Originally Posted by DEADLYDOCTOR

but one thing that i asked is to answer the question as we have to in exams

Originally Posted by Almaas Ruby

PERCEPTION

GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY AND PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION
Form perception
Grouping

Gestalt Laws of Perception
~ Proximity
~ Similarity
~ Continuity
~ Closure
~ Part-whole relationship
~ common fate

An evaluation of the Gestalt contribution.
~ A major philosophical influence on Gestalt psychology was phenomenology.
~ “there seems to be a single starting point for psychology, exactly as for all the other sciences: the world as we find it, naively and uncertainly”.

~ Navon’s work on global and local concepts.


Depth perception
~ non-pictorial (primary) cues
* retinal disparity
* stereopsis
* accomodation
* convergence
~ Pictorial (secondary) cues
• relative size
• relative brightness
• superimposition (overlap)
• linear perspective
• aerial perspective
• height in the horizontal plane
• light and shadow
• texture gradient
• motion parallax

Perceptual Constancy
• size constancy
• location constancy
• brightness constancy
• colour constancy


Illusions
• distortions(geometric illusions)
o eg: Ponzo illusion, Poggendorf illusion, Muller-Lyer illusion, horizontal-vertical illusion,Titchener’s circles,twisted card illusion


• ambiguous or reverible figures
o eg:Necker cube, Boring’s Old/Young Woman


• paradoxical figures or impossible objects
o eg:Penrose Impossible Triangle, The Devil’s Pitchfork, M.C. Escher’s Relativity.


• Fictions
o Eg:white triangle, the curved subjective contours, lines of different orientation producing a subjective contour.

Illusions of movement
Examples:
• The autokinetic effect
• Stroboscopic motion
• The Phi Phenomenon
• Induced movement
• Motion after effects

Perception of Real movement
• The importance of eye working and brain.
• Configurational change



THEORIES OF VISUAL PERCEPTION:
• Direct (bottom-up/data driven) or “ecological as said by Bruce & Green”
• Indirect (top-down/conceptually driven) or “traditional”
• Nature (nativists approach)
• Nurture (empiricists approach)



GREGORY’S CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY
“Perception is not determined simply by stimulus patterns. Rather, it is a dynamic searching for the best interpretation of the available data … [which] involves going beyond the immediately given evidence of the senses” _Gregory (1966)

Gregory’s theory and perceptual constancies keeping in view the concepts of low-level knowledge (sensory inputs to the retina)and high-level knowledge (expectations based on past experience), Gregory argues that perception must be an indirect process involving a construction based on physical sources of energy.

~ Gregory’s theory and Perceptual set:
• selector
• interpreter.

Followings are the inputs to such set and the output is perceived by the selector and interpreter.
• motivation
• emotion
• values
• beliefs
• cognitive style
• context and expectations


GIBSON’S THEORY OF DIRECT PERCEPTION:
~ optic flow patterns
~ texture gradients
~ affordances



NOTE: you must understand different theories in order to know the determinants of percetion.

Originally Posted by Noor_2009

Determinations of perception and factors r same thing ap css syllabus ma jonsa dia howa ha on ma sa koi 5 kar la ok jo out of 8 posha ga ha

(Needs, attitudes, sets, values, personality traits, emotional states, suggestion etc.). intrest

question ki lenght ko lamba karna ka lia os ma examples plus kar dah har factor ma koi 3 ya 4 bass yahi ans ha or kuch bi ni...................


thanks