Please somebody can tell me…….
Amount taken on credit invested in business, is that amount a part of liability or capital/owners equity???????

It is called debt capital. for you convenience i quote you from wikipedia.org
"Debt capital is the capital that a business raises by taking out a loan. It is a loan made to a company that is normally repaid at some future date. Debt capital differs[1] from equity or share capital because subscribers to debt capital do not become part owners of the business, but are merely creditors, and the suppliers of debt capital usually receive a contractually fixed annual percentage return on their loan, and this is known as the coupon rate.

Debt capital ranks higher than equity capital for the repayment of annual returns. This means that legally, the interest on debt capital must be repaid in full before any dividends are paid to any suppliers of equity.

A company that is highly geared has a high debt-to-equity capital ratio."

For more details please visit http://articles.elitemanda.com/Finan..._Companies.htm

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Appropriation or re-appropriation represents the allotment of a particular sum of
money to meet expenditure on a specified job as enunciated in the Detailed Demands for
Grants. It is operative only for the financial year for which it is made.
(a) Expenditure can only be incurred on a work or other object:-
(i) If sanction, either special or general, of competent authority has been
obtained authorising the expenditure.
(ii) If funds to cover the charges during the year have been provided by
competent authority.
Note- When, under paragraph 66 of the Central Public Works Department Code, an
intimation is received from an officer of the Public Works Department that he
is incurring an unauthorised liability on a work, the Accounts Officer will
bring the facts instantly to the notice of the competent authority so that the
requisite steps may be taken either to stop the work or to regulairse its
execution.
(iii) If the expenditure conforms to the relevant provisions of the Constitution
and to the financial rules, regulations and orders issued by the competent
authority.
(b) For payments chargeable to the accounts of other divisions, departments of
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Officer does not necessarily require any specific provision of funds within the
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find the link below, refers to the topic for head of accounts.

http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Cont...110511CHP5.pdf

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Dear shaheer I am not in the habit to differ a person who is doing a constructive work but this is not the actual material for head of accounts

for head of accounts you have to study chart of accounts in pdf which is given on pifra site. or simply google chart of accounts pdf pifra you will get the document in pdf this is a very lengthy document comprises almost 145 pages and hundreds or thousand of heads of accounts Don't be so panic by seeing such a huge list of heads of accounts all you have to do must be in the following way

there are 6 classifications of heads of accounts EXPENSES, ASSETS, LIABILITES TAXABLE RECIPTS AND NON TAXABLE RECIPTS

the only thing that you have to memorize eg A0000 is the head of account of an expense this may an employee related expense basic pay special pay etc

more over for tax recipts non tax recipts liabilites assets you have to memorize the respective alphabet used ie expense is started by A liability is started by G assets are started by i doubt F. all this would be quite clear to you once you see the pdf format of chart of accounts

more over you should keep it in your mind that in whole of the machinary of government only this chart of accounts is used

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i think it is capital or owner equity

investment can either be made by your own money or by debt financing like all redeemable instruments.
the one you are talking about is called debt financing...they are classified as long term debts i.e debentures.

Dear could you please provide here material for the heads of accounts?

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follow this link

http://www.pifra.gov.pk/docs/nam/05-...f-Accounts.pdf

you simply have to memorize heads such as expenses are started from A capital recipts tax and non tax recipts libilities assets in the other words you simply have to memorize alphabets A B C D f P etc the questions will be asked like as under


which one of the following represents and expense

A0000 B00104 C41784 F10450

answer would be A0000 as it is expense you dont have to memorize all the pages simply understand within an hour

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whre is government degree college lines area karachi located?
guide me