptive, false or exaggerated image of the products then healthy and pleasant relations can not be maintained between the sellers and the buyers . As buyers will not be satisfied with the products what they saw in the advertisement and what they got after buying them.
This problem can be overcome if sellers create clear and right image.

[B]2- The subliminal advertising:
[/B]Ads used for advertisement capture and manipulate the consumers' minds in such a way that they even can not realize that their minds are washed and manipulated by the ads, and in turn they buy the products which they do not need. The advertisement agencies use tactics and procedures that persuade and control the mind of the consumers ,likes sexual messages. Consumers buy these products for greater status , social acceptance and sexual appeals.

[B]3- Effect on over values system:
[/B] advertisement uses puffing tactics ,endorsement from celebrities which affects on their emotions. consumer get ready to buy these costly products
which they can not afford because these products are endorsed by their favorite actors and actresses. consumer picks the harmful habits like smoking and drinking which ultimately affect their moral values.

[B]4- Offensiveness:
[/B]Advertisement may result into offensiveness because ads uses the sexual material like partially nude pictures which affect the children and other family members. consumer get offended due to these bad tactics used in advertisement and they habitat to buy these products. For Example ads of denin jeans in which a girl is wearing a short clothes and making sexual appeals.

[B][COLOR="Blue"]B-Positive social aspects of the advertisement[/COLOR]:
[/B]1- development of the society and growth of technologies.
2-emplyement
3-Gives choices to buy self interested products.
4-improve the standard of living.
5-Give information on social, economical and health issues.

New here
 

I just joined this prestigious forum, one of my optional is Journalism too. Plz tell me how much time requires for journalism. Thx in advance.

zohaib babar
 

[QUOTE=DevotedStudent;651601]I just joined this prestigious forum, one of my optional is Journalism too. Plz tell me how much time requires for journalism. Thx in advance.[/QUOTE]

If you give 3 hours on daily basis to journalism,then within two months you can easily prepare journalism.

zohaib babarn i am also a software engineer . what do you say about my approach of solving questions?

[B]Q.8: Press freedom and responsibility go hand in hand in a democratic society. Comment. CE-2013
[/B]
[B]outline:
- Press freedom
- press responsibility
- democratic society
- press freedom and responsibility in a democratic society
-conclusion
[/B]
[B]Press freedom:
[/B]Press freedom means freedom of expression i.e. freedom of thinking, writing ,speech and transmission of the information. Freedom of press ensures freedom of thinking and acting without any restrictions and pressures. The word "press " not merely means newspapers but also the broadcasting media like Radio and T.V too.

[B]Press responsibility:[/B]
There are two major responsibilities of press
1- To make ensure the flow of true, accurate and factual information for the masses about the social, political and economical issues.
2-To act as the "watchdog" by keeping eyes on the government official and institutions ,and other people in power.

[B] democratic society:[/B]
A democratic society is one in which people have the right to elect the their leaders of their choices. These leaders makes the government. These leaders work on the behalf of the people. This democratic society is free from the fears, harassment, and discrimination. In this society the media or press is free and law enforcement agencies are in power and judiciary is effective to make justice. This society give the protections to its people under the law and constitutions.

[B]-Press freedom and responsibility under democratic society:[/B]
Freedom of press and responsibility are main ingredients to proper functioning of the democratic process. Democratic society encourages the freedom of press and responsibility and accountability. it gives the protections to the Media or press under laws and constitutions which result in growth and empowerment to the democratic society. Responsibility of the press relies under the shade of the press freedom. in a democratic society press freedom and responsibility go hand and hand as the two hands goes where the body goes. if a democratic society encourages the press freedom then positive effect on the responsibility is created. if a democratic society challenges the press freedom ,it automatically challenging the responsibility of press too. In a democratic society press freedom lightens the corruptions, dishonesty,injustice , bad governance and wrong implemented policies and tactics by the government. it enables whether our social, political and economical system is administered honestly and impartially. Responsibility of press in democratic society on other hand ensures the provision of the true and accurate information flow to the democratic society which help in making informed decisions and difference between wrong and right by the masses. in democratic society freedom of press ensures the provision of the platform to criticize and solutions of the issues. Responsibility acts as "watchdog" in order to make ensure to the masses government official and agencies are acting in proper way or not.

[B]-conclusion:[/B]
at the last we should not hesitate to say that the press freedom and responsibility are the bases of the actual plant of democratic society.

more corrections and suggestions are encouraged by me in my solved questions from your sides .

zohaib babar
 

[QUOTE=Qurban Ali Qureshi;651613]zohaib babarn i am also a software engineer . what do you say about my approach of solving questions?[/QUOTE]

Good but try to solve it in further details.

zohaib babar can you give me further details of this question.

[QUOTE=Qurban Ali Qureshi;651613]zohaib babarn i am also a software engineer . what do you say about my approach of solving questions?

[B]Q.8: Press freedom and responsibility go hand in hand in a democratic society. Comment.
[/B]
[B]outline:
- Press freedom
- press responsibility
- democratic society
- press freedom and responsibility in a democratic society
-conclusion
[/B]
[B]Press freedom:
[/B]Press freedom means freedom of expression i.e. freedom of thinking, writing ,speech and transmission of the information. Freedom of press ensures freedom of thinking and acting without any restrictions and pressures. The word "press " not merely means newspapers but also the broadcasting media like Radio and T.V too.

[B]Press responsibility:[/B]
There are two major responsibilities of press
1- To make ensure the flow of true, accurate and factual information for the masses about the social, political and economical issues.
2-To act as the "watchdog" by keeping eyes on the government official and institutions ,and other people in power.

[B] democratic society:[/B]
A democratic society is one in which people have the right to elect the their leaders of their choices. These leaders makes the government. These leaders work on the behalf of the people. This democratic society is free from the fears, harassment, and discrimination. In this society the media or press is free and law enforcement agencies are in power and judiciary is effective to make justice. This society give the protections to its people under the law and constitutions.

[B]-Press freedom and responsibility under democratic society:[/B]
Freedom of press and responsibility are main ingredients to proper functioning of the democratic process. Democratic society encourages the freedom of press and responsibility and accountability. it gives the protections to the Media or press under laws and constitutions which result in growth and empowerment to the democratic society. Responsibility of the press relies under the shade of the press freedom. in a democratic society press freedom and responsibility go hand and hand as the two hands goes where the body goes. if a democratic society encourages the press freedom then positive effect on the responsibility is created. if a democratic society challenges the press freedom ,it automatically challenging the responsibility of press too. In a democratic society press freedom lightens the corruptions, dishonesty,injustice , bad governance and wrong implemented policies and tactics by the government. it enables whether our social, political and economical system is administered honestly and impartially. Responsibility of press in democratic society on other hand ensures the provision of the true and accurate information flow to the democratic society which help in making informed decisions and difference between wrong and right by the masses. in democratic society freedom of press ensures the provision of the platform to criticize and solutions of the issues. Responsibility acts as "watchdog" in order to make ensure to the masses government official and agencies are acting in proper way or not.

[B]-conclusion:[/B]
at the last we should not hesitate to say that the press freedom and responsibility are the bases of the actual plant of democratic society.

more corrections and suggestions are encouraged by me in my solved questions from your sides .[/QUOTE]

It is a very good piece of information . But examiner has asked other thing . Re-read the question which demands your reflection rather description of the fact .

[QUOTE=Qurban Ali Qureshi;651581][B][U]Q.7: Describe the social and economic aspects of advertising.[/U][/B]

[B]Advertisement:
[/B]It is the non-verbal form of communication for marketing, used to persuade,encourage or manipulate the audience (readers, viewers, listeners),usually paid by sponsors to promote specific products, services or ideas through mass media.

[B]Social and Economic aspects of Advertisement
[/B]
[B][COLOR="Blue"]Economic Aspects[/COLOR]:[/B]

[B]1- Effect on value of the products or services:[/B]
Why do some people usually prefer coca- cola over other cola? similarly why do people prefer iPod over some other brands? do they functionally better than that of other brands? no, not necessarily. Advertisement has given an added value to the products. Advertisement adds the values to the products and services by creating positive and good image in the minds of the consumers which helps in persuading and convincing the consumers to buy these product preferably .
Advertisement educates the consumers the uses of the products and services. It familiarizes the new features and traits of the product. For example the mobile phones were considered the necessity but advertisement highlighted the new trends and features of cell phones which in turn encouraged the consumers to by these phones .

[B]2-Effect on prices
[/B]As advertisement adds the values to the products and services. It means it also adds the cost to the products and services,true? and if the expanses of the advertisement are stopped then cost will be lower,true? not necessarily. Advertised products may adds the cost to the products but vice-versa is also true. Advertisement encourages the competition in the marketing which result in lowering the prices. Due to advertisement mass productions occurs and mass product in turn make down the aggregate cost of the products.

[B]3-Effect on consumer demands and choices:
[/B]Due to advertisement consumers prefer other products and services over the others. When consumers find new featured products then they use the products ,and other old products are demoted. It changes the trends of the market. For example if they were using the Nokia cell phone and they found new feature on other brands of another company then they use these new branded phones .

[B]4-Effect on business cycle:[/B]
Due to advertisement sellers get the massive revenues from the products which in turn helps in employing large number of people. it increases the pay rolls system. sellers use these revenues in the betterment of the products and services.

[B]Social aspects of the advertisement:[/B]

[B][COLOR="Blue"]A-Negative social aspects[/COLOR]:[/B]

[B]1- Deception in advertisement:[/B]
Criticism occurs due to deception in the advertisement by the sellers.
Sellers should show the real and actual image of the products. if the sellers show the deceptive, false or exaggerated image of the products then healthy and pleasant relations can not be maintained between the sellers and the buyers . As buyers will not be satisfied with the products what they saw in the advertisement and what they got after buying them.
This problem can be overcome if sellers create clear and right image.

[B]2- The subliminal advertising:
[/B]Ads used for advertisement capture and manipulate the consumers' minds in such a way that they even can not realize that their minds are washed and manipulated by the ads, and in turn they buy the products which they do not need. The advertisement agencies use tactics and procedures that persuade and control the mind of the consumers ,likes sexual messages. Consumers buy these products for greater status , social acceptance and sexual appeals.

[B]3- Effect on over values system:
[/B] advertisement uses puffing tactics ,endorsement from celebrities which affects on their emotions. consumer get ready to buy these costly products
which they can not afford because these products are endorsed by their favorite actors and actresses. consumer picks the harmful habits like smoking and drinking which ultimately affect their moral values.

[B]4- Offensiveness:
[/B]Advertisement may result into offensiveness because ads uses the sexual material like partially nude pictures which affect the children and other family members. consumer get offended due to these bad tactics used in advertisement and they habitat to buy these products. For Example ads of denin jeans in which a girl is wearing a short clothes and making sexual appeals.

[B][COLOR="Blue"]B-Positive social aspects of the advertisement[/COLOR]:
[/B]1- development of the society and growth of technologies.
2-emplyement
3-Gives choices to buy self interested products.
4-improve the standard of living.
5-Give information on social, economical and health issues.[/QUOTE]

There are more negative impacts of advertising : fashion craze , mass hysteria , consumer market , economic hegemony , Negative direction of cultural change , un-equal distribution of wealth , class disparity , crowd of followers vs lack of leader ship and selling of true stories to advertise mini/cinema screen . you can highlight movies and dramas too

[B][B]q.8 Press freedom and responsibility go hand in hand in a democratic society. Comment CE-2013
“liberty means responsibility. that is why most men dread it “George Bernard shaw[/B][/B]
[B]press freedom[/B] : liberty to think and express oneself i.e speech, writing and thinking .it also ensures the liberty to think and act without any restriction or control from outside along with the freedom of use of required devices and free press means.
[B]Press responsibility[/B]: press has certain rules of ethics and do’s and don’ts to follow. these are also called as canons of journalism.
[B]Interrelationship of democracy and press[/B]
Press and democracy are intertwined. while press is the voice of people, democracy is the government of people. Perling one will automatically endanger the other instituition. history corroborates the fact that the press of a time reflects the political structure of the country. it is believed that as in Pakistan, democracy has failed to flourish in the true sense of word, therefore the press too has suffered numerously.
[B]Dependence of democracy on press[/B]
Democracy is made possible by the flow of information. if the media is restricted, censored or hindered in any way then the populace would remain ignorant: of their rights and duties. this also reduces their ability to play a conducive role in the betterment of the society.
[B]Free press-ingredient of democracy:[/B]
Free press and electronic media is an essential ingredient of democratic polity because only the source of information can keep not only the information flowing but also ensure constant dialogue between electors and elected. An analysis of the state of press freedom in historical perspective of the country reveals that one of the factors responsible for semi independent state of press is failure of democracy.
[B]Responsible media-an essential of democracy[/B]
Just as every coin has two sides, similarly press too has two facets, freedom and responsibility. media being the fourth pillar of state also has a heavy responsibility. there are certain ethics of media channels and press to shape the discipline of journalism so that they seek the truth and convey information ,ideas and opinions.
The experience of the last decade in Central Europe, for example, shows that mass media served decisively in the construction of the civil society and in censuring the authoritarian trends of some politicians or parties. Also, it corrected and continues to correct, the excesses, negligences and management errors in the countries with a consolidated democracy.
Similarly, in the recent elections of May 11, media has played a responsible role in the establishment of a democratic government by highlighting the demands of the general public and advocating the agenda of the political parties.
[B]conclusion[/B]
free and responsible media is necessary for the promotion of democracy.

[B]9. Write short notes on the following topics: CE-2013
(i) Magazine journalism
(ii) Press release
(iii) Editorial
(iv) Non-verbal communication
[/B]

[B](i)Magazine Journalism:[/B]
The term magazine comes from the Arabic term "Makhasin" which means "storehouse". the term refers to the collection of different items in a place in the ancient time ,usually used for the military stores.
Magazine journalism is the traditional journalism's tools of interviews, background research and writing for the consumer and trade magazines. Magazine journalism differs in at least five ways to the newspapers journalism.
Newspaper journalism covers the broad audience of the different ages and interest groups confined in a metropolitan area . Magazine covers the national audience of specialized interests. Magazines are published usually on monthly basis unlike the newspapers published on daily basis. Magazine journalism covers in depth details of the issues and topics as they are published on a specific large interval compared to newspapers. Magazines contain the different topics, issues, stories, photographs and advertisements etc. The pages of the magazines are smaller than that of the newspapers and larger than that of the books.
The First magazine was the "Review" written and edited by the Daniel Defoe in 1704. it consisted of four pages and published three times a week. Its duration was nine years i.e 1704 to 1713.
The First Magazine of the sub-continent was the "Hickey Gazette", written and edited by the James Augustus Hickey in 1870. It was the English Magazine.

[B](ii)Press Release:
[/B]A press release is the communication that is sent to the Media to be distributed to the masses. A press release may be in written, audio or video format depending on the types of media of news provider. Press release is the most commonly used tool by the public relation now days. It is major source of information used in all over the world. Press release can be of different types depending on the what it is covering. Press released can be used by the business organization to inform the masses about their new developed products . It may be used by the public relation departments to build awareness in the masses of their organizations.

[B]FORMAT OF THE PRESS RELEASED:

[/B]FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Headlines
Subheading
city, state/country, Date- main body of the press release
contact information
###

The Title and main body of the press release are very important for the audience. Press release should be concise ,simple and easy to understand.
It should be newsworthy . First paragraph of the news element must contain the 4W,1H.

[B](iii)Editorial:
[/B]Editorial is the general opinion about any issue or policy ,written by the senior editorial staff or the publisher of the newspapers or the Magazines.
Basically all editorials comment and remark on certain event, issue, policy, topic ,subject matter or news event.

Basically there are two aims of writing editorials
1- First aim to give the interpretation or explanation of the news events. Everybody can not interpret the news so it is left to the newspaper organizations to provide the interpretations of the news for the masses.

2- Second aim is to guide and to help the masses to make their own opinions.
Editorial are written in the response of certain government policies and other social and political events. Editorial gives the pros and cons of policies of the government and others social and political events by providing the explanations and interpretations. In this ways the readers of the editorials can make their own opinions.
Characteristics of the Editorials:
Editorial Reactions:
If the Editorials are written in the favor or in against of certain issues or policies and they are not neutral , this is called editorial reaction.
if Editorials are written without editorial reaction then it can be simply essay ,article but not the editorial.

[B](iv)Non-verbal Communication:[/B]
It is the form of the communication which involves on the non-verbal stimuli or the symbols. It differs from the oral or written communication.
It may includes the elements like Facial expression, eye contact, body language ,gestures, postures,dressing and clothing, behavior volume, speed and rhythm, pitch of voice,speaking styles,stress, jewellery, hair styles,pause
.etc.
Non-verbal Messages Allow People to:
1-Reinforce or modify what is said in words. For example, people shakes their heads vigorously when saying "Yes" to emphasis that they agree with the other person, but a shrug of the shoulders and a sad expression when saying "I'm fine thanks,” may imply that things are not really fine at all!
2- Convey information about their emotional state.
3-Define or reinforce the relationship between people.
4-Provide feedback to the other person.
5-Regulate the flow of communication, for example by signalling to others that they have finished speaking or wish to say something.

[QUOTE=SADIA SHAFIQ;651834]It is a very good piece of information . But examiner has asked other thing . Re-read the question which demands your reflection rather description of the fact .[/QUOTE]

Thanks SADIA SHAFIQ correcting me. you mean i should explain it with proper examples of daily life. I should reflect the examples of press freedom and responsibility in the democratic society?

zohaib babar
 

[QUOTE=SADIA SHAFIQ;651834]It is a very good piece of information . But examiner has asked other thing . Re-read the question which demands your reflection rather description of the fact .[/QUOTE]

He commeted on the above questions.so examiner will give 12 marks.

[QUOTE=Qurban Ali Qureshi;651961]


Thanks SADIA SHAFIQ correcting me. you mean i should explain it with proper examples of daily life. I should reflect the examples of press freedom and responsibility in the democratic society?[/QUOTE]

Yes , you are right . You give me information but I have asked your opinion . What do you think press freedom and responsibility goes side by side .

If you say yes , then tell how? And If you reflect negative opinion , then must tell why ?Tell it in the context of world (general) and then Pakistan (particular).
If you will not give examples from Pakistan , you would not be awarded with good marks . For this , just go for one book to sketch syllabus outline, then read newspapers , articles , and watch movies , dramas and shows to analyze the current trends . It will enable to draw a sketch of paper in which you are going to appear .

Hope you have gotten what I have told . You may contradict with what I have said :)

[QUOTE=comp Engr;652191]He commeted on the above questions.so examiner will give 12 marks.[/QUOTE]

Dear member ,

examiner will give 12 marks for a good question . If you have done marvelous then will be 14 , some time extra-ordinary work fetch 16 or 16+ marks .

sadia shafiq kindly check my answer as well and suggest changes.

[B]critically analyze the watchdog and lapdog role of public and private T.V. channels in pakistan??[/B]

[B][B]Watchdog journalism[/B][/B]

The term watchdog journalism is strongly related to the practice of investigative journalism. A watchdog is defined as "a person or group of persons that acts as a protector or guardian against inefficiency, illegal practices, etc." by the Collins English Dictionary. In news journalism, a watchdog journalist also fulfills this function of being a guardian. To perform in an investigative manner, the journalist is in the "role" of a watchdog. Watchdog journalism can be located in a variety of news media, such as radio, television, Internet, and print media where it may be seen as "a unique strength of newspapers".

[B] LAPDOG JOURNALISM[/B]

The term lapdog is also used to describe a submissive person, such as a "yes" man, or an institution that can be very easily controlled

[B]Functions of a media as watchdog[/B]

The role of a media as a watchdog can be that of a protector or guardian. To act as a guardian and is to supply the citizens with information they must have "to prevent the abuse of power",and to "warn citizens about those that are doing them harm". In order to conduct their role as a watchdog, journalists need to have a certain distance from the powers and challenge them, as opposed to "propagandist" journalists, who are loyal to the ruling powers and elites. Because of the power distance and its overseeing function, watchdog journalism often officiates as the fourth estate, or is used in the context of that term The array of topics for watchdog journalism is wide and includes "personal scandals, financial wrongdoing,political corruption, enrichment in public office, and other types of wrongdoing".In order to expose wrongdoings the watchdog aims at "finding hidden evidence".[15] The aforementioned aspects are necessary for the role of the watchdog journalist to help "maintain order" and "warn against disorder.

[B]WATCHDOG ROLE of PRIVATE TV CHANNELS[/B]

The skilled and bold personality of anchor person raises people’s voice and clearly asks the real point of the crisis as in “live with talat” or “CAPITAL TALK”

They analyze government actions, either in favor or against the masses and develop the opinions of the experts.

Media is serving as true democratic notion of people’s participation. The general peoples’ criticism, analysis, and comments are added. which also act as a catharsis.

The ruling feel shame while speaking bluff in live shows before the millions of the citizens. As is usually observed in “awam kee adalat”

Media successfully informs the whole world against any injustice and shows world’criticism which compel the government to change its autocratic orders as in “news eye”

[B]Role of PTV as a lapdog
[/B]

Before the mushroom growth of private tv channels, there was only one tv channel, ptv. it was dominated by the government which always played manufactured news, record success in stock market,poor becoming millionaire through rozgar scheme, big power is extremely happy and corrupt politicians are being chased away.
Even today, in this age of information PTV officials try to keep the country’s people into darkness by presenting the one side of the picture or that news which are in favor of the US or against Taliban.
PTV authorities try to please their masters by giving the one-sided news, comments and analysis and even cannot tolerate the anti-US or pro-Taliban news and pictures. Specially,the PTV is State-controlled and people could not trust in its news and comments.

[B]Ptv- a “watchdog”.[/B]

On the other hand, the government has lauded and paraised Ptv muoltitude times for playing an important role in “national integration” and “promoting liberal democratic image” of the country among the comity of nations.
Former Secretary Information and Broadcasting Mansoor Suhail on the 46th anniversary of Ptv stated that the PTV was promoting Pakistani culture all over the world. Presently over 60 private TV channels and 130 radio channels were operating in the country. Despite all this competition, the PTV was playing very important role, he added

[B]Private Tv channels as a lapdog[/B]

Apart from PTV, some private tv channels have also adopted a similar pattern. According to International Herald Tribune:
“The media no longer dares to scrutinize judicial conduct for fear of “contempt” proceedings by a judiciary that has had the temerity to hold a hearing on whether parliament could amend the constitution. Journalists self-censor out of fear of military and intelligence agencies. But the media has remained free to propagate an Islamist, nationalist, and anti-Western line.”
While media has the responsibility to be a government watch dog, government is not the only social institution that must be checked. When President Zardari threatened to ban jokes against him, there was a media uproar. But when the judiciary threatens ‘contempt’ against those who question them, the media is silent. Is this not an equally or possibly even worse abuse of power?
When the Governor Punjab is assassinated by a man brainwashed by a jihadi mindset, the TV anchors do not condemn this act of violence. Rather, they ask the question, “Is he a hero?” This is not a new development, either. We saw the same self censorship when extremists burnt alive a group of Christians in Gojra. As it was written:
The media that has become the self proclaimed flag bearers of truth and honesty finds it very easy to attack politicians, abuse them and threaten them with a judicial or military coup. But it is scared when it has to talk about extremists and terrorists.

[B]Conclusion:[/B]


It is the responsibility of the mass media to act as a “watchdog” and to keep the populace appraised of the recent events, policies and propaganda. Unfortuanately,while some tv channels have played a positive role inthis regard,there are certain others that have failed to come up to the expectations and remain a “lapdog”.

please everyone evaluate,analyze and give comments

Q2. what are ethical issues associated with online journalism and also suggest ways t
 

[B]Q2. what are ethical issues associated with online journalism and also suggest ways to solve these ethical issues. CE-2012
[/B]
[B]Outline
-Online Journalism.
-characteristics of Online Journalism.
-Ethical issues associated with Online Journalism.
-Ways to solve Ethical Issues of Online Journalism.
-Conclusion.
[/B]
[B]Online Journalism:
[/B]It is a form of the traditional journalism practiced through the medium of internet. In other words it is the online version of the traditional journalism.
It is profession of aggregating news reports, issues, events, stories which are produced and distributed through out the internet.

[B]-Characteristics of Online Journalism:
[/B]1-unlike print journalism internet made it globally. It has global users and accessible across the world.
2-Unlike print journalism it does not have the space issues. It easily covers all types of news not local to a country but globally. It contains the news items, stories and articles in the depth and details.
3- unlike print journalism it carries the power of the update. News items ,stories and articles can be easily updated . It covers the news 24 hours. News can be published as soon as it occurs any time.
4-Blogs and discussion forums on the news sites promote and encourage the readers to participate in the news process and share their own opinions.
5-News archiving ability provides access to news of any time or date.
6- It is the quickest, cheapest and efficient form of the journalism.
7-Unlike the print journalism it does not contain the fears of the dead-lines .
8- More features can be added to the news items, stories and articles Likes the Videos, moving pictures ,discussion boxes etc.
9- Mistakes and errors can be corrected after publication.

[B]-Ethical issues associated with Online Journalism
[/B]
[B]1- Competition
[/B]Competition it the big threat to the online journalism. It has affected the accuracy, transparency and quality of the news. Competition encourages the news providing websites to cover all types of news. CNN and other news websites which cover the news 24 hourly, have the intentions to publish the news as soon as it occurs. This approach of the news prevails the speed of news over quality. Journalists are found in conflict in choosing between to publish immediate information or waiting for verifying the facts and accuracy. For example Pakistan's elections held on 11 May 2013, Different Media like Geo, A.R.Y news, Express News etc. announced the unofficial results of the election of 2013 on their websites and channels and claimed to be announced the results first. These were unofficial results but competition made them to do such type of activity.

[B]2- Copyright issues.
[/B]Due to easily accessible information copyrights have lost their values. Journalists and news makers just copy and past the Whole articles, stories, Videos, photographs etc. They even do not mention the references of the sources. Due to this approach readers can not distinguish between the official and unofficial websites.

[B]3-Plagiarism
[/B]Collection of information from different sources and making them own is also a big thread to the online journalism. Collectors do not mention the references and links of the sources from where the information were collected. Due to this approach the credibility of the journalists and writers comes in danger.

[B]4-Blogs issues
[/B]Use of blogs is another factor distorting the function of the online journalism. Although blogs are the great form of additional information which may not be provided by the news providers, it is not the reliable form of information. People involved in the blogging may not be qualified journalist.
These blogs are not monitored by the editors and qualifiers journalists. They may misguide the readers. Due to blogging it becomes very hard to distinguish between the news reporters and the an unofficial person.

[B]-Way to solve Ethical Issues of Online Journalism
[/B]
1- News providers first priority should be the flow of accurate, true and factual information. Speed should not be prevailed over the accuracy and transparency of the news. Although competition affects the quality of the news, articles and stories, news providers should encourage the articles, stories and news items which are based on reals observations. They should conduct interviews from the qualified person,and use reliable sources of information to make these news items ,stories and articles. Stories and articles should be neutral and contain the facts and figures so that they are not criticized by the readers.
2-If journalists and news providers uses the other sources as means of gathering information ,they should clearly mentioned those sources in their news items ,stories or articles. They should use links and references. If they are afraid that these links or references will be disappeared then they should use the names of anthers, dates of publications and other mandatory details in their stories and articles. so that the copy right issues can be minimized.
3-Journalist should be sincere with their professions. They should practiced their responsibilities. The materials which they provide in the stories and articles should not be offensive and cause of criticism. The purposes of the stories and articles should not be social and morals degradation. These stories and articles should be written by keeping in mind the society and country sketch because these stories are read out globally.
4- journalism should avoid plagiarism and give the credit to the real person.
5- Newspapers websites should avoid the advertisements that may cause of offensiveness and social degradation.

[B]-Conclusion
[/B] Ethical issues are associated with journalism from it birth. These are associated with all types of Journalism. they can not be completely overcome but minimized.

zohaib babar
 

[B][U]Problems of ethics in journalism - CE-2012[/U][/B]

1.Historical background and starting points for a discussion on ethics
I consider it particularly appropriate for a German communications scholar to be writing an introductory essay on the ethics of journalism in an international context, for the ethical debate had already begun in Germany in the 17th century. In 1676 two publications, by Ahasver Fritsch and Christian Weise, dealt with the pros and cons of the new periodicals of the time. Ways of distinguishing what is true from what is false were already being discussed then. Addressing the issue of news selection in 1688, Daniel Hartnack argued that the regular publication of newspapers would create a need for news independent of world events. This writer not only saw the problem of portraying life through journalism, but also pointed out that newspapers appearing regularly were going to have to be filled with information. Finally, in 1690,
Tobias Peucer discussed what was newsworthy for a newspaper. Specifically, he asked about news selection criteria and made a list of newsworthy events, wherein the unusual was seen as especially newsworthy, and not so much the regular and the mundane as that which was private. In a 1695 book about "the pleasure and usefulness of newspapers" ("Zeitungs Lust und Nutz") by Kaspar Stieler there was similar discussion about what was newsworthy and a good read. One can trace this discussion in Germany even further back in time, for already the lyric poet, Freidank (circa 1215-1240), recognised what made for interesting news: "Bad news gets louder and louder. Good news dies quickly away."
A discussion about ethics first became urgent the moment journalists became aware of the power they wielded. Ineffectual journalism needs no ethics. And yet surveys done in Germany showed that journalists themselves are more likely to believe that they are relatively lacking in power and influence. This (wrong!) opinion makes absolute sense, for behaviour that has no effect does not need to be subject to public control.
The question of ethics poses itself further at the point when there is no longer any strict censorship, for ethical behaviour presupposes freedom of choice. Only those who can freely influence their own behaviour, and who demonstrate responsibility for it, can be judged according to ethical standards. The legitimacy of newspaper censorship was in general not called into question until the 18th century. Rather, the theorists of the absolutist state legitimised censorship on the grounds of raison d'état. Criticism of the head of state was dangerous. The king of Prussia, Friedrich II (the Great, 1740-1786), to get better press coverage had journalists thrashed (among other things) if they did not report the way he wanted them to. Even now in many countries criticism of leading politicians is forbidden, and at times highly risky. Journalists are still beaten, too. In 1995, Abou Sangare, an editor in the Ivory Coast, published an article attacking the security minister, Gaston Koné. TIME (August 14, 1995) gives the following account: "Soon after the story appeared, Sangare was summoned to Koné's office and ordered to drop his trousers - whereupon four policemen took turns pummelling him with truncheons while the Minister looked on."[B][U] Cabinet minister Laurent
Fologo [/U][/B]defended this treatment of a genuine democrat, as follows: "The opposition press degrades us. They need to be more mature." A president of the court in the Ivory Coast who had just sentenced a journalist to a year in prison for an "attack on the honour and dignity of the president," said, "we have a culture which obliges us to honour the head of state."
This kind of arrogance has unfortunately spread worldwide. In many parts of the world there has never been freedom of the press and in many countries where it exists in law journalists making an effort to write the truth are murdered or hounded like criminals.
The functions a society assigns to the press or mass media are also decisive to journalistic ethics. Many politicians want the press to be an instrument functioning as a government-controlled transmission belt, so to speak, helping to carry out important processes of social change. Many ideas about a development journalism have come from this type of assumption. But to be effective development journalism can in no way be "government-say-so-journalism" - journalism has to be critical. Critical does not mean destructive, but positive about development, for no planning and no government is infallible. There is corruption and mismanagement everywhere and in the interests of the public they must be exposed.

In Germany, journalism has a public purpose in a legal sense. It is to obtain and distribute news about events of public interest, take a position on them, apply criticism to them, and so contribute to shaping public opinion. Through this, journalism takes on an especially meaningful task in democracy, for which it has special rights (the right to refuse to divulge sources; a right to claim information from authorities), but also special duties. The most important duty is to report fully and correctly, which involves making sure that all news is checked over before it is distributed, with attention paid where necessary to truth, content and also background information. In Germany, a tension is drawn in the field of journalistic ethics between freedom of speech on the one hand, and the individual right to privacy and freedom from media harassment on the other. The communications scholar Wolfgang Donsbach pinpointed this: "The ethic of journalism consists of the seriousness of its efforts to represent the truth. This seriousness, on the other hand, depends on the ability and readiness to exhaust the possibilities for discovery, and to use them in a neutral way. A journalist who does not research certain aspects of a conflict, depriving a few odd people involved of the chance to offer their perspectives, or who chooses certain figures from a set of statistics which support his or her point of view, is not only behaving unprofessionally, but also unethically". If you take this thinking further, you come to a central theme of the ethics of journalism: the distinction between news and opinion, as well as the problem of a possible mixture of the journalistic role with one that is political. Journalists, like any human being, have a particular view of things. They do not see the "truth." They can only attempt to report as objectively as possible, and in doing this, indicate their personal opinion as such. A journalist or an editor who starts the day's work asking, "What can we do today for the government or the opposition?" deserts the field of journalism and becomes a political actor himself/herself.

There are further aspects of journalistic behaviour that require ethical judgement. Specifically, tact and fairness are needed in gathering and using information. In reporting a crime or catastrophe, for example, there is the danger of the victim being victimised a second time through the media coverage. Or certain forms of reporting - for instance, depiction on television news of acts of violence in social conflicts - might intensify those conflicts. Mass media have also driven branches of industry or businesses into near or complete ruin. This happened in Germany with reports about canned fish being allegedly contaminated by worms and noodles produced with allegedly polluted eggs. Whereas in these cases the journalists were confronted with the consequences of their actions, most times journalists remain ignorant of the effects of their reporting.
Journalists are, firstly, reporters, who should report as objectively and neutrally as possible, but without simplifying matters too much in the process. They are, secondly, opinion formers, offering an interpretation of events. This raises the question as to how far they distinguish between news and opinion, and as to how far the reporting is rational, or emotional. Lastly, they work, at least in a few countries, as the "fourth estate."
"The Fourth Estate" is a messy expression and it is not clear who gives journalists legitimacy to control government. Without the fulfilment of this role, though, several cases of abuse of power and of corruption in Germany and other countries would not have been exposed (e.g. Watergate in the US). A democracy needs journalists as watchdogs, even though the journalists are not above the state. But that begs the question: who’s watching the watchdogs?

[B][U]2. Journalistic ethics: Individualistic aspects[/U][/B]

Already highly topical in his time, Kaspar Stieler, referred to above, addressed the unintentional effects of portraying violence in the mass media. He argued that descriptions of crimes can trigger copycat repetitions of them. Here he demonstrated quite the most important problem of an individualistic journalistic ethic: must the journalist take responsibility for the positive and negative consequences of his or her actions, or not? The sociologist Max Weber took up and developed this topic again in 1920. Weber differentiated, as ethical positions, between the ethic of responsibility, in which the correctness of an action is judged primarily according to its foreseeable consequences, and not according to the motives which are the basis of the action, and the ethic of conviction [ In an existing US translation of Weber, Gesinnungsethik is translated as ethic of ultimate ends . This was felt to be unsuitable in the context of this article and there fore I have offered another expression: the ethic of conviction .], in which the correctness of an action is judged primarily on the conviction motivating it, and not on its expected consequences. Consequently, all ethically oriented actions can be seen under two fundamentally different and contrasting maxims. Weber, however, does not interpret the ethics of responsibility and of conviction as absolute opposites, but sees complementary elements which only together really constitute a genuine human being.

In Politics as a vocation (Politik als Beruf) Weber uses this typology in the analysis of political and journalistic actions. A pure follower of the ethic of conviction refuses responsibility for the consequences of his or her actions (1964 p.183): "It is the world which is stupid and mean, and not I; responsibility for the consequences does not affect me, but the others, in whose service I work, and whose stupidity or meanness I will eradicate." The cost of the consequences of the action need not be paid for by the follower of the ethic of conviction (nor does he or she want to pay). If the consequences of an action flowing from pure conviction are detrimental to others, then the follower of the ethic of conviction holds not the perpetrator of the action responsible, but blames either the world for the stupidity of other people, or God's will. The perpetrator is duty-bound to strive with all his or her might for the absolute value, regardless of consequences.
Characteristic of the ethic of conviction is the absolute duty to tell the truth. Here it should be observed that the ethic of conviction has nothing to do with irresponsibility, just as the ethic of responsibility has nothing to do with a lack of conviction. To act according to the ethic of responsibility means not only to deal with the choice of the means to achieve an objective, but also comprises the weighing up of respective goals and values against each other. One must not only consider the direct effects of an action, but one must also calculate the indirect effects, for instance on other goals and values. The person whose actions are motivated by the ethic of responsibility assumes responsibility for the intended and unintended consequences of their action. In contrast to the follower of the ethic of conviction, the follower of the ethic of responsibility does not believe that the negative consequences of his or her action can be off-loaded on to others.

In Politics as a vocation, Max Weber asks how far politicians and journalists are prepared to assume responsibility for the consequences of their actions. Politicians, according to the essence of Weber's analysis, behave according to the ethic of responsibility, and they act in a calculated and rational manner. Politicians assume responsibility for their actions and weigh up the aims, means and possible consequences. Journalists, on the other hand, behave in accordance with the ethic of conviction, in that they strive for truth and shun responsibility for the consequences of their action - although it remains generally unclear what "assuming responsibility" means.
The amount of activity motivated by the ethics of conviction or responsibility among German journalists was researched by Hans Mathias Kepplinger and Inge Vohl (1979). Television journalists were asked whether they were prepared to assume responsibility for their professional activities. A distinction was made between responsibility for the accuracy in reporting and responsibility for the consequences of reporting. With regard to responsibility for accuracy in reporting, more than 80% thought that a journalist should be made responsible, should his or her reporting prove afterwards to be false or untrue, owing to insufficient research. This readiness to assume responsibility increases according to the degree of professional experience. Regarding responsibility for the

consequences of reporting, a distinction was made between positive and negative consequences. More than 85% of the journalists questioned took the view that morally a journalist has rendered outstanding service if positive consequences result from his or her reporting. Conversely, however, only 25% of the journalists held the view that journalists were also morally responsible for the negative consequences of a report.

Following Weber’s tenets, one can argue that if only 25% of journalists are prepared to assume responsibility for the unintentional, negative consequences of journalistic activity, then journalists tend to act according to the ethics of conviction. On the other hand, though, journalists are prepared to assume responsibility for false reporting. According to this study, journalists act according to the ethics of conviction when it involves assuming responsibility for the unintended consequences of a report. Whoever takes responsibility for the accuracy of his or her report is in no way obliged to take responsibility for its unintended consequences. Kepplinger argues that because the absolute duty to tell the truth is characteristic of conduct which follows the ethic of conviction, he has discovered in journalists a behaviour oriented to the ethic of conviction.

In a second German study, Mühlberger (1979) carried out research on local journalists, whose most important task was to expose social conflicts and injustices and keep a check on those holding political power. Mühlberger checked whether criticism produced by journalists in the course of their work is motivated by the ethic of responsibility, or whether they are more likely to produce unconsidered criticism, even if the consequences cannot be seen clearly. So, by way of example, the journalists were asked whether they would report on a doctor's professional error if the doctor might have to stop practising as a result and if the doctor’s departure might mean a loss for the patients. To act according to the ethic of conviction would mean publishing without consideration for the doctor and the patients. To act according to the ethic of responsibility would mean sacrificing the report in consideration of the patients. Fifty-four percent of those asked chose to act according to the ethic of responsibility, 34% opted for the ethic of conviction. Fundamentally, though, actions following the ethic of responsibility and actions following the ethic of conviction are not mutually exclusive. To take further the example of the doctor: should the fictitious doctor be "caught out" by a second or third professional error, then the share of journalists whose behaviour is oriented around the ethic of conviction would surely increase. From case to case, there are obviously different boundaries, which shift between the ethic of responsibility and the ethic of conviction, or from which an orientation toward the ethic of responsibility or to that of conviction might lead to identical behaviour.

Mühlberger (1979) also researched behaviour with respect to information sources in a case study. The journalists were confronted with the problem that a good and important informant has come across a wrong decision, which would be of interest to the public. The following options were available as responses: publishing the wrong decision with no consideration for the parties involved, no matter what the consequences (ethic of conviction); the wrong decision is published in a toned down form, as gently as possible for the informant involved (ethic of responsibility). It was found that journalists who tend towards acting according to the ethic of responsibility with respect to the public would also sooner act according to the ethic of responsibility with respect to informants. Local journalists are therefore motivated, according to Mühlberger's interpretation, by the ethic of responsibility because they are confronted by the consequences of their actions directly and enduringly. Geographical and social proximity allows the local journalists, at least within certain limits, to calculate the consequences of their actions. Hence it is possible that the ethic of conviction is not an inevitable attitude of journalists, but a consequence of their specific professional situation. In other words, lack of information on the consequences of reporting is a big influence on behaviour. As soon as the journalists have this kind of information, they will be motivated by the ethic of responsibility. [ It could be objected in this context that Mühlberger has not quite succeeded in operationalising ethically responsible behaviour. If journalists did not go easy on informants, the sources would probably dry up. In other words, it is in the self-interest of the journalists to go easy on the informants.

In discussing the question of the ethics of responsibility and of conviction, one must distinguish between different journalistic roles, which make different demands on ethical orientation. Thus, from publishers, managing editors etc., who bear responsibility for the welfare of their media organisation, behaviour more motivated by the ethics of responsibility can be expected. The same goes, surely, for information gatherers who must maintain contact with the information sources. Orientation based on the ethics of conviction can be found more in journalists who have no commitment to colleagues and informants, or who, according to their professional self-image, see themselves as a kind of "fourth estate" or as an organ of control over the government.
In the context of the above, it should certainly not be forgotten that journalistic actions which in general cannot be categorised under the ethics of responsibility or of conviction are not uncommon. There is a kind of journalism which is foul and simply morally reprehensible. This includes false reporting, lies and war-mongering. In 1994, Rwanda's Radio Milles Collines actively stirred up the civil war and genocide by calling on the Hutu majority to rise up against the Tutsi minority. There are several examples of this kind of behaviour, which will not be listed here. Without any doubt, though, this kind of behaviour, undeserving of the name "journalism," brings journalists into disrepute, for their reputation is very often judged on the actions of the worst among them.

In my conviction responsible journalism presupposes that journalism assumes the characteristics of a profession. In other words, it should have expertise in the sense of a technical skill, and autonomy in the sense of self-regulation through a professional body. The question whether or not journalism has the characteristics of a profession is also at the heart of the discussion on ethics, for professions define themselves through self-regulation, as well as with regard to the norms which regulate professional life, and their interpretation in exceptional cases. Technical expertise (writing, editing, researching, dealing with technology, etc.) is quite uncontroversial here. On the other hand, there could be considerable difficulties in bringing about journalistic autonomy (that is, independence from state control), for politicians strive to control journalism to obtain favourable coverage of their activities. A further controversial point is whether the journalist should be a generalist or a specialist (e.g. science journalist, business journalist, etc.).This is still very close to the as yet unresolved argument as to whether or not one must be born a journalist (in other words, to possess certain character traits, such as the ability to endure clashes with politicians).

zohaib babar
 

[B][U]Introduction:[/U][/B]

[B][U]Freedom of the press - where to draw the line?[/U][/B]

Ethics (the term comes from the Greek word ethos: custom or practice) is that branch of philosophy whose purpose is to describe moral sentiment, as well as to establish norms for good and fair behaviour. In the context of journalism, this is a question about what is good and what is right journalistically. In the search for answers to these questions, my assumption is that democracy, though afflicted with many weaknesses, is nevertheless the best form of government. A functioning democracy is founded on a communications sector that functions adequately and allows informed public opinion to develop freely.

This is why, in a democracy, journalists have a special political purpose and responsibility. Democracy is, above all, a culture of dialogue, in which the opinions of dissenters are respected. For example, the highest German court (the constitutional court, the "Bundesverfassungsgericht") holds that freedom of the press and freedom of speech are the essential elements of a democratic state, because only the continuous struggle between opinions and constant intellectual debate will safeguard democracy. It is not surprising that coups d'état which crushed democratic societies prioritised destruction of free media. So do totalitarian regimes, often using extreme brutality, do their utmost to prevent press freedom emerging.

Freedom of speech and the media is an achievement of the European enlightenment, which must be fought for over and over again and always be defended. Every society has experienced that the powerful in politics and business don't want their affairs critically observed by the media and so find themselves under public scrutiny. Corruption and abuse of power happen everywhere, all the time, and fighting them is a task central to democratic journalism.

I am working on the assumption that in a complex, pluralist, modern society there can be no one absolutely correct ethic. A single journalistic ethic always valid everywhere in the world is currently just as unthinkable. In different countries, a variety of elements form the focus of the ethical debate. Currently in the US (1997), the debate is above all about violence and decency; in the UK it is about tabloid journalism (e.g. reporting on the royal family); in Israel the secrecy of military intelligence is under discussion; and in Germany the impact of the commercialisation of TV (scramble for ratings, superficialisation of programming, sensationalism) is at the forefront of the ethical debate.

You can keep adding to these lists ad infinitum. In the following pages, however, the assumption will be made that there is indeed a fundamental and generally acceptable basis for a journalistic ethic - namely human rights. The argument put at international level that human rights are a typical Western invention that may not count in other cultural contexts is in my view intentionally deceptive. In arguing like this, regimes that hold human rights in contempt want to distract attention from their own disgraceful acts in any way they can.

I am nevertheless aware that my position throughout could have an ethnocentric bias and it is possible that I am under the spell of a logic denounced strikingly by Nigeria's Chinweizu, in his poem "Coloniser's logic":
"The natives are unintelligent - We can't understand their language."
In order to avoid this kind of ethnocentric perspective, authors from different regions were asked to take a position on the journalistic ethic. There were then two possibilities:

1. No terms of reference would be given for the writing of the articles, and for the aspects of ethics being dealt with. The possible advantage would be that a wide variety of points of view would be brought together, albeit at the cost of comparability. The result would ideally be a multi-faceted mosaic of the international ethical debate.

2. Different important aspects of the international ethical debate would be predetermined by myself. And it would be asked that these be dealt with in ways relevant to the respective regions. The disadvantage here is that my view of things, with all its limitations, would be predetermined or forced on the other authors as a structure, so to speak. The advantage comes in enabling an.
[B][U]
international comparison of the ethical debate.[/U][/B]

I decided on a compromise. In an introductory essay, I make the points I deem worth discussing. It was asked that these be considered in writing the articles. Thus, throughout, there was a predetermined content structure. At the same time, however, the authors were asked to lay special emphasis on the aspect of the ethical debate which, in their opinion, is either not valued highly enough, not even considered, or ignored as irrelevant. Thus, a situation where unreasonable weight is given to my understanding of journalism or my understanding of the international debate on journalistic ethics should have been avoided.

Incidentally, I am quite aware that my reference to the UN's Universal Declaration on Human Rights from 1948 is by no means unproblematic. After all, the Charter of the United Nations also contains the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of other states. Moreover, many countries reject the position that human rights are universal. I would merely mention one case (of many), in the declaration adopted in Bangkok in 1993 where it was emphasised that human rights must be looked at in various historical, cultural and religious contexts. In interpreting human rights, special traditions and Asian values (Confucianism, Hinduism, Buddhism) must be taken into account. Instead of an individualistic Western understanding of human rights, collective values must become the point of reference, such as the right to a life without hunger, or the right to work. In other words, quite in keeping with the spirit of the 1986 declaration of the UN General Assembly, where a right to development was proclaimed, for states and people.

In this context it is important to refer to the fact that the United Nations stated the following in its "Declaration on the Occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations": "...we reaffirm that democracy, development and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms...are interdependent and mutually reinforcing." This tenet is emphasised again in the same document: "While the significance of national and regional particularities and various historical, cultural and religious backgrounds must be borne in mind, it is the duty of all States, regardless of their political, economic and cultural systems, to promote and protect all human rights and fundamental freedoms, the universal nature of which is beyond question. It is also important for all States to ensure the universality, objectivity and non-selectivity of the consideration of human rights issues." The provocative question is this: Can human rights (in the Western sense) only be achieved in countries that are already developed, and does this also mean that completely different journalistic ethics are the inevitable consequence of this? Moreover, the right to freedom of speech also comprises, in many Western countries, the rights to distribute pornography - an unacceptable interpretation of the concept of freedom of speech for many cultures or countries. The question is: where to draw the boundaries of freedom of speech? This book also tries to answer this question - at least this was the intention. How far this has been achieved is up to the reader to judge. I would like to make clear my normative position on the task of the journalist, with another poem by a Nigerian author, Naiwu Osahon, entitled "The Impotent Observer":

"Don't just sit there gaping at me like an impotent observer because life is a serious matter, suffering is real, and the man writhing in pain is not dancing for amusement."

In other words, I hold the view that a journalist must never be an "Impotent Observer". Journalists can be very "potent" and have proved this many times in the exposure of corruption or of human rights abuses among other things. The power of independent journalism manifests also in the case of the opposition movement in Myanmar, where Nobel Peace Prize laureate, Aung San Suu Kyi, would have been silenced long ago but for international press coverage.

For the assistance I have received in the composition of this introductory essay, in the development of the matrix of questions and in the preparation of the book, I thank, in alphabetical order, Dr. Dieter Bauer, Reinhard Keune and Gunther Lehrke of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Bonn.

[QUOTE=sadafnoorelahi;652468]sadia shafiq kindly check my answer as well and suggest changes.

[B]critically analyze the watchdog and lapdog role of public and private T.V. channels in pakistan??[/B]

[B][B]Watchdog journalism[/B][/B]

The term watchdog journalism is strongly related to the practice of investigative journalism. A watchdog is defined as "a person or group of persons that acts as a protector or guardian against inefficiency, illegal practices, etc." by the Collins English Dictionary. In news journalism, a watchdog journalist also fulfills this function of being a guardian. To perform in an investigative manner, the journalist is in the "role" of a watchdog. Watchdog journalism can be located in a variety of news media, such as radio, television, Internet, and print media where it may be seen as "a unique strength of newspapers".

[B] LAPDOG JOURNALISM[/B]

The term lapdog is also used to describe a submissive person, such as a "yes" man, or an institution that can be very easily controlled

[B]Functions of a media as watchdog[/B]

The role of a media as a watchdog can be that of a protector or guardian. To act as a guardian and is to supply the citizens with information they must have "to prevent the abuse of power",and to "warn citizens about those that are doing them harm". In order to conduct their role as a watchdog, journalists need to have a certain distance from the powers and challenge them, as opposed to "propagandist" journalists, who are loyal to the ruling powers and elites. Because of the power distance and its overseeing function, watchdog journalism often officiates as the fourth estate, or is used in the context of that term The array of topics for watchdog journalism is wide and includes "personal scandals, financial wrongdoing,political corruption, enrichment in public office, and other types of wrongdoing".In order to expose wrongdoings the watchdog aims at "finding hidden evidence".[15] The aforementioned aspects are necessary for the role of the watchdog journalist to help "maintain order" and "warn against disorder.

[B]WATCHDOG ROLE of PRIVATE TV CHANNELS[/B]

The skilled and bold personality of anchor person raises people’s voice and clearly asks the real point of the crisis as in “live with talat” or “CAPITAL TALK”

They analyze government actions, either in favor or against the masses and develop the opinions of the experts.

Media is serving as true democratic notion of people’s participation. The general peoples’ criticism, analysis, and comments are added. which also act as a catharsis.

The ruling feel shame while speaking bluff in live shows before the millions of the citizens. As is usually observed in “awam kee adalat”

Media successfully informs the whole world against any injustice and shows world’criticism which compel the government to change its autocratic orders as in “news eye”

[B]Role of PTV as a lapdog
[/B]

Before the mushroom growth of private tv channels, there was only one tv channel, ptv. it was dominated by the government which always played manufactured news, record success in stock market,poor becoming millionaire through rozgar scheme, big power is extremely happy and corrupt politicians are being chased away.
Even today, in this age of information PTV officials try to keep the country’s people into darkness by presenting the one side of the picture or that news which are in favor of the US or against Taliban.
PTV authorities try to please their masters by giving the one-sided news, comments and analysis and even cannot tolerate the anti-US or pro-Taliban news and pictures. Specially,the PTV is State-controlled and people could not trust in its news and comments.

[B]Ptv- a “watchdog”.[/B]

On the other hand, the government has lauded and paraised Ptv muoltitude times for playing an important role in “national integration” and “promoting liberal democratic image” of the country among the comity of nations.
Former Secretary Information and Broadcasting Mansoor Suhail on the 46th anniversary of Ptv stated that the PTV was promoting Pakistani culture all over the world. Presently over 60 private TV channels and 130 radio channels were operating in the country. Despite all this competition, the PTV was playing very important role, he added

[B]Private Tv channels as a lapdog[/B]

Apart from PTV, some private tv channels have also adopted a similar pattern. According to International Herald Tribune:
“The media no longer dares to scrutinize judicial conduct for fear of “contempt” proceedings by a judiciary that has had the temerity to hold a hearing on whether parliament could amend the constitution. Journalists self-censor out of fear of military and intelligence agencies. But the media has remained free to propagate an Islamist, nationalist, and anti-Western line.”
While media has the responsibility to be a government watch dog, government is not the only social institution that must be checked. When President Zardari threatened to ban jokes against him, there was a media uproar. But when the judiciary threatens ‘contempt’ against those who question them, the media is silent. Is this not an equally or possibly even worse abuse of power?
When the Governor Punjab is assassinated by a man brainwashed by a jihadi mindset, the TV anchors do not condemn this act of violence. Rather, they ask the question, “Is he a hero?” This is not a new development, either. We saw the same self censorship when extremists burnt alive a group of Christians in Gojra. As it was written:
The media that has become the self proclaimed flag bearers of truth and honesty finds it very easy to attack politicians, abuse them and threaten them with a judicial or military coup. But it is scared when it has to talk about extremists and terrorists.

[B]Conclusion:[/B]


It is the responsibility of the mass media to act as a “watchdog” and to keep the populace appraised of the recent events, policies and propaganda. Unfortuanately,while some tv channels have played a positive role inthis regard,there are certain others that have failed to come up to the expectations and remain a “lapdog”.

please everyone evaluate,analyze and give comments[/QUOTE]

[FONT="Palatino Linotype"][SIZE="3"][B][SIZE="3"][I]I have read your answer of the given question . You have approached the question wrongly. For this , I have quoted question in red. You should attempt the question what you have in your mind instead of surfing . It will sharpen your skill to attempt unexpected question . Instead of commenting on your answer , I will like to explain the question . You may get the idea how much you are wrong in attempting it .[/I] [/SIZE][/B][/SIZE][/FONT]


[QUOTE][B][I][SIZE="3"][COLOR="DarkRed"][FONT="Palatino Linotype"]critically analyze the watchdog and lapdog role of public and private T.V. channels in pakistan??[/FONT][/COLOR][/SIZE][/I][/B][/QUOTE]

[FONT="Palatino Linotype"][B][I][SIZE="3"]watch dog and lapdog vs public and private channel . Examiner has given his opinion already by defining public channels are responsible whereas private TV channels role is of lapdog.

Now you may draw comparison between the two captions : watchdog role of public tv channels VS lapdog role of private channel. Now give arguments or points which will reflect the statement .

Private channel is administered by single owner who dictates what to hide and show and highlight . Owner itself is dictated by corporates because channel is fed with their money .

Second , PTV has editorial policy at least whereas private channels refuted to formulate editorial policy and criticize PEMRA who induced them to do so . [/SIZE][/I][/B][/FONT]

[QUOTE=comp Engr;652531][B][U]Introduction:[/U][/B]

[B][U]Freedom of the press - where to draw the line?[/U][/B]

Ethics (the term comes from the Greek word ethos: custom or practice) is that branch of philosophy whose purpose is to describe moral sentiment, as well as to establish norms for good and fair behaviour. In the context of journalism, this is a question about what is good and what is right journalistically. In the search for answers to these questions, my assumption is that democracy, though afflicted with many weaknesses, is nevertheless the best form of government. A functioning democracy is founded on a communications sector that functions adequately and allows informed public opinion to develop freely.

This is why, in a democracy, journalists have a special political purpose and responsibility. Democracy is, above all, a culture of dialogue, in which the opinions of dissenters are respected. For example, the highest German court (the constitutional court, the "Bundesverfassungsgericht") holds that freedom of the press and freedom of speech are the essential elements of a democratic state, because only the continuous struggle between opinions and constant intellectual debate will safeguard democracy. It is not surprising that coups d'état which crushed democratic societies prioritised destruction of free media. So do totalitarian regimes, often using extreme brutality, do their utmost to prevent press freedom emerging.

Freedom of speech and the media is an achievement of the European enlightenment, which must be fought for over and over again and always be defended. Every society has experienced that the powerful in politics and business don't want their affairs critically observed by the media and so find themselves under public scrutiny. Corruption and abuse of power happen everywhere, all the time, and fighting them is a task central to democratic journalism.

I am working on the assumption that in a complex, pluralist, modern society there can be no one absolutely correct ethic. A single journalistic ethic always valid everywhere in the world is currently just as unthinkable. In different countries, a variety of elements form the focus of the ethical debate. Currently in the US (1997), the debate is above all about violence and decency; in the UK it is about tabloid journalism (e.g. reporting on the royal family); in Israel the secrecy of military intelligence is under discussion; and in Germany the impact of the commercialisation of TV (scramble for ratings, superficialisation of programming, sensationalism) is at the forefront of the ethical debate.

You can keep adding to these lists ad infinitum. In the following pages, however, the assumption will be made that there is indeed a fundamental and generally acceptable basis for a journalistic ethic - namely human rights. The argument put at international level that human rights are a typical Western invention that may not count in other cultural contexts is in my view intentionally deceptive. In arguing like this, regimes that hold human rights in contempt want to distract attention from their own disgraceful acts in any way they can.

I am nevertheless aware that my position throughout could have an ethnocentric bias and it is possible that I am under the spell of a logic denounced strikingly by Nigeria's Chinweizu, in his poem "Coloniser's logic":
"The natives are unintelligent - We can't understand their language."
In order to avoid this kind of ethnocentric perspective, authors from different regions were asked to take a position on the journalistic ethic. There were then two possibilities:

1. No terms of reference would be given for the writing of the articles, and for the aspects of ethics being dealt with. The possible advantage would be that a wide variety of points of view would be brought together, albeit at the cost of comparability. The result would ideally be a multi-faceted mosaic of the international ethical debate.

2. Different important aspects of the international ethical debate would be predetermined by myself. And it would be asked that these be dealt with in ways relevant to the respective regions. The disadvantage here is that my view of things, with all its limitations, would be predetermined or forced on the other authors as a structure, so to speak. The advantage comes in enabling an.
[B][U]
international comparison of the ethical debate.[/U][/B]

I decided on a compromise. In an introductory essay, I make the points I deem worth discussing. It was asked that these be considered in writing the articles. Thus, throughout, there was a predetermined content structure. At the same time, however, the authors were asked to lay special emphasis on the aspect of the ethical debate which, in their opinion, is either not valued highly enough, not even considered, or ignored as irrelevant. Thus, a situation where unreasonable weight is given to my understanding of journalism or my understanding of the international debate on journalistic ethics should have been avoided.

Incidentally, I am quite aware that my reference to the UN's Universal Declaration on Human Rights from 1948 is by no means unproblematic. After all, the Charter of the United Nations also contains the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of other states. Moreover, many countries reject the position that human rights are universal. I would merely mention one case (of many), in the declaration adopted in Bangkok in 1993 where it was emphasised that human rights must be looked at in various historical, cultural and religious contexts. In interpreting human rights, special traditions and Asian values (Confucianism, Hinduism, Buddhism) must be taken into account. Instead of an individualistic Western understanding of human rights, collective values must become the point of reference, such as the right to a life without hunger, or the right to work. In other words, quite in keeping with the spirit of the 1986 declaration of the UN General Assembly, where a right to development was proclaimed, for states and people.

In this context it is important to refer to the fact that the United Nations stated the following in its "Declaration on the Occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations": "...we reaffirm that democracy, development and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms...are interdependent and mutually reinforcing." This tenet is emphasised again in the same document: "While the significance of national and regional particularities and various historical, cultural and religious backgrounds must be borne in mind, it is the duty of all States, regardless of their political, economic and cultural systems, to promote and protect all human rights and fundamental freedoms, the universal nature of which is beyond question. It is also important for all States to ensure the universality, objectivity and non-selectivity of the consideration of human rights issues." The provocative question is this: Can human rights (in the Western sense) only be achieved in countries that are already developed, and does this also mean that completely different journalistic ethics are the inevitable consequence of this? Moreover, the right to freedom of speech also comprises, in many Western countries, the rights to distribute pornography - an unacceptable interpretation of the concept of freedom of speech for many cultures or countries. The question is: where to draw the boundaries of freedom of speech? This book also tries to answer this question - at least this was the intention. How far this has been achieved is up to the reader to judge. I would like to make clear my normative position on the task of the journalist, with another poem by a Nigerian author, Naiwu Osahon, entitled "The Impotent Observer":

"Don't just sit there gaping at me like an impotent observer because life is a serious matter, suffering is real, and the man writhing in pain is not dancing for amusement."

In other words, I hold the view that a journalist must never be an "Impotent Observer". Journalists can be very "potent" and have proved this many times in the exposure of corruption or of human rights abuses among other things. The power of independent journalism manifests also in the case of the opposition movement in Myanmar, where Nobel Peace Prize laureate, Aung San Suu Kyi, would have been silenced long ago but for international press coverage.

For the assistance I have received in the composition of this introductory essay, in the development of the matrix of questions and in the preparation of the book, I thank, in alphabetical order, Dr. Dieter Bauer, Reinhard Keune and Gunther Lehrke of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Bonn.[/QUOTE]

[B]Brother ,actually what you are doing here ,is against the ethics of online journalism .

Copy Right and Plagiarism are some of the issues , as mentioned by Qurban Ali . So , you copy pasted pasted from this site : [url]http://www.fes.de/fulltext/iez/00710a.htm[/url]

It is not allowed here . Regards .[/B]

[QUOTE=Muhammad Ali Chaudhry;652652][B]Brother ,actually what you are doing here ,is against the ethics of online journalism .

Copy Right and Plagiarism are some of the issues , as mentioned by Qurban Ali . So , you copy pasted pasted from this site : [url]http://www.fes.de/fulltext/iez/00710a.htm[/url]

It is not allowed here . Regards .[/B][/QUOTE]

Brother problem of ethics in online journalism is a topic to prepare also.We cant predict any question regarding CSS exam,CSS exam is not a prediction.Its not a matter of copy paste.I did it to help my aspirints.Because after reading this topic,I suggested it best and share with CSS aspirints.


Brother sometimes.Whenever we provide a link to other people for sharing information of any topic,they get sometimes error.So i did a best way to share all this information directly on board that could help css aspirints.

[QUOTE=comp Engr;652722]Brother problem of ethics in online journalism is a topic to prepare also.We cant predict any question regarding CSS exam,CSS exam is not a prediction.Its not a matter of copy paste.I did it to help my aspirints.Because after reading this topic,I suggested it best and share with CSS aspirints.

Brother sometimes.Whenever we provide a link to other people for sharing information of any topic,they get sometimes error.So i did a best way to share all this information directly on board that could help css aspirints.[/QUOTE]

[B]If you are copying material from other sites then share it with complete references. Other wise there is no need to share such type of notes. Everyone can easily search it on google.[/B]

[B]q discuss the importance of people's participation in the process of development and subsequent role of mass media CE-2012[/B]

[B]mass media: diversified media technologies which are used to reach a large audience by mass communication.[/B]
[B]development of mass media[/B]
.
The oldest mass medium is print media. Human history gives us a clue that posters, banners and pictures were first used to convey the messages.
• In the 10th century handmade press was first established. Book printing was started in 15th & 16th century in Europe.
• Mass Media at first faced a lot of restrictions because when mass media emerged at that time imperialism was in rule. The rulers were using Church in Europe as an authority over people to convey any message. Because Church was the only platform that was
influential and was in reach of people and government. So most of the times Church was considered the first platform of Mass Medium• The emergence of Print Media created doubts in the minds of the rulers and they took it as a threat against their rule. The rulers presumed that people would become aware of their rights and they will challenge the authority. So most of the rulers in Europe took it as a revolt and declared capital punishment for the persons involved in Mass Media. In 1663, the last capital punishment was given to a publisher because he published a book of an anonymous writer. This book contained the idea that rulers are accountable for their deeds and decisions to the masses and if any ruler does not feel himself accountable then masses have the right to overthrow his rule. This was the last capital punishment that was awarded in the history of England.
• Print media could not get its full growth till the 18th century as illiteracy was the major problem in all the societies and most of the newspapers were read by the elite class because state was not responsible for the education of the masses and elites had a privilege to get private education from the arranged tutors.

[B]Elements of mass media [/B]

Books,

Newspapers:
World’s first news agency was formed around 1820s in New York City under the name of Association of Morning Newspapers. It was formed to gather upcoming reports from Europe. The first international news agencies formed in Europe were: Agence Havas of Paris (1835); the Reuter Telegram Company of London (1851), known simply as Reuters; and the Continental Telegraphen Compagnie of Berlin (1849), known as the Wolff Agency. They started their work as a financial data service to bankers and businessmen but then extended their service to world news. Reuters is also considered as the oldest news agency of the world. Initially news agencies used to send news through telegraphy services now it has been replaced by internet.

Magazines,: in 1731 in the title of “Gentleman’s Magazine” which was founded in London, however, magazine in its very early form was available to general public since 1646. In 1691 The Compleat Library appeared on the scene which is taken as the first magazine that broke away from book information .The first essay-type periodical was Tattler and the first magazine published from USA was Andrew Branford’s American Magazine.

Radio,
First World War, newspapers were a major medium of communication and information. After communist revolution in Russia, Russian Radio started using radio as a medium to propagate their communist ideology to other parts of the world. Radio being a medium of no physical boundary and wisely used as well, helped Russians in spreading their new ideology of communism to the rest of the world. As a result European and American leaders showed their anger towards newly formed communist government and protested against it internationally, taking its actions and broadcast as an effort to provoke their people to revolt against their governments. This is how the world realized the power of electronic media, which if used tactically, can cross any border to achieve its goals.
At that time in Europe some individuals were broadcasting different radio channels on their own.

Film,:
During the decade following the advent of projected motion pictures, films were shown as part of vaudeville or variety programs, at carnivals and fairgrounds, in lecture halls and churches, and gradually in spaces converted for the exclusive exhibition of movies. Most films ran no longer than 10 to 12 minutes, which reflected the amount of film that could be wound on a standard reel for projection (hence the term one-reelers).

Television,
Television is a common telecommunication system for broadcasting and receiving moving pictures and sound over a distance.

Internet :it connects the computers present all over the world. internet is used to exchange news,data and information of all kind .it is decentralized in design.

.[B]Role of mass media today[/B]
Surveillance of the environment. This is the collection and distribution of information within and outside a particular environment. The information flow is necessary for unity and coherence if we live in the society of collectivity;

2. Correlation of parts of the society. This includes the interpretation of the information, the prescription of conduct and, the comment on social value;

3. Transmission of social heritage. By communicating information through the mass media we are transmitting social and cultural values, which aim at sustaining the society;

4. Educating the masses. Education on the policies of governments and on the rights and responsibilities could be carried out through the mass media.

5. Entertainment function. The mass media also entertain the public by providing emotional relaxation, intrinsic and cultural enjoyment (i.e. provision of momentary escape from problems) and killing boredom; and

6. Mobilization function. This function of the mass media is very important to developing communities everywhere. It seeks to bring the people together and helps to advance national development.

[B]conclusion[/B]

It could be seen from the foregoing functions that the mass media provide information and education, personal identity, entertainment and most importantly integration and social interaction by giving insight into the circumstances of others as well as by helping with the development of social empathy.
this is from various sites and virtual university notes.kindly sadia and others evaluate it and tell me how to improve it

[B]Explain functions of mass communications with relevant examples CE-2012[/B]

Mass communication is the study of how individuals and entities relay information through mass media to large segments of the population at the same time.
the basic functions of mass communication are:
1. [B]Informing[/B]:
The most important function of mass communication is dissemination of information to the public primary through news media-electronic and print. Information diffused through these channels (media) is about new events, products, changes in policies, ideas, philosophies and so forth. Mass media are particularly effective to spread current information having news values. nowadays, social media has also started playing an effective role in providing news.
There are many channels that provide information specifically about new inventions, and discoveries . certain others are playing an effective role in propagation of religious views such as [B]QTV or madni channel[/B]. At the same time, there is a rat race among many tv channels and radio channels to break news first.
2. [B]Persuading:[/B]
Persuasion is another function of mass media. Because of its having persuasive potential, both electronic and print media are used for advertising products, services, business, charities, or for political campaign. social media has started to replace the conventional agents of mass media like radio and television in a bid to attract advertisers.
Many product sponsors hire electronic and social media to advertise their products and services to a large audience.by the use of colourful and melodious jungles, electronic media tries to win over more consumers to a product.
Such as the jingles [B]"ladoo k lashkaray jag mug kapray saray” and
“kabhi kabhi dag tu achay hotay hain” gained instant success.[/B]
similarly,in magazines, and newspapers, colourful and graphic advertisements of new and improved products are displayed which stimulate the feelings of the audience and persuade them to buy the product.
3. [B]Entertaining:[/B]
Entertainment is the most common function of mass communication. When used for entertainment, the mass media publicize such programs as are pleasurable to the consumers or at least they provide the audience with some sort of escape of diversion from anxieties of daily life.
For example, Newspapers for this purpose may include comics, crossword puzzles and the like. Televisions may show situation comedies, drama, variety shows, etc for example a decade ago it was a norm of almost every Pakistani family to watch [B]8’0 clock drama[/B] .nowadays, this trend has been replaced by the [B]morning shows[/B].now women remain glued to tv in the mornings.Radio entertainment primarily consists of music, talk shows, etc.

[B]conclusion[/B]:
mas communication is to communicate to a larger audience using elements of mass media.it has many functioons,information,entertainment and persuasion.

Q.4:Explain functions of Mass Communication with relevant examples.
 

[B][U][CENTER]Q.4: Explain functions of Mass Communication with relevant examples. CE-2012
[/CENTER][/U][/B]
[B]-Mass communication
-Process of mass communication
-Functions of Mass communication
-Conclusion.
[/B]
[B]Mass Communication:
[/B]It is a form of communication. Communication comes from the Latin word "communis" which means "common". Communication is the expression of ideas, views, or opinions by writing, behaving or acting. Communication includes all those ways by which a mind can affects others. Mass communication is one of the four recognized communication's types. Mass communication involves sending of information to large number of audience through mass media. Mass media may be print, broadcast and online media such as newspapers, magazines; T.V and radio stations and networks; blogs, email, websites, eForums, Podcasts, eBooks,Internet TV,Facebook,Twitter and YouTube.
Technological meaning of mass communication is to send information from mass communicator to the complex audience. It comprises of those techniques and technologies by which specialized group such as broadcaster, film producers,and publishers employe the symbolic content to large heterogeneous ,anonymous, and widely dispersed audience.
Mass communication is impersonal. It does not cover to a specific person.Individuals in mass communication do not know each others.Mass communication deals with collective senders. Credibility does not go to individual communicator, but to the institutions and organizations which send the information. For example the newspaper is not produced by a single person. It is the collective efforts of all individuals who are involve in making it Like editors, reporters, publisher, typesetters,designers,proofreaders, and printers. Mass communication has the Five elements. These are
1-Source
2-Message
3-Medium
4-Designation/receiver
5-Feedback

[B]Functions of mass communication
[/B]
[B]1- Surveillance
[/B]Surveillance function of mass communication involves the flow of information and news outside or inside an environment. Flow of information is vital for every day life. surveillance function of mass communication keeps an eye and act as watchdog on social, political and economic issues,events and crisis. it creates the awareness among the masses of what is happening around them. It monitors various occurrences in the society like murders, killings, suicides, attacks , rapes,sexual harassment and corruptions scandals; political and social injustice; wrong use of powers and authorities by the powered, elite groups and government; business events, currency rise and fall, stock exchange; whether conditions; films and theaters; and fashion ideas etc. Surveillance function of mass communication creates awareness among the masses as in 15 August 2013,Sikander Hayyat: A man accompanied by his wife and two children had driven out into the middle of constitution Avenue in Islamabad with two advanced weapons. This scene was run out till more than five hours. Federal security forces was unable to handle this person. At the end Zamard Khan a brave man ended this scene by his boldness. This is the real picture of the failure of the current government security policy. Audience are able to decide the current government security policy's failures. Surveillance function make the easy and fast flow of information. For example in September 11, 2001 more than 90% American people knew the terrorist attack within two hours as apposed to the old day when news took the months before reaching to public.

[B]2-Correlation Function
[/B]Correlation function of the mass communication involves the interpretations and explanations of the news items, events,issues, or scandals for masses. This function provides the guidance and helps in making opinions by audience themselves. This function of mass communication distinguishes to the surveillance in the way that correlation covers the news and information subjectively whereas the surveillance covers objectively. The correlation function of the mass communication provides the editorial articles, columns which are written on a particular events ,issues or policies to provide the guidance and interpretation of news. These contain the depth details and study of the events. They are written in favor or against of the certain policies.
Th Correlation functions of mass communication also provides the T.V shows . In these shows the qualified journalist and ,other leaders and known personalities criticize, interpret the issues, policies and news items.
For example the "AJJ kamran khan ke sath" Geo news show in which all important news are provided by Kamran Khan with explanations; "Kal Tak" express news show provide the debates on the political,governmental and other issues.

[B]3-Cultural Transmission function:
[/B]Cultural transmission is the function of the mass communication in which Media spread out the common norms, or values to the masses. It is also called socialization function because it provide the social awareness and growth to the people. After reading, watching, listening and observing, people know how to live? What are the factors of good personality?. In this way people adapt the best norms and values which are practiced in the society. it Also provides the guidance to the people of the wrong practices .For examples the Victims of the accident who were not wearing the seat belt, can guide masses to dangers of not wearing seat belt. It also provides moral upgradation to the masses, for example a thief who is caught in the case of stolen ,and is ashamed due to seen by the people by mean of mass media. Media can also cause the wrong beliefs of something like Media portray Muslims as terrorists which make fear joining this religion. People may adobe wrong practices by this function of mass communication.For example by watching Films and dramas people can adapt wrong misguiding practices of the heroes. Like In Devdas Film Shah Rukh Khan immense drinks after the marriage of her lover(Ashwarya Rai) with other person.

[B]4- Educational Function:
[/B]Educational function of mass communication involves Formal and informal education.
Formal education is one which is thought in schools,colleges, universities and other institutions. In this syllabi are covered like Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics and ,IT and other science subjects. Mass communication provide the online version of the institutions like Virtual T.V network ,which teaches their student online.
Informal education function of mass communication involves the awareness building process among the masses. Different T.V Channels like National Geo geographic provide the knowledge of different fields. Peace T.V contains the lectures delivered by various Ulemas Specially Famous and known Dr.Zakir Naik. it is providing Islamic knowledge and removing misconceptions about the Islam. Madani channel, Haq T.V and Q.T.V are familiarizing the people with Islamic teachings.

[B]5-Entertainment Function
[/B]Entertainment function of mass communication involves the coverage of actors and actresses news, drama and Films. Different channels provide the entertainment to their audience by means of movies ,dramas, songs, and videos etc. The Films and dramas heavily affects the emotions of the audience.These Channels are more famous and seen as compare to the news channels and other channels because they are the sources of refreshment. Media of entertainment are Radio ,T.V,internet and Cell Phones etc.


[B]Conclusion:
[/B]Communication is a basic need just as food, shelter and clothing. It is the process of socialization and moralization .It removes the distances and comes people together. To use mass media effectively people must take an active role in their interaction with various media. Mass media houses also need to be reliable and provide accurate information.

zohaib babar
 

[QUOTE=sadafnoorelahi;652969][B]Explain functions of mass communications with relevant examples[/B]

Mass communication is the study of how individuals and entities relay information through mass media to large segments of the population at the same time.
the basic functions of mass communication are:
1. [B]Informing[/B]:
The most important function of mass communication is dissemination of information to the public primary through news media-electronic and print. Information diffused through these channels (media) is about new events, products, changes in policies, ideas, philosophies and so forth. Mass media are particularly effective to spread current information having news values. nowadays, social media has also started playing an effective role in providing news.
There are many channels that provide information specifically about new inventions, and discoveries . certain others are playing an effective role in propagation of religious views such as [B]QTV or madni channel[/B]. At the same time, there is a rat race among many tv channels and radio channels to break news first.
2. [B]Persuading:[/B]
Persuasion is another function of mass media. Because of its having persuasive potential, both electronic and print media are used for advertising products, services, business, charities, or for political campaign. social media has started to replace the conventional agents of mass media like radio and television in a bid to attract advertisers.
Many product sponsors hire electronic and social media to advertise their products and services to a large audience.by the use of colourful and melodious jungles, electronic media tries to win over more consumers to a product.
Such as the jingles [B]"ladoo k lashkaray jag mug kapray saray” and
“kabhi kabhi dag tu achay hotay hain” gained instant success.[/B]
similarly,in magazines, and newspapers, colourful and graphic advertisements of new and improved products are displayed which stimulate the feelings of the audience and persuade them to buy the product.
3. [B]Entertaining:[/B]
Entertainment is the most common function of mass communication. When used for entertainment, the mass media publicize such programs as are pleasurable to the consumers or at least they provide the audience with some sort of escape of diversion from anxieties of daily life.
For example, Newspapers for this purpose may include comics, crossword puzzles and the like. Televisions may show situation comedies, drama, variety shows, etc for example a decade ago it was a norm of almost every Pakistani family to watch [B]8’0 clock drama[/B] .nowadays, this trend has been replaced by the [B]morning shows[/B].now women remain glued to tv in the mornings.Radio entertainment primarily consists of music, talk shows, etc.

[B]conclusion[/B]:
mas communication is to communicate to a larger audience using elements of mass media.it has many functioons,information,entertainment and persuasion.[/QUOTE]

Good

[B][U]Conclusion[/U][/B]

The mass media is playing a prominent role in Media world.It is the main arm of every functions regarding mass media that it provides us through proper channel.It a kind of material that exposes news in a true manner.It is the main tunnel that provides different kinds of news regarding daily life activities.In mass media every event is news.It has always been a helpful material for every sort of person.Media has spread over every tv channels.It labels as an impessive service across the world.

[B]Explain the historical perspective of journalism in subcontinent? CE-2012[/B]

[B]Introduction:[/B]

the word journalism originated from french “ de jour” which means of day. Journalism is a method of inquiry (or literary style) used in social and cultural representation.

a) [B]Print media[/B]

In the subcontinent the print media surfaced because of the foreign rulers. India did not know about printing or mass communication by the middle of 18th century. Since the influence of the English rulers was more in the South India, most early papers also appeared in the southern cities before the print medium came to western and northern parts.
Colonial journalism. The history of media in united India is colored by the colonial experience. William Bolts, an ex- employee of the British East India Company attempted to start the first newspaper in India in 1776. Bolts had to beat a retreat under the disapproving gaze of the Court of Directors of the Company.

Bengal
The Hickey's Bengal Gazette or the Calcutta General Advertiser was started by James Augustus Hickey in 1780 and is regarded as the first regular publication from the Indian soil. The Gazette, a two-sheet newspaper, specialized in writing on the private lives of the Sahibs of the Company.

Calcutta
B. Messink and Peter Reed were pliant publishers of the India Gazette, unlike their infamous predecessor. The colonial establishment started the Calcutta Gazette. It was followed by another private initiative the Bengal Journal. The Oriental Magazine of Calcutta Amusement, a monthly magazine made it four weekly newspapers and one monthly magazine published from Calcutta, now Kolkata.

Madras (Chennai)
The Madras Courier was started in 1785 in the southern stronghold of Madras, which is now called Chennai. Richard Johnson, its founder, was a government printer. Madras got its second newspaper when, in 1791, Hugh Boyd, who was the editor of the Courier quit and founded the Hurkaru.
Tragically for the paper, it ceased publication when Boyd died within a year of its founding. It was only in 1795 that competitors to the Courier emerged with the founding of the Madras Gazette followed by the India Herald. The latter was an "unauthorised" publication, which led to the deportation of its founder Humphreys. The Madras Courier was designated the purveyor of official information in the Presidency.
In 1878, The Hindu was founded, and played a vital role in promoting the cause of Indian independence from the colonial yoke. Its founder, Kasturi Ranga Iyengar, was a lawyer, and his son, K Srinivasan assumed editorship of this pioneering newspaper during for the first half of the 20th century. Today this paper enjoys the highest circulation in South India, and is among the top five nationally.

Bombay

Bombay, now Mumbai, surprisingly was a late starter - The Bombay Herald came into existence in 1789. Significantly, a year later a paper called the Courier started carrying advertisements in Gujarati. The first media merger of sorts: The Bombay Gazette, which was started in 1791, merged with the Bombay Herald the following year. Like the Madras Courier, this new entity was recognized as the publication to carry "official notifications and advertisements".
'[B]A Chronicle of Media and the State[/B]', by Jeebesh Bagchi in the Sarai Reader 2001 is a handy timeline on the role of the state in the development of media in India for more than a century. Bagchi divides the timeline into three 'ages'. The Age of Formulation, which starts with the Indian Telegraph Act in 1885 and ends with the Report of the Sub-Committee on Communication, National Planning Committee in 1948.
Urdu Press In 1822 the Persian weekly Jam-e-Jahan Numa first time published in Urdu. Some time it publishes in Urdu, some time in Persian and some time in both the languages. During the earlier days of journalism newspapers were either weeklies or biweeklies, none of them was a daily. On January 14, 1850 Munshi Harsukh Rai started weekly Kohinoor. With a circulation of only 350 it was the largest circulated newspaper of that time. The circulation of other newspapers on that time was only 100 to 200.
Urdu Guide was the first daily newspaper, which was started by Maulvi Kabeeruddin from Kolkata in 1858. In the very same year as a second daily Roznamcha-e-Punjab started from Lahore. As a first Urdu daily of Bihar, Dini Bihar started in 1876 from Arah district. Zameendar, which was the best newspaper of that time, was started in 1903 from Lahore. It was the first newspaper, which used the news from erstwhile news agencies. This newspaper highly supported the freedom struggle. At that time the circulation of Zameendar was 30,000. Before Zameendar, in 1884 Munshi Mehar Baksh started a morning (Naseem-e-Subah) and an evening newspaper (Sham-e-Wisal). Maulvi Saiful Haq started the daily Rahbar-e-Hind from Lahore in 1885. In 1902 Maulvi Sanaullah Khan started the weekly Watan which regularly published for 33 years. Maulana Muhammed Ali Jauhar started Naqueeb-e-Hamdard in 1912. Later it called only Hamdard. In the very same year Maulana Abul Kalam Azad started Al-Hilal. After Zameendar it was the largest circulated newspaper .On March 20, 1919 Mahashai Krishn started Partap. Partap was the first newspaper, which started supplements.
Newspapers and movement for independence Before the freedom following newspapers and magazines were started to support the freedom struggle. Khilafat, Siasat, Ujala, Taj, Roznama-e-Hind, Ajmal, Hilal, Milap, Partap, Tej, Qaumi Awaz, Jung, Anjam, Inqualab, Nawa-e-Waqt, Hindustan, Aftab, Jumhuriat, Iqbal, Asr-e-Jadeed, Azad-e-Hind, Sandesh, Vakeel, Khidmat, Musalman, Azad, Paswan Weer Bharat and Al-Jamiath. Jawaharlal Nehru started Qaumi Awaz from Lucknow in 1945. Later it also started from Patna and Delhi. This time it is publishing only from Delhi and is in very poor condition. After Indias freedom Hafiz Ali Khan Bahadur started weekly Daur-e-Jadeed. Jamat-e-Islami Hind started weekly Dawat. This time it is publishing regularly as Bi-weekly. Dawat has a particular readership and it is very popular among its readers due to its views on current issues. Maulana Abdul Waheed Siddiqui started Nai Duniya,

[B]TV in Pakistan[/B]

From the early 60s there had been a talk to start television broadcast in Pakistan. Planning continued and various departments prepared their reports about the feasibility of a complete TV broadcasting station. Main obstacle in setting up a TV station was not the money, but non availability of the technical staff which must run the broadcasting house on sound footings. The efforts continued, however, and bore fruit when on Nov 26, 1964 country’s first TV station was set up in Lahore.

Films in subcontinent

Films come to subcontinent The Lumière Brothers of France exhibited their short films in December 1895 at Grande Cafe, Paris. The following year, they brought the show to India and held its premiere at the Watson Hotel in Bombay on 7 July 1896. It was a package of 6 films viz, Entry of cinematograph, Arrival of the train, The sea bath, A demolition, Leaving the factory and Ladies and Soldiers on wheels. From 18 July 1896, films were released at the Novelty Theatre on a regular basis. Entrance tickets ranged from four anaas to one rupee.
Raja Harishchandra (1913) was the first silent feature film made in subcontinent. It was made by Dadasaheb Phalke. By the 1930s, the industry was producing over 200 films per annum. The first Indian sound film, Ardeshir Irani's Alam Ara (1931), was a super hit. There was clearly a huge market for talkies and musicals; Bollywood and all the regional film industries quickly switched to sound filming.
The 1930s and 1940s were tumultuous times: like the whole world the subcontinent was rocked by the Great Depression, World War II, the Indian independence movement, and the violence of the Partition. There were a number of filmmakers who tackled tough social issues, or used the struggle for independence as a backdrop for their plots. In late 1950s, Bollywood films moved from black-and-white to colour. Lavish romantic musicals and melodramas were the staple fare at the cinema. Successful actors included Dev Anand, Dilip Kumar and Raj Kapoor.

History of radio
year event
1926 The Indian Broadcasting Company. A private company was formed
1927 IBC started a station at Bombay. The beginning of broadcasting in sub-continent
1928 A small transmitting station was set up at Lahore.
1930 Broadcasting under the direct control of Govt. under the title of Indian State Broadcasting service
1934 The Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act 1933 came into force
1935 Peshawar Radio Station was set up by NWFP Government ¬ 250 watts transmitter
Jan 1936 Delhi Radio Station was Opened.
A.S. Bukhari ¬ Station Director.

Jun 1936 Indian State Broadcasting Service was changed into All India Radi
1937 Lahore radio station went on air
1939 Dhaka radio station was established
Nov 1939 Quaid-e-Azam's first radio broadcast from Bombay on Eid-Day
July 1942 Peshawar radio station was formally inaugarated
June 1947 Quaid-e-Azam makes historic address on All India Radio and announces the creation of newly independent state of Pakistan for the Muslims of the Sub-Continent


[B]Conclusion[/B]:

Journalism and media are one of those fields which came into existence, progressed with the passage of time and then proved their worth and importance for the subcontinent. Press was introduced into subcontinent under the british colonial rule and it has evolved since on similar lines, electronic media also gradually evolved in this part of the world. The first films were played in subcontinent in 1896.Radio channels were operating even before partition while PTV, the first Pakistani television became operational in 1964.therefore,it may be concluded that there has abeen a slow but steady evolution in journalism since the colonial rule.

[B]q. "Todays media has taken centre stage role in the daily life and society". Give your comments on this statement in the light of media system dependence theory CE-2012
[/B]

[B]media system dependency theory[/B]

This theory states that the more dependent an individual is on the media for having his or her needs fulfilled, the more important the media will be to that person. the theory was developed by Sandra Ball-Rokeach and Melvin DeFleur in 1976.

[B][B]Explanation[/B][/B]

The theory is based on uses and gratification concept whereby individuals use a thing and in turn become dependent on it. in this context, it implies the greater dependency on media today. media acts like a focal point in today’s life. people get informed, educated and entertained by media. The more importance individuals attach to media, the more important it becomes.

[B]Examples[/B]

If a certain individuals depends on media as the sole source of information, then in case of power outages, he remains totally ignorant as his primary source of information is obstructed. this ignorance will be due to him being heavily dependent on media as the only means to obtain information.
Similarly,during times of stress such as in earthquakes, floods or war, media plays a significant role and people too become largely dependent on it as was observed in the hurricane Katrina or invasion of Iraq.in all such events,people relied on media as the source of information and media exerted greater impact on the society.

[B]Critical analysis[/B]

The statement “today media has taken centre stage role in daily life and society” is partially correct according to the media dependence theory. the dependence on media varies from context to context and individual to individual..even in the 21st century, there are many parts of the world, where people are not largely dependent on media as a result for them, media plays a lesser important role. whereas, in most urban and industrialized places, media plays a crucial role in the society and the society remains reliant on it.

[B]Conclusion[/B]:
media system dependence theory plays a pivotal role in determining the relationship between individuals and the society.the greater the utility of media,the greater the dependence. Media and individuals enjoy a directly propotional relationship.

@sadafnoorelahi
 

sir where can I find these theories? as I am reading ABID TEHMI, unable to find theories of communication in it!

[QUOTE=qqurat;653541]sir where can I find these theories? as I am reading ABID TEHMI, unable to find theories of communication in it![/QUOTE]

dear i am a girl too, u can get theories of communication from virtual university notes-they are very well made.however media dependency theory is not present in it.you will have it search it on net.

i have a book of dr mehdi hassan "journalism for all"

describe the factors that determine character of internal public in newspaper organization?

i guess the answer is about PR.but i don't know how to go about it.can any one please help me in how to answer this specific question?

[QUOTE=sadafnoorelahi;651330]q.4[B] Have newspapers lost their importance after the fast growth of cable television and social media in Pakistan? Comment.[/B]
[B]Newspaper readership in Pakistan[/B]
A private market research company, MEMRB, estimates that, in 2007, approximately 14.6 million Pakistanis read a newspaper at least once a week. The % indicates those from the estimated 14.6 million reading the newspaper at least once in the past month.press in Pakistan is dominated by jang news.the most popular English daily is dawn news, founded by quaid-e azam mohammad ali Jinnah himself.

year 1997 2005 2006
language
sindhi 44 80 35
punjabi 0 (increased to 18 by 1998) 5
balochi 2 8
pushto 20 34

[B]popularity of newspaper in pakistan[/B]
According to the latest edition of the trivia book Top 10 of Everything 2011 by Russell Ash, Pakistan has the 10th highest newspaper circulation in the world!
We may not think of ourselves as newspaper reading people, but seems like newspapers do sell!
the general perception is that newspaper circulation has been pathetic in Pakistan but the numbers quoted in this book and taken from surveys of UNESCO put Pakistan at number 10 in the world in terms of the highest circulation of newspapers
[B]The role of newspapers in a new media world[/B]
All Pakistan Newspapers Society (APNS) decided to hold the South Asia Media Summit (SAMS) to celebrate 60 years of existence
The role of social media as a news outlet populated by multiple citizen journalists combined with competition among TV news networks to break the latest story, means that newspapers are no longer a primary news source.Newspaper circulation appears to be declining as a result of increasing competition from TV, radio and news websites on the internet. Reliable circulation figures for newspapers in Pakistan are hard to come by.
[B]statistics of F.B.S[/B]
According to the Federal Bureau of Statistics in Islamabad, the average daily sale for all Pakistani daily newspapers fell to 6.1 million in 2008, from a peak of 9.9 million in 2007.
In the context of TV, Hameed Haroon, CEO, the Dawn Media Group pointed out “many people feel that the electronic media’s presentation of news is more exciting so they don’t buy a newspaper,”
[B]CONCLUSION:[/B]
ALTHOUGH THERE IS A DECLINE IN THE READERSHIP AND SALE OF NEWSPAPER TODAY,BUT STILL THERE IS SUFFICIENT APPETITE FOR NEWSPAPER IN PAKISTAN[/QUOTE]

my dear , news papers has not lost their importance with general awareness and increase % of literacy rate . Mostly ads are displayed on each newspaper, and with an increase in magazine journalism as well.Secondly , on one side you are favoring opinion of examiner that News circulation us 1oth highest in the world. On the other hand you are presenting federal bureau stats which counter arguing the above

[QUOTE=Qurban Ali Qureshi;651613]zohaib babarn i am also a software engineer . what do you say about my approach of solving questions?

[B]Q.8: Press freedom and responsibility go hand in hand in a democratic society. Comment.
[/B]
[B]outline:
- Press freedom
- press responsibility
- democratic society
- press freedom and responsibility in a democratic society
-conclusion
[/B]
[B]Press freedom:
[/B]Press freedom means freedom of expression i.e. freedom of thinking, writing ,speech and transmission of the information. Freedom of press ensures freedom of thinking and acting without any restrictions and pressures. The word "press " not merely means newspapers but also the broadcasting media like Radio and T.V too.

[B]Press responsibility:[/B]
There are two major responsibilities of press
1- To make ensure the flow of true, accurate and factual information for the masses about the social, political and economical issues.
2-To act as the "watchdog" by keeping eyes on the government official and institutions ,and other people in power.

[B] democratic society:[/B]
A democratic society is one in which people have the right to elect the their leaders of their choices. These leaders makes the government. These leaders work on the behalf of the people. This democratic society is free from the fears, harassment, and discrimination. In this society the media or press is free and law enforcement agencies are in power and judiciary is effective to make justice. This society give the protections to its people under the law and constitutions.

[B]-Press freedom and responsibility under democratic society:[/B]
Freedom of press and responsibility are main ingredients to proper functioning of the democratic process. Democratic society encourages the freedom of press and responsibility and accountability. it gives the protections to the Media or press under laws and constitutions which result in growth and empowerment to the democratic society. Responsibility of the press relies under the shade of the press freedom. in a democratic society press freedom and responsibility go hand and hand as the two hands goes where the body goes. if a democratic society encourages the press freedom then positive effect on the responsibility is created. if a democratic society challenges the press freedom ,it automatically challenging the responsibility of press too. In a democratic society press freedom lightens the corruptions, dishonesty,injustice , bad governance and wrong implemented policies and tactics by the government. it enables whether our social, political and economical system is administered honestly and impartially. Responsibility of press in democratic society on other hand ensures the provision of the true and accurate information flow to the democratic society which help in making informed decisions and difference between wrong and right by the masses. in democratic society freedom of press ensures the provision of the platform to criticize and solutions of the issues. Responsibility acts as "watchdog" in order to make ensure to the masses government official and agencies are acting in proper way or not.

[B]-conclusion:[/B]
at the last we should not hesitate to say that the press freedom and responsibility are the bases of the actual plant of democratic society.

more corrections and suggestions are encouraged by me in my solved questions from your sides .[/QUOTE]

Freedom and responsibility never go hand in hand , especially in democratic society .
1.Why Nehru , Titu were able to formulate new information world order ,
2.why Noam chomsky has said free speech should have limitation
3. Why yellow journalism is prevailed in current trends .

sadia,may be i didn't understand what actually the examiner wanted to know. i felt it was demanded in the question that i should put forward facts,whether newspapers show a decline or an increase. and the fact is that news circulation has declined overall in the world and that still among the countries, pakistan has a high rate of circulation.but the fact remain the same: there is is a overall decline in newspaper due to the other types of sources of information.

honestly,i don't understand what you are trying to point out? that i should not present both sides of the picture before giving my verdict or that you disagree with my final verdict?

secondly, what do you consider freedom? is it to be without any responsiblity?i feel freedom is when you use your freedom responsibly.so i think the two go together and are an essence of a democratic culture.

may be i am wrong in this regard because this is what i read Everywhere.if you have contrary views.then please attempt this question in your way. so i may understand your point of view.

[QUOTE=sadafnoorelahi;654151]sadia,may be i didn't understand what actually the examiner wanted to know. i felt it was demanded in the question that i should put forward facts,whether newspapers show a decline or an increase. and the fact is that news circulation has declined overall in the world and that still among the countries, pakistan has a high rate of circulation.but the fact remain the same: there is is a overall decline in newspaper due to the other types of sources of information.

honestly,i don't understand what you are trying to point out? that i should not present both sides of the picture before giving my verdict or that you disagree with my final verdict?

secondly, what do you consider freedom? is it to be without any responsiblity?i feel freedom is when you use your freedom responsibly.so i think the two go together and are an essence of a democratic culture.

may be i am wrong in this regard because this is what i read Everywhere.if you have contrary views.then please attempt this question in your way. so i may understand your point of view.[/QUOTE]

My dear ,

Now a days , papz do not demand information just rather analysis with strong opinion or your reflection .All question are not reflective , some are descriptive in journalism , so first one has to see the nature of the question . You conclude with both sides in given answer which shows your lack of aptitude and intellect (examiner will think) . All of us has the same knowledge ,why some get higher or highest marks , it is the way of attempt and understanding of question .


[QUOTE]Have newspapers lost their importance after the fast growth of cable television and social media in Pakistan? Comment.
Newspaper readership in Pakistan[/QUOTE]


[B][U][I]Draw backs of Social and cable televison[/I][/U][/B]

1.promote sensationalism
2.Rumors mongering
3. Abusive languages
4. Partial judgment of the fact
5.Address illiterate faction only
6. Aim to entertain general mass not to literate
7. Play back singing / covering news lead with Indian songs
8. Exaggeration of particular fact to highlight the sentiment of particular sect
or immoderate approach
and many others ..

[B][I][U]Merits of News papers [/U][/I][/B]

1. Impartial judgment
2.Covered all day to day happening
3. Addresses general problems and offer solution by famous columnists
4. Presents detailed reports of particular story
5. Editorial policy of Newspapers which restrain from sensationalism and restricts its objectivity
6. Addresses not the nation but all the over the globe ; it represent Pakistan at international level

and many more

[B][I]conclusion
[/I][/B]
Its importance has been increased because of its objectivity , feedback and impartiality newspapers have gained more currency

[B]I am not an authority , you have asked me and i just conveyed what I have . You may contradict . My intention was pure just to guide you , If you feel discomfort then I would not post an more[/B]

stay blessed

Regards !

SADIA SHAFIQ