Dear members I have heard from one of my friend that css forum is helpful and one's queries are answered within a short period of time.

Members I have few unclear Qs which I dunt understand how to tackle them:


Qs:What major contributions did Karl Marx and Ibne Khaldun make to our understanding of the social experience? (2004)

Qs:Is theory of Labour and Theory of class conflict is same thing?

Qs:I have searched alot on the internet but I could not find it the definition of Theory of Labour given by Darkheim and Karl Marx?

Qs: DISCUSS critically the theories of social action and bureaucracy presented by Max Weber. How the theory of bureaucracy is relevant to situation in Pakistan? Discuss with logic and evidence (2011)

In this Qs first criticize what are the drawbacks in theory of Bureaucracy?
What is theory of social action given by Max weber?
And how should I answer the how the theory of bureaucracy is relevant to situation in Pakistan?

Keeping in view the contributions of Max Weber and Karl Marx, elaborate the salient features of the school of sociological thought they present. (2000)


Which school of thought the Max Weber ans Karl Marx belong to?And Do I have to highlight the contribution of both theorists??

Discuss the major contributors of Max Weber in understanding the society theoretically(2009)

Understanding the society theoritically??

Qs:What major contributions were made by Emile Durkhiem and Max Weber to the understanding of society theoretically? How far the two theories can be taken relevant today?(2008)

It means whatever theories both theorists have presented how are they relevant today?Can anyone answer this please

Qs:What major contributions did Karl Marx and Ibne Khaldun make to our understanding of the social experience? (2004)

Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) The Founder of sociology

He made for the first time human society, its physical, demographic,ecological,economic,political and cultural aspects a subject mater of his study. A study whom he called "Al-umran" meaning society or something social.
His contributions can be outlined as under:

His Views of Man's social nature.
His views on social laws.
His views on social Change.
His classification of Rural and Urban societies.
His concept of "Asabiyah or Social solidarity".


Karl Marx (1818-1883)
Class struggle.
Society" An economic explanation.
core idea of his social philosophy

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i also want to know what is the theory of labour by Karl Marx?

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ALI DA Malang

A fundamental component of the economic and social theories of Karl Marx and of his analysis of capitalist exploitation. Marx argues that the value of any commodity is determined by the socially necessary labour time that goes into its production. Marx uses the term ‘socially necessary labour time’ because the labour time required to create a commodity depends on the society's levels of technology and craft. In Marx's theory, commodities should in principle be exchanged in the market place for prices that exactly correspond to the necessary labour time embodied in them. When a commodity is exchanged- or sold - for more than its labour value, a surplus value is realized. This theory of value provides the foundation of Marx's claim that labour is exploited in a capitalist society: the capitalist, through the power of capital ownership, is able to pay the worker less than the market value of the commodities produced and the surplus value is captured by capital and largely re-invested to augment the means of production.



Growth is the only evidence of life.

@chamistsafi

Thankyou chemist safi for telling us theory of labours.

Bro,you have passed the written examination of CSS.Can you please tell me the remaining answers please.

@all others members

Members I was expecting a positive response from your side.Please tell the answers of questions you know atleast

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Bro,I think these all are questions of Sociology...

Are nt they..?

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Tomorrow is an exam

Red max,raz ,sociologist etc ..please answer some Questions..Looks like tomorrow is an exam and everyone is busy in preparing those exams...

Members I have few unclear Qs which I dunt understand how to tackle them kindly make an outline r gv sum points so dat i cn understnd dem

Q.s. Define the term “Social Change”. How it occurs in a traditional society? Disucss it in detail.
Q.s.2 Define the term "Social change" and discuss the process of social change in group behaviour.

Outline

1.Introduction
2.Goals of Social Change
3.Process of Social Change
4.Models of Social Change
4.Causes of Social Change


1. Introduction

Social change refers to any significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and cultural values and norms. By “significant” alteration, sociologists mean changes yielding profound social consequences. Social change refers to an alteration in the social order of a society.

Social change in sociology the alteration within the social structure, characterized by changes in cultural symbols, rules of behavior, social organizations, or value systems.

By traditional society we mean an established custom or belief that is handed down from generation to generation that everyone in the community has in common/similar. Social change may be driven by cultural, religious, economic, scientific or technological forces. More generally, social change may include changes in nature, social institutions, social behaviors or social relations.

Traditional society will always oppose the change, because what their norms and values are so primitive and crucial for them so they can not accept any change relevant to their traditions which they are following from generation to generation. in these types of society change can only occur through any organized process which shows welfare of society for the social life on the basis of individual as well as on collective social group.

2. Process of Social Change

Today's sociologists readily acknowledge the vital role that social movements play in inspiring discontented members of a society to bring about social change. Efforts to understand the nature of long-term social change, including looking for patterns and causes, has led sociologists to propose the evolutionary, functionalist, and conflict theories of change (discussed in the next few sections). All theories of social change also admit the likelihood of resistance to change, especially when people with vested interests feel unsettled and threatened by potential changes.

While technology, population, environment factors, and racial inequality can prompt social change, only when members of a society organize into social movements does true social change occur. The phrase social movements refers to collective activities designed to bring about or resist primary changes in an existing society or group.

Wherever they occur, social movements can dramatically shape the direction of society. When individuals and groups of people—civil rights activists and other visionaries, for instance—transcend traditional bounds, they may bring about major shifts in social policy and structures. Even when they prove initially unsuccessful, social movements do affect public opinion.

3. Models of Social Change

Evolutionary theory

According to evolutionary theory, society moves in specific directions. Therefore, early social evolutionists saw society as progressing to higher and higher levels. As a result, they concluded that their own cultural attitudes and behaviors were more advanced than those of earlier societies. Identified as the “father of sociology,” Auguste Comte subscribed to social evolution. He saw human societies as progressing into using scientific methods. Likewise, Emile Durkheim, one of the founders of functionalism, saw societies as moving from simple to complex social structures. Herbert Spencer compared society to a living organism with interrelated parts moving toward a common end. In short, Comte, Durkheim, and Spencer proposed unilinear evolutionary theories, which maintain that all societies pass through the same sequence of stages of evolution to reach the same destiny.

Contemporary social evolutionists like Gerhard Lenski, Jr., however, view social change as multilinear rather than unilinear. Multilinear evolutionary theory holds that change can occur in several ways and does not inevitably lead in the same direction. Multilinear theorists observe that human societies have evolved along differing lines.

Functionalist theory

Functionalist sociologists emphasize what maintains society, not what changes it. Although functionalists may at first appear to have little to say about social change, sociologist Talcott Parsons holds otherwise. Parsons (1902–1979), a leading functionalist, saw society in its natural state as being stable and balanced. That is, society naturally moves toward a state of homeostasis. To Parsons, significant social problems, such as union strikes, represent nothing but temporary rifts in the social order. According to his equilibrium theory, changes in one aspect of society require adjustments in other aspects. When these adjustments do not occur, equilibrium disappears, threatening social order. Parsons' equilibrium theory incorporates the evolutionary concept of continuing progress, but the predominant theme is stability and balance.

Critics argue that functionalists minimize the effects of change because all aspects of society contribute in some way to society's overall health. They also argue that functionalists ignore the use of force by society's powerful to maintain an illusion of stability and integration.

Conflict theory

Conflict theorists maintain that, because a society's wealthy and powerful ensure the status quo in which social practices and institutions favorable to them continue, change plays a vital role in remedying social inequalities and injustices.

Although Karl Marx accepted the evolutionary argument that societies develop along a specific direction, he did not agree that each successive stage presents an improvement over the previous stage. Marx noted that history proceeds in stages in which the rich always exploit the poor and weak as a class of people. Marx's view of social change is proactive; it does not rely on people remaining passive in response to exploitation or other problems in material culture. Instead, it presents tools for individuals wishing to take control and regain their freedom. Unlike functionalism and its emphasis on stability, Marx holds that conflict is desirable and needed to initiate social change and rid society of inequality.

4. Causes of Social Change:

1. Technological and Economic Changes: (Agriculture advancement, industrialization)
2. Modernization: standardizing as towards modern tools (Life Style, Technology)
3. Urbanization: Moving population from ruler areas to urban (Cities) areas.
4. Bureaucratization: Extreme emphasize on rules and regulation, impersonality.
5. Conflict and Competition: War: due to religion, ethnic tensions, competition for resources. Gender and Women’s Movement: equal pay, property: Today; day care, occupational segregation.
6. Political and Legal Power: Elected Official (Government) & Unelected Officials (Corporative Force)
7. Ideology: Religious Belief, Political or Regional Conviction.
8. Diffusion: Spreading the ones cultural to another culture.
9. Acculturation: the process in which a minority is absorbed into the majority and entirely loses its distinctiveness.

5. Goals of Social Change Activity

Resistance — action to defend or protect established everyday life from new, outside oppression and return things to normal.
A society is considered more “free” the more that people are safe from new oppression. Typically, groups that have thrown off their oppressors or have achieved a certain level of privilege resist any change that might restrain their freedom. Resistance can therefore be quite reactionary.

Liberation (Empowerment) — action to overcome on-going, traditional oppression and achieve the full measure of everyday rights and opportunities promised in the social charter (“social\ justice”). A society is more “just” the more that every person can obtain the freedoms that others enjoy.

Democratization (Enfranchisement) — action to spread decision- making power broadly to everyone affected by those decisions. A society is more “democratic” the more that people can influence and decide the important issues that affect them without extraordinary effort (that is, through their daily routine).

Humane-ization — action to ensure that society will defend or protect the rights of everyone in society, especially those who cannot do so on their own behalf (such as those who are ignorant, powerless, sick, frail, mentally incompetent, young, or unborn). A society is more “humane” or “altruistic” the more that every person is protected and supported through the routine, everyday activities of others (including societal institutions).

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Answer is already given there please follow the link

http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-optio...tml#post334410

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n plzz do tel us which buk 2 refer 4 theory of labor by karl marx...?

Dear i didnt find any relevant book for this theory; but i got little information about this ythoery which i am sharing with you all. I hope this will help you to make you understand.

The Labor Theory

Karl Marx's labor theory of value asserts that the value of an object is solely a result of the labor expended to produce it. According to this theory, the more labor or labor time that goes into an object, the more it is worth. Marx defined value as "consumed labor time", and stated that "all goods, considered economically, are only the product of labor and cost nothing except labor".

The labor theory of value is the fundamental premise of Marx's economics and the basis of his analysis of the free market. If it is correct, then much of Marx's critique of capitalism is also correct. But if it is false, virtually all of Marx's economic theory is wrong.

Here is an example of how the labor theory of value works: A worker in a factory is given $30 worth of material, and after working 3 hours producing a good, and using $10 worth of fuel to run a machine, he creates a product which is sold for $100. According the Marx, the labor and only the labor of the worker increased the value of the natural materials to $100. The worker is thus justly entitled to a $60 payment, or $20 per hour.

If the worker is employed by a factory owner who pays him only $15 per hour, according to Marx the $5 per hour the factory owner receives is simply a ripoff. The factory owner has done nothing to earn the money and the $5 per hour he receives is "surplus value", representing exploitation of the worker. Even the tools which the factory owner provided were, according to Marx, necessarily produced by other workers.

According to the labor theory of value, all profits are the rightful earnings of the workers, and when they are kept from the workers by capitalists, workers are simply being robbed. On the basis of this theory, Marx called for the elimination of profits, for workers to seize factories and for the overthrow of the "tyranny" of capitalism. His call to action has been heeded in many countries throughout the world.

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